Mariner Mark II: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>TheKingofRex mNo edit summary |
imported>OAbot m Open access bot: url-access=subscription updated in citation with #oabot. |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|Planned family of uncrewed NASA spacecraft}} | {{short description|Planned family of uncrewed NASA spacecraft}} | ||
[[File:CRAF.jpg|right|thumb|Conceptual artwork of the CRAF spacecraft based on Mariner Mark II]] | [[File:CRAF.jpg|right|thumb|Conceptual artwork of the CRAF spacecraft based on Mariner Mark II]] | ||
[[File:Cassini-Huygens planning status in 1988.jpg|right|thumb|SOTP a Mariner Mark II spacecraft concept, drawing from 1988. Later redesigned to the [[Cassini–Huygens]] spacecraft]] | [[File:Cassini-Huygens planning status in 1988.jpg|right|thumb|SOTP a Mariner Mark II spacecraft concept, drawing from 1988. Later redesigned to the [[Cassini–Huygens]] spacecraft]] | ||
| Line 7: | Line 6: | ||
==Summary== | ==Summary== | ||
After the [[Flagship Program|"flagship"]] multibillion-dollar missions of the 1970s, in the 1980s NASA was looking for a new, more affordable direction for the 1990s and beyond. Two projects were conceived by NASA's Solar System Exploration Committee in 1983, the [[Planetary Observer program]], and Mariner Mark II. | After the [[Flagship Program|"flagship"]] multibillion-dollar missions of the 1970s, in the 1980s NASA was looking for a new, more affordable direction for the 1990s and beyond. Two projects were conceived by NASA's Solar System Exploration Committee in 1983, the [[Planetary Observer program]], and Mariner Mark II.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/1992/11/6/19014815/nasa-picks-basic-spaceship-over-awesome-alternative/ |agency=Associated Press |title=NASA Picks Basic Spaceship Over Awesome Alternative |publisher=The Deseret News |date=November 6, 1992}}</ref> | ||
The Observer program, starting with the [[Mars Observer]], was envisioned as a series of low-cost missions to the [[inner Solar System]], based on commercial Earth satellites, while the Mariner Mark II was to be a series of large spacecraft for the exploration of the [[outer Solar System]]. | The Observer program, starting with the [[Mars Observer]], was envisioned as a series of low-cost missions to the [[inner Solar System]], based on commercial Earth satellites, while the Mariner Mark II was to be a series of large spacecraft for the exploration of the [[outer Solar System]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mariner Mark II and the exploration of the solar system|last=Neugebauer |first=M. |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19830039082 |date=February 4, 1983|journal= Science |volume=219 |issue=4584 |pages=443–449 |doi=10.1126/science.219.4584.443 |pmid=17742805 |bibcode=1983Sci...219..443N |access-date=July 5, 2025}}</ref> | ||
Mariner Mark II spacecraft were to use common design, hardware and software solutions, much of it derived from previous missions such as [[Voyager program|Voyager]] and [[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]] as well as select new technologies, such as advanced gyroscopes, all with the aim of cutting costs. It was hoped that this new approach would reduce the mission costs to about $400 million each, about half the price of Galileo. | Mariner Mark II spacecraft were to use common design, hardware and software solutions, much of it derived from previous missions such as [[Voyager program|Voyager]] and [[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]] as well as select new technologies, such as advanced gyroscopes, all with the aim of cutting costs. It was hoped that this new approach would reduce the mission costs to about $400 million each, about half the price of Galileo.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Mariner Mark II Program|first=Ronald|last=Draper|url=https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1988-67 |journal=26th Aerospace Sciences Meeting |date=January 1988|location=Reno Nevada |doi=10.2514/6.1988-67 |access-date=July 5, 2025|url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
The first two missions of the project were to be a mission to Saturn and its moon Titan, the [[Saturn Orbiter/Titan Probe]], or SOTP (later ''[[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini]]'') and the [[Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby]] (CRAF), both of which were approved by Congress in 1990. | The first two missions of the project were to be a mission to Saturn and its moon Titan, the [[Saturn Orbiter/Titan Probe]], or SOTP (later ''[[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini]]'') and the [[Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby]] (CRAF), both of which were approved by Congress in 1990.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ssb/crafcassini88.html |title=Assessment of CRAF and Cassini missions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318062429/http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ssb/crafcassini88.html |archive-date=2009-03-18 |first=Dr. Robert O. |last=Pepin |publisher=[[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] |date=1988 }}</ref> | ||
Other planned Mariner Mark II-based spacecraft were an [[ESA]] led follow-on to CRAF, the [[Comet Nucleus Sample Return]] or CNSR (later ''[[Rosetta space probe|Rosetta]]'', without the sample return); ''[[Pluto Fast Flyby]]'', a flyby of Pluto (later ''[[Pluto Kuiper Express]]'', eventually realized as ''[[New Horizons]]''); and a ''[[Neptune Orbiter]]'' with an atmospheric probe. | Other planned Mariner Mark II-based spacecraft were an [[ESA]] led follow-on to CRAF, the [[Comet Nucleus Sample Return]] or CNSR (later ''[[Rosetta space probe|Rosetta]]'', without the sample return); ''[[Pluto Fast Flyby]]'', a flyby of Pluto (later ''[[Pluto Kuiper Express]]'', eventually realized as ''[[New Horizons]]''); and a ''[[Neptune Orbiter]]'' with an atmospheric probe.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ssb/neptch4.html |title=Exploring the Trans-Neptunian Solar System |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318064524/http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ssb/neptch4.html |archive-date=2009-03-18 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences|access-date=July 5, 2025}}</ref> | ||
However, congressionally imposed reductions to FY 1992–93 funding requirements forced NASA to terminate the CRAF mission and to delay the ''Cassini'' launch from April 1996 to October 1997. In order to save it, NASA was forced to significantly redesign ''Cassini'' to reduce the total program cost, mass and power requirements. | However, congressionally imposed reductions to FY 1992–93 funding requirements forced NASA to terminate the CRAF mission<ref>{{cite journal|title=Bush cancels CRAF, closes out Magellan |first=Stephen |last=Cole |date=11 February 1992 |volume=73 |number=6|page=65-70|url=https://doi.org/10.1029/91EO00058 |journal=Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union |doi=10.1029/91EO00058 |bibcode=1992EOSTr..73Q..66C |access-date=July 5, 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and to delay the ''Cassini'' launch from April 1996 to October 1997.<ref>{{cite report|title=Cassini Launch Press Kit |date=October 1997 |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/cassini.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=July 5, 2025}}</ref> In order to save it, NASA was forced to significantly redesign ''Cassini'' to reduce the total program cost, mass and power requirements.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ssb/crafcassini392.html |title=On the CRAF/Cassini Mission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318060626/http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ssb/crafcassini392.html |archive-date=2009-03-18 |first=Dr. Louis J. |last=Lanzerotti |publisher=[[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] |date=1992}}</ref> | ||
NASA has had to replace the ''Mariner Mark II'' program with the lower-cost [[Discovery Program]]. | NASA has had to replace the ''Mariner Mark II'' program with the lower-cost [[Discovery Program]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Transforming solar system exploration: The origins of the Discovery Program, 1989-1993 |first=Michael J. |last=Neufeld |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2013.10.002 |journal=Space Policy |volume=30 |number=1 |date=February 2014 |pages=5–12|doi=10.1016/j.spacepol.2013.10.002 |bibcode=2014SpPol..30....5N |access-date=July 5, 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 26: | Line 25: | ||
* [[Pioneer program]] | * [[Pioneer program]] | ||
== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|30em}} | |||
{{NASA planetary exploration programs}} | {{NASA planetary exploration programs}} | ||
Latest revision as of 04:30, 18 August 2025
Mariner Mark II was NASA's planned family of uncrewed spacecraft for the exploration of the outer Solar System that were to be developed and operated by JPL between 1980 and 2010.
Summary
After the "flagship" multibillion-dollar missions of the 1970s, in the 1980s NASA was looking for a new, more affordable direction for the 1990s and beyond. Two projects were conceived by NASA's Solar System Exploration Committee in 1983, the Planetary Observer program, and Mariner Mark II.[1]
The Observer program, starting with the Mars Observer, was envisioned as a series of low-cost missions to the inner Solar System, based on commercial Earth satellites, while the Mariner Mark II was to be a series of large spacecraft for the exploration of the outer Solar System.[2]
Mariner Mark II spacecraft were to use common design, hardware and software solutions, much of it derived from previous missions such as Voyager and Galileo as well as select new technologies, such as advanced gyroscopes, all with the aim of cutting costs. It was hoped that this new approach would reduce the mission costs to about $400 million each, about half the price of Galileo.[3]
The first two missions of the project were to be a mission to Saturn and its moon Titan, the Saturn Orbiter/Titan Probe, or SOTP (later Cassini) and the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF), both of which were approved by Congress in 1990.[4]
Other planned Mariner Mark II-based spacecraft were an ESA led follow-on to CRAF, the Comet Nucleus Sample Return or CNSR (later Rosetta, without the sample return); Pluto Fast Flyby, a flyby of Pluto (later Pluto Kuiper Express, eventually realized as New Horizons); and a Neptune Orbiter with an atmospheric probe.[5]
However, congressionally imposed reductions to FY 1992–93 funding requirements forced NASA to terminate the CRAF mission[6] and to delay the Cassini launch from April 1996 to October 1997.[7] In order to save it, NASA was forced to significantly redesign Cassini to reduce the total program cost, mass and power requirements.[8]
NASA has had to replace the Mariner Mark II program with the lower-cost Discovery Program.[9]
See also
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:NASA navbox Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox".