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'''Tang''', known in historiography as the '''Later Tang''', was a short-lived [[Dynasties in Chinese history|imperial dynasty of China]] and the second of the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period#Five Dynasties|Five Dynasties]] during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] in [[History of China|Chinese history]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zurndorfer|first=Harriet T.|title=War in words transformations of war from antiquity to Clausewitz|year=2010|publisher=De Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=9783110245424|pages=92|chapter=Efflorence? Another Look at the Role of War in Song Dynasty China}}</ref> | '''Tang''', known in historiography as the '''Later Tang''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 後唐; [[pinyin]]: ''Hòu Táng''), was a short-lived [[Dynasties in Chinese history|imperial dynasty of China]] and the second of the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period#Five Dynasties|Five Dynasties]] during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] in [[History of China|Chinese history]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zurndorfer|first=Harriet T.|title=War in words transformations of war from antiquity to Clausewitz|year=2010|publisher=De Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=9783110245424|pages=92|chapter=Efflorence? Another Look at the Role of War in Song Dynasty China}}</ref> | ||
With the exception of its final ruler, the Later Tang was ruled by ethnically [[Shatuo Turk]] (沙陀) emperors.The name Tang was used to legitimize itself as the restorer of the [[Tang dynasty]].{{sfn|Mote|1999|pages=12–13}} The official start of the Later Tang dynasty is in the year 923. | |||
== Founding of the Dynasty == | |||
The Later Tang dynasty emerged when [[Li Cunxu]] (李存勖), son of Shatuo Turk chieftain [[Li Keyong]] (李克用), conquered the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]] (后梁). After inheriting the Jin (晋) state, Li Cunxu waged a prolonged war against the Later Liang, culminating in the fall the Liang capital, Daliang ([[Kaifeng]]) in 923. His victory marked the first of the Five Dynasties' successive dynastic transitions. | |||
==Rulers== | The Later Tang dynasty was officially proclaimed in 923, though its origins lay in the precursor Jin dynasty (907-923), known in historiography as the [[Jin (Later Tang precursor)|Former Jin]]. Its founder Li Cunxu already possessed the Li surname - shared with the Tang emperors - which helped legitimize his claim as the Tang dynasty's rightful successor. | ||
The Li Clan of Shatuo received the surname "[[Li (surname 李)|Li]]" from [[Emperor Xianzong of Tang]] as a reward for their loyalty and military service. | |||
By deliberately adopting the Tang dynastic name and emphasizing this genealogical connection, the Shatuo Turk ruler strengthened his regime's political legitimacy through symbolic continuity with the fallen Tang empire. | |||
== Destruction of the dynasty == | |||
Despite its initial military strength, the Later Tang dynasty eventually collapsed due to internal rebellions, administrative mismanagement, and external pressure from the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]-led [[Liao dynasty|Liao Dynasty]]. Li Cunxu, after founding the dynasty, increasingly focused on theatrical interests rather than governance, weakening central authority. His inability to restrain the power of regional military governors ([[jiedushi]] 节度使) led to widespread dissatisfaction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fractured Legacy of Late Tang: War, Chaos, and the Rise of the Five Dynasties – Ancient War History |url=https://ancientwarhistory.com/the-fractured-legacy-of-late-tang-war-chaos-and-the-rise-of-the-five-dynasties/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
Following Li Cunxu's assassination in 926, subsequent rulers, including [[Mingzong of Later Tang|Mingzong]] (Li Siyuan), faced challenges such as corruption and factional infighting. The dynasty’s final collapse came in 937 when [[Shi Jingtang]], a rebellious jiedushi, allied with the Khitan to overthrow [[Li Congke]]. Shi established the Later Jin Dynasty and ceded the strategic [[Sixteen Prefectures]] to the Liao, marking the end of the Later Tang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Li |last2=He |first2=Shengyu |last3=Ji |first3=Ruixin |date=2024-10-01 |title=Weakening of the state by occupying more lands: evidence from the Five Dynasties |journal=The Journal of Chinese Sociology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=23 |doi=10.1186/s40711-024-00223-x |doi-access=free |issn=2198-2635}}</ref> | |||
== Religion == | |||
The Later Tang emperors, particularly Li Cunxu, were known for their patronage of [[Buddhism]], continuing the Tang Dynasty's tradition. [[Monastery|Buddhist monasteries]] remained influential, though the Later Tang did not have the same level of state-sponsored Buddhist projects as the earlier Tang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sokolova |first=Anna |date=2021-04-05 |title=Building and Rebuilding Buddhist Monasteries in Tang China: The Reconstruction of the Kaiyuan Monastery in Sizhou |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=253 |doi=10.3390/rel12040253 |doi-access=free |issn=2077-1444 }}</ref> | |||
[[File:Later Tang Rubbing 926.jpg|thumb|Rubbing from pillar carved with the [[Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī|Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sutra]] - Later Tang Dynasty - 4th year [[Li Cunxu|Tongguang]] Reign (926)]] | |||
== Rulers == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="background:#efefef;" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | ||
! [[Temple name]]s !! [[Posthumous name]]s !! [[Chinese family name|Family names]] and [[Chinese name|given name]] | ! [[Temple name]]s !! [[Posthumous name]]s !! [[Chinese family name|Family names]] and [[Chinese name|given name]] !! Durations of reigns !! [[Era name]]s and their according durations | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Zhuāngzōng (莊宗) || Emperor Guāngshèng Shénmǐn Xiào({{lang|zh|光聖神閔孝皇帝}}) Too Tedious; thus, unused when referring to this sovereign|| [[Li Cunxu|Lǐ Cúnxù (李存勗)]] | | Zhuāngzōng (莊宗) || Emperor Guāngshèng Shénmǐn Xiào ({{lang|zh|光聖神閔孝皇帝}}) Too Tedious; thus, unused when referring to this sovereign|| [[Li Cunxu|Lǐ Cúnxù (李存勗)]] || 923–926 || Tóngguāng (同光) 923–926 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Míngzōng (明宗) || Hewu (和武) || [[Li Siyuan|Lǐ Sìyuán (李嗣源) or Lǐ Dǎn (李亶)]] | | Míngzōng (明宗) || Hewu (和武) || [[Li Siyuan|Lǐ Sìyuán (李嗣源) or Lǐ Dǎn (李亶)]] || 926–933 || Tiānchéng (天成) 926–930<br> Chángxīng (長興) 930–933 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''none'' || Mǐn (閔) || [[Li Conghou|Lǐ Cónghòu (李從厚)]] | | ''none'' || Mǐn (閔) || [[Li Conghou|Lǐ Cónghòu (李從厚)]] || 933–934 || Yìngshùn (應順) 933–934 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''none'' || Mòdì (末帝) || [[Li Congke|Lǐ Cóngkē (李從珂)]] | | ''none'' || Mòdì (末帝) || [[Li Congke|Lǐ Cóngkē (李從珂)]] || 934–937 || Qīngtaì (清泰) 934–937 | ||
|} | |} | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
=== Citations === | === Citations === | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
Latest revision as of 15:59, 21 June 2025
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Tang, known in historiography as the Later Tang (Chinese: 後唐; pinyin: Hòu Táng), was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China and the second of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history.[1]
With the exception of its final ruler, the Later Tang was ruled by ethnically Shatuo Turk (沙陀) emperors.The name Tang was used to legitimize itself as the restorer of the Tang dynasty.Template:Sfn The official start of the Later Tang dynasty is in the year 923.
Founding of the Dynasty
The Later Tang dynasty emerged when Li Cunxu (李存勖), son of Shatuo Turk chieftain Li Keyong (李克用), conquered the Later Liang (后梁). After inheriting the Jin (晋) state, Li Cunxu waged a prolonged war against the Later Liang, culminating in the fall the Liang capital, Daliang (Kaifeng) in 923. His victory marked the first of the Five Dynasties' successive dynastic transitions.
The Later Tang dynasty was officially proclaimed in 923, though its origins lay in the precursor Jin dynasty (907-923), known in historiography as the Former Jin. Its founder Li Cunxu already possessed the Li surname - shared with the Tang emperors - which helped legitimize his claim as the Tang dynasty's rightful successor.
The Li Clan of Shatuo received the surname "Li" from Emperor Xianzong of Tang as a reward for their loyalty and military service.
By deliberately adopting the Tang dynastic name and emphasizing this genealogical connection, the Shatuo Turk ruler strengthened his regime's political legitimacy through symbolic continuity with the fallen Tang empire.
Destruction of the dynasty
Despite its initial military strength, the Later Tang dynasty eventually collapsed due to internal rebellions, administrative mismanagement, and external pressure from the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty. Li Cunxu, after founding the dynasty, increasingly focused on theatrical interests rather than governance, weakening central authority. His inability to restrain the power of regional military governors (jiedushi 节度使) led to widespread dissatisfaction.[2]
Following Li Cunxu's assassination in 926, subsequent rulers, including Mingzong (Li Siyuan), faced challenges such as corruption and factional infighting. The dynasty’s final collapse came in 937 when Shi Jingtang, a rebellious jiedushi, allied with the Khitan to overthrow Li Congke. Shi established the Later Jin Dynasty and ceded the strategic Sixteen Prefectures to the Liao, marking the end of the Later Tang.[3]
Religion
The Later Tang emperors, particularly Li Cunxu, were known for their patronage of Buddhism, continuing the Tang Dynasty's tradition. Buddhist monasteries remained influential, though the Later Tang did not have the same level of state-sponsored Buddhist projects as the earlier Tang.[4]
Rulers
| Temple names | Posthumous names | Family names and given name | Durations of reigns | Era names and their according durations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhuāngzōng (莊宗) | Emperor Guāngshèng Shénmǐn Xiào (Script error: No such module "Lang".) Too Tedious; thus, unused when referring to this sovereign | Lǐ Cúnxù (李存勗) | 923–926 | Tóngguāng (同光) 923–926 |
| Míngzōng (明宗) | Hewu (和武) | Lǐ Sìyuán (李嗣源) or Lǐ Dǎn (李亶) | 926–933 | Tiānchéng (天成) 926–930 Chángxīng (長興) 930–933 |
| none | Mǐn (閔) | Lǐ Cónghòu (李從厚) | 933–934 | Yìngshùn (應順) 933–934 |
| none | Mòdì (末帝) | Lǐ Cóngkē (李從珂) | 934–937 | Qīngtaì (清泰) 934–937 |
Later Tang rulers family tree
Template:Later Tang rulers family tree
References
Citations
Sources
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- Later Tang
- Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
- Dynasties of China
- Former countries in Chinese history
- 923 establishments
- 10th-century establishments in China
- 936 disestablishments
- 10th-century disestablishments in China
- States and territories established in the 920s
- States and territories disestablished in the 930s
- States and territories disestablished in 936