Anti-inflammatory: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation}} | {{Short description|Substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation}} | ||
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'''Anti-inflammatory''' is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces [[inflammation]], [[fever]] or [[Swelling (medical)|swelling]]. Anti-inflammatory [[drug]]s, also called '''anti-inflammatories''', make up about half of [[analgesic]]s. These drugs reduce pain by inhibiting mechanisms of inflammation, as opposed to [[opioids]], which affect the [[central nervous system]] to block pain. | '''Anti-inflammatory''' is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces [[inflammation]], [[fever]] or [[Swelling (medical)|swelling]]. Anti-inflammatory [[drug]]s, also called '''anti-inflammatories''', make up about half of [[analgesic]]s.{{Not verified in body|date=June 2025}} These drugs reduce pain by inhibiting mechanisms of inflammation, as opposed to [[opioids]], which affect the [[central nervous system]] to block pain.{{Not verified in body|date=June 2025}} | ||
Common anti-inflammatory drugs include [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs),<ref name="loo">{{cite web |vauthors=Ghlichloo I, Gerriets V |title=Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547742/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=25 May 2025 |date=1 May 2023}}</ref> [[corticosteroid]]s, [[antileukotriene]]s, and [[monoclonal antibodies]]. | Common anti-inflammatory drugs include [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs),<ref name="loo">{{cite web |vauthors=Ghlichloo I, Gerriets V |title=Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547742/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=25 May 2025 |date=1 May 2023}}</ref> [[corticosteroid]]s, [[antileukotriene]]s, and [[monoclonal antibodies]]. | ||
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Selective [[Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor|COX-2 inhibitors]], such as [[celecoxib]], block the enzymatic conversion of [[arachidonic acid]] into [[prostaglandin]], inhibiting inflammation and pain.<ref name="dua">{{cite web |vauthors=Qureshi O, Dua A |title=COX inhibitors |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549795/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=25 May 2025 |date=28 February 2024}}</ref> | Selective [[Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor|COX-2 inhibitors]], such as [[celecoxib]], block the enzymatic conversion of [[arachidonic acid]] into [[prostaglandin]], inhibiting inflammation and pain.<ref name="dua">{{cite web |vauthors=Qureshi O, Dua A |title=COX inhibitors |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549795/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=25 May 2025 |date=28 February 2024}}</ref> | ||
[[Analgesic]]s commonly associated with anti-inflammatory drugs, such as [[ | [[Analgesic]]s commonly associated with anti-inflammatory drugs, such as [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), have no peripheral anti-inflammatory effects.<ref name="gerriets">{{cite web |vauthors=Gerriets V, Anderson J, Patel P, Nappe TM |title=Acetaminophen |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482369/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=25 May 2025 |date=11 January 2024|pmid=29493991 }}</ref> High, short-term doses of NSAIDs may become [[Toxicity|toxic]], causing gastric erosions, [[stomach ulcers]], internal bleeding, [[hepatotoxicity]], or [[kidney disease]].<ref name=gerriets/> | ||
The risk of death as a result of GI bleeding caused by the use of NSAIDs is 1 in 12,000 for adults aged 16–45.<ref name=Bandolier>{{cite web|title=Table 7| url=http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/nsae/nsae.html#Heading20 |work=NSAIDs and adverse effects|publisher=Bandolier|access-date=December 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218152243/http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/nsae/nsae.html#Heading20|archive-date=February 18, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The risk increases almost twentyfold for those over 75.<ref name=Bandolier /> Apart from aspirin, frequent or high doses of prescription and over-the-counter NSAIDs may increase the risk of [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] and [[stroke]].<ref name=BMJ2011>{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.c7086|last=Trelle|first=Sven|author2=Reichenbach, Stephan|author3=Wandel, Simon|author4=Hildebrand, Pius|author5=Tschannen, Beatrice|author6=Villiger, Peter M.|author7=Egger, Matthias|author8= Jüni, Peter|title=Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis|journal=British Medical Journal|date=11 January 2011| volume=342 |pages=c7086 |pmid=21224324|pmc=3019238}}</ref> | The risk of death as a result of GI bleeding caused by the use of NSAIDs is 1 in 12,000 for adults aged 16–45.<ref name=Bandolier>{{cite web|title=Table 7| url=http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/nsae/nsae.html#Heading20 |work=NSAIDs and adverse effects|publisher=Bandolier|access-date=December 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218152243/http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/nsae/nsae.html#Heading20|archive-date=February 18, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The risk increases almost twentyfold for those over 75.<ref name=Bandolier /> Apart from aspirin, frequent or high doses of prescription and over-the-counter NSAIDs may increase the risk of [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] and [[stroke]].<ref name=BMJ2011>{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.c7086|last=Trelle|first=Sven|author2=Reichenbach, Stephan|author3=Wandel, Simon|author4=Hildebrand, Pius|author5=Tschannen, Beatrice|author6=Villiger, Peter M.|author7=Egger, Matthias|author8= Jüni, Peter|title=Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis|journal=British Medical Journal|date=11 January 2011| volume=342 |pages=c7086 |pmid=21224324|pmc=3019238}}</ref> | ||
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====Antileukotrienes==== | ====Antileukotrienes==== | ||
Antileukotrienes are anti-inflammatory agents which function as [[leukotriene]]-related [[enzyme inhibitor]]s ([[arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase]]) or leukotriene [[receptor antagonist]]s ([[cysteinyl leukotriene receptor]]s), and consequently oppose the function of these inflammatory mediators. Although they are not used for [[analgesic]] benefits, they are widely used to treat diseases related to inflammation of the lungs, such as [[asthma]] and [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]], as well as [[Paranasal sinuses|sinus]] inflammation in [[allergic rhinitis]].<ref name="pmid16799104">{{cite journal|vauthors = Dvorak J, Feddermann N, Grimm K|title = Glucocorticosteroids in football: use and misuse|journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume = 40|pages = i48–54|date = July 2006| issue=Suppl 1 |pmid = 16799104|pmc = 2657490|doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2006.027599}}</ref><ref name="Antileukotriene">{{cite journal|vauthors=Scott JP, Peters-Golden M|title = Antileukotriene agents for the treatment of lung disease|journal = Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.|volume = 188|issue = 5|pages = 538–544|date = September 2013|pmid = 23822826|doi = 10.1164/rccm.201301-0023PP}}</ref> | Antileukotrienes are anti-inflammatory agents which function as [[leukotriene]]-related [[enzyme inhibitor]]s ([[arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase]]) or leukotriene [[receptor antagonist]]s ([[cysteinyl leukotriene receptor]]s), and consequently oppose the function of these inflammatory mediators. Although they are not used for [[analgesic]] benefits, they are widely used to treat diseases related to inflammation of the lungs, such as [[asthma]] and [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]], as well as [[Paranasal sinuses|sinus]] inflammation in [[allergic rhinitis]].<ref name="pmid16799104">{{cite journal|vauthors = Dvorak J, Feddermann N, Grimm K|title = Glucocorticosteroids in football: use and misuse|journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume = 40|pages = i48–54|date = July 2006| issue=Suppl 1 |pmid = 16799104|pmc = 2657490|doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2006.027599}}</ref><ref name="Antileukotriene">{{cite journal|vauthors=Scott JP, Peters-Golden M|title = Antileukotriene agents for the treatment of lung disease|journal = Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.|volume = 188|issue = 5|pages = 538–544|date = September 2013|pmid = 23822826|doi = 10.1164/rccm.201301-0023PP}}</ref> Examples include [[montelukast]] and [[zileuton]]. | ||
====Monoclonal antibodies==== | ====Monoclonal antibodies==== | ||
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====Tetracyclic antibiotics==== | ====Tetracyclic antibiotics==== | ||
{{See also|Doxycycline#Anti-inflammatory agent}} | {{See also|Doxycycline#Anti-inflammatory agent|Minocycline#Research}} | ||
The [[tetracycline]] [[antibiotic]]s [[minocycline]] and [[doxycycline]] have been found to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.<ref name="ParkKimLee2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Park CS, Kim SH, Lee CK | title = Immunotherapy of Autoimmune Diseases with Nonantibiotic Properties of Tetracyclines | journal = Immune Netw | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = e47 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33425432 | pmc = 7779869 | doi = 10.4110/in.2020.20.e47 | url = }}</ref><ref name="SinghKhannaKalra2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh S, Khanna D, Kalra S | title = Minocycline and Doxycycline: More Than Antibiotics | journal = Curr Mol Pharmacol | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 1046–1065 | date = 2021 | pmid = 33568043 | doi = 10.2174/1874467214666210210122628 | url = }}</ref> Minocycline has been found to have some clinical benefit in people with [[treatment-resistant depression]] with inflammation but not in those without inflammation.<ref name="AlJumailiVora2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Al Jumaili W, Vora D, Trivedi C, Jain S | title = Role of Minocycline as an Adjunct Neuroinflammatory Modulator in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = Prim Care Companion CNS Disord | volume = 25 | issue = 5 | pages = | date = September 2023 | pmid = 37713730 | doi = 10.4088/PCC.22r03467 | url = | quote = Results: Minocycline as an adjunct immunomodulator shows inconsistent benefit in TRD. Minocycline has some beneficial effect on depression scale scores and inflammatory markers in TRD patients with inflammatory disequilibrium (C-reactive protein elevation exceeds 3 mg/L). However, minocycline showed an inconclusive effect in TRD with no clear immunologic dysregulation.}}</ref> | The [[tetracycline]] [[antibiotic]]s [[minocycline]] and [[doxycycline]] have been found to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.<ref name="ParkKimLee2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Park CS, Kim SH, Lee CK | title = Immunotherapy of Autoimmune Diseases with Nonantibiotic Properties of Tetracyclines | journal = Immune Netw | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = e47 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33425432 | pmc = 7779869 | doi = 10.4110/in.2020.20.e47 | url = }}</ref><ref name="SinghKhannaKalra2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh S, Khanna D, Kalra S | title = Minocycline and Doxycycline: More Than Antibiotics | journal = Curr Mol Pharmacol | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 1046–1065 | date = 2021 | pmid = 33568043 | doi = 10.2174/1874467214666210210122628 | url = }}</ref> Minocycline has been found to have some clinical benefit in people with [[treatment-resistant depression]] with inflammation but not in those without inflammation.<ref name="AlJumailiVora2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Al Jumaili W, Vora D, Trivedi C, Jain S | title = Role of Minocycline as an Adjunct Neuroinflammatory Modulator in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = Prim Care Companion CNS Disord | volume = 25 | issue = 5 | pages = | date = September 2023 | pmid = 37713730 | doi = 10.4088/PCC.22r03467 | url = | quote = Results: Minocycline as an adjunct immunomodulator shows inconsistent benefit in TRD. Minocycline has some beneficial effect on depression scale scores and inflammatory markers in TRD patients with inflammatory disequilibrium (C-reactive protein elevation exceeds 3 mg/L). However, minocycline showed an inconclusive effect in TRD with no clear immunologic dysregulation.}}</ref> | ||
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====Statins==== | ====Statins==== | ||
[[Statin]]s like [[atorvastatin]] and [[simvastatin]] are used to treat inflammatory conditions like [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[chronic kidney disease]].<ref name="LiZhaoLi2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li GM, Zhao J, Li B, Zhang XF, Ma JX, Ma XL, Liu J | title = The anti-inflammatory effects of statins on patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systemic review and meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials | journal = Autoimmun Rev | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 215–225 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29353098 | doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.013 | url = }}</ref><ref name="WangChenQiu2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang J, Chen Z, Qiu Y, Wu L, Wang H, Wu L, Zhao L, Xie D | title = Statins Have an Anti-Inflammation in CKD Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials | journal = Biomed Res Int | volume = 2022 | issue = | pages = 4842699 | date = 2022 | pmid = 36317110 | pmc = 9617709 | doi = 10.1155/2022/4842699 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref><ref name="GilbertAl-JanabiTomkins-Netzer2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gilbert R, Al-Janabi A, Tomkins-Netzer O, Lightman S | title = Statins as anti-inflammatory agents: A potential therapeutic role in sight-threatening non-infectious uveitis | journal = Porto Biomed J | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 33–39 | date = 2017 | pmid = 32258583 | pmc = 6806973 | doi = 10.1016/j.pbj.2017.01.006 | url = | quote = In addition to the known lipid-lowering effects, statins are now widely accepted to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Adjunctive use of statins has proven beneficial in the context of a wide range of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.}}</ref> Statins may be useful for treating other inflammatory conditions, like [[uveitis]],<ref name="GilbertAl-JanabiTomkins-Netzer2017" /> [[depression (mood)|depression]],<ref name="DeGiorgiDeCrescenzoRizzo2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = De Giorgi R, De Crescenzo F, Rizzo Pesci N, Martens M, Howard W, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ | title = Statins for major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = e0249409 | date = 2021 | pmid = 33784356 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0249409 | doi-access = free | pmc = 8009386 | bibcode = 2021PLoSO..1649409D | url = }}</ref><ref name="BaiGuoFeng2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bai S, Guo W, Feng Y, Deng H, Li G, Nie H, Guo G, Yu H, Ma Y, Wang J, Chen S, Jing J, Yang J, Tang Y, Tang Z | title = Efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | volume = 91 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–32 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31658959 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp-2019-320912 | url = }}</ref> and possibly [[neuropsychiatric disorder]]s.<ref name="AvanSahebnasaghHashemi2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Avan R, Sahebnasagh A, Hashemi J, Monajati M, Faramarzi F, Henney NC, Montecucco F, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A | title = Update on Statin Treatment in Patients with Neuropsychiatric Disorders | journal = Life (Basel) | volume = 11 | issue = 12 | date = December 2021 | page = 1365 | pmid = 34947895 | pmc = 8703562 | doi = 10.3390/life11121365 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2021Life...11.1365A | url = }}</ref><ref name="FittonSweetmanHeseltine-Carp2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fitton R, Sweetman J, Heseltine-Carp W, van der Feltz-Cornelis C | title = Anti-inflammatory medications for the treatment of mental disorders: A scoping review | journal = Brain Behav Immun Health | volume = 26 | issue = | pages = 100518 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36217374 | pmc = 9547233 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100518 | url = }}</ref> However, higher-quality evidence of statins for treatment of neuropsychiatric and other conditions is still needed.<ref name="Köhler-ForsbergOtteGold2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Köhler-Forsberg O, Otte C, Gold SM, Østergaard SD | title = Statins in the treatment of depression: Hype or hope? | journal = Pharmacol Ther | volume = 215 | issue = | pages = 107625 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32652185 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107625 | url = }}</ref> | [[Statin]]s like [[atorvastatin]] and [[simvastatin]] are used to treat inflammatory conditions like [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[chronic kidney disease]].<ref name="LiZhaoLi2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li GM, Zhao J, Li B, Zhang XF, Ma JX, Ma XL, Liu J | title = The anti-inflammatory effects of statins on patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systemic review and meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials | journal = Autoimmun Rev | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 215–225 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29353098 | doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.013 | url = }}</ref><ref name="WangChenQiu2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang J, Chen Z, Qiu Y, Wu L, Wang H, Wu L, Zhao L, Xie D | title = Statins Have an Anti-Inflammation in CKD Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials | journal = Biomed Res Int | volume = 2022 | issue = | pages = 4842699 | date = 2022 | pmid = 36317110 | pmc = 9617709 | doi = 10.1155/2022/4842699 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref><ref name="GilbertAl-JanabiTomkins-Netzer2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gilbert R, Al-Janabi A, Tomkins-Netzer O, Lightman S | title = Statins as anti-inflammatory agents: A potential therapeutic role in sight-threatening non-infectious uveitis | journal = Porto Biomed J | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 33–39 | date = 2017 | pmid = 32258583 | pmc = 6806973 | doi = 10.1016/j.pbj.2017.01.006 | url = | quote = In addition to the known lipid-lowering effects, statins are now widely accepted to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Adjunctive use of statins has proven beneficial in the context of a wide range of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.}}</ref> Statins may be useful for treating other inflammatory conditions, like [[uveitis]],<ref name="GilbertAl-JanabiTomkins-Netzer2017" /> [[depression (mood)|depression]],<ref name="DeGiorgiDeCrescenzoRizzo2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = De Giorgi R, De Crescenzo F, Rizzo Pesci N, Martens M, Howard W, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ | title = Statins for major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = e0249409 | date = 2021 | pmid = 33784356 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0249409 | doi-access = free | pmc = 8009386 | bibcode = 2021PLoSO..1649409D | url = }}</ref><ref name="BaiGuoFeng2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bai S, Guo W, Feng Y, Deng H, Li G, Nie H, Guo G, Yu H, Ma Y, Wang J, Chen S, Jing J, Yang J, Tang Y, Tang Z | title = Efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | volume = 91 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–32 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31658959 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp-2019-320912 | url = }}</ref> and possibly [[neuropsychiatric disorder]]s.<ref name="AvanSahebnasaghHashemi2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Avan R, Sahebnasagh A, Hashemi J, Monajati M, Faramarzi F, Henney NC, Montecucco F, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A | title = Update on Statin Treatment in Patients with Neuropsychiatric Disorders | journal = Life (Basel) | volume = 11 | issue = 12 | date = December 2021 | page = 1365 | pmid = 34947895 | pmc = 8703562 | doi = 10.3390/life11121365 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2021Life...11.1365A | url = }}</ref><ref name="FittonSweetmanHeseltine-Carp2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fitton R, Sweetman J, Heseltine-Carp W, van der Feltz-Cornelis C | title = Anti-inflammatory medications for the treatment of mental disorders: A scoping review | journal = Brain Behav Immun Health | volume = 26 | issue = | pages = 100518 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36217374 | pmc = 9547233 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100518 | url = }}</ref> However, higher-quality evidence of statins for treatment of neuropsychiatric and other conditions is still needed.<ref name="Köhler-ForsbergOtteGold2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Köhler-Forsberg O, Otte C, Gold SM, Østergaard SD | title = Statins in the treatment of depression: Hype or hope? | journal = Pharmacol Ther | volume = 215 | issue = | pages = 107625 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32652185 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107625 | url = }}</ref> | ||
====Curcumin==== | |||
[[Curcumin]], a [[curcuminoid]] and prominent active constituent of [[turmeric]], has shown anti-inflammatory activity in [[preclinical research]] and has been of interest for the potential treatment of various [[inflammatory condition]]s.<ref name="PengAoDong2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Peng Y, Ao M, Dong B, Jiang Y, Yu L, Chen Z, Hu C, Xu R | title = Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Curcumin in the Inflammatory Diseases: Status, Limitations and Countermeasures | journal = Drug Des Devel Ther | volume = 15 | issue = | pages = 4503–4525 | date = 2021 | pmid = 34754179 | pmc = 8572027 | doi = 10.2147/DDDT.S327378 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref><ref name="ShehzadLee2010">{{cite journal | last1=Shehzad | first1=A. | last2=Lee | first2=Y.S. | title=Curcumin: Multiple molecular targets mediate multiple pharmacological actions: A review | journal=Drugs of the Future | volume=35 | issue=2 | date=2010 | issn=0377-8282 | doi=10.1358/dof.2010.035.02.1426640 | page=113 | url=http://journals.prous.com/journals/servlet/xmlxsl/pk_journals.xml_summary_pr?p_JournalId=2&p_RefId=1426640&p_IsPs=N | access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref> A 2019 [[systematic review]] and [[meta-analysis]] found that curcumin or turmeric did not significantly decrease several circulating inflammatory markers in patients with various chronic inflammatory diseases.<ref name="WhitePasupuletiRoman2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = White CM, Pasupuleti V, Roman YM, Li Y, Hernandez AV | title = Oral turmeric/curcumin effects on inflammatory markers in chronic inflammatory diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Pharmacol Res | volume = 146 | issue = | pages = 104280 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31121255 | doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104280 | url = }}</ref> However, subsequent 2021 and 2023 systematic reviews and meta-analyses found that curcumin or turmeric was able to reduce various circulating inflammatory markers.<ref name="FergusonAbbottGarg2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferguson JJ, Abbott KA, Garg ML | title = Anti-inflammatory effects of oral supplementation with curcumin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Nutr Rev | volume = 79 | issue = 9 | pages = 1043–1066 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34378053 | doi = 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa114 | url = }}</ref><ref name="DehzadGhalandariNouri2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dehzad MJ, Ghalandari H, Nouri M, Askarpour M | title = Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin/turmeric supplementation in adults: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Cytokine | volume = 164 | issue = | pages = 156144 | date = April 2023 | pmid = 36804260 | doi = 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156144 | url = }}</ref> A major problem of curcumin which has limited its potential application is very poor [[oral administration|oral]] [[bioavailability]].<ref name="LiuZhaiHeng2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu W, Zhai Y, Heng X, Che FY, Chen W, Sun D, Zhai G | title = Oral bioavailability of curcumin: problems and advancements | journal = J Drug Target | volume = 24 | issue = 8 | pages = 694–702 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 26942997 | doi = 10.3109/1061186X.2016.1157883 | url = }}</ref><ref name="HedgeGirisaBharathwajChetty2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hegde M, Girisa S, BharathwajChetty B, Vishwa R, Kunnumakkara AB | title = Curcumin Formulations for Better Bioavailability: What We Learned from Clinical Trials Thus Far? | journal = ACS Omega | volume = 8 | issue = 12 | pages = 10713–10746 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 37008131 | pmc = 10061533 | doi = 10.1021/acsomega.2c07326 | url = }}</ref><ref name="AnandKunnumakkaraNewman2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal BB | title = Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises | journal = Mol Pharm | volume = 4 | issue = 6 | pages = 807–818 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17999464 | doi = 10.1021/mp700113r | url = }}</ref><ref name="KhosraviSeifert2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Khosravi MA, Seifert R | title = Clinical trials on curcumin in relation to its bioavailability and effect on malignant diseases: critical analysis | journal = Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol | volume = 397 | issue = 5 | pages = 3477–3491 | date = May 2024 | pmid = 37966571 | pmc = 11074217 | doi = 10.1007/s00210-023-02825-7 | url = }}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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{{Major Drug Groups}} | {{Major Drug Groups}} | ||
{{Anti-inflammatory products}} | {{Anti-inflammatory products}} | ||
{{Portal bar | Medicine}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anti Inflammatory}} | |||
[[Category:Anti-inflammatory agents|*]] | [[Category:Anti-inflammatory agents|*]] | ||
Latest revision as of 07:42, 24 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:Lead too short Template:Use dmy dates Template:Cs1 config
Anti-inflammatory is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation, fever or swelling. Anti-inflammatory drugs, also called anti-inflammatories, make up about half of analgesics.Template:Not verified in body These drugs reduce pain by inhibiting mechanisms of inflammation, as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system to block pain.Template:Not verified in body
Common anti-inflammatory drugs include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),[1] corticosteroids, antileukotrienes, and monoclonal antibodies.
Drugs
Clinically approved
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". NSAIDs alleviate pain by counteracting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme involved in pain mechanisms.[1][2]
Some common examples of NSAIDs are aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen.[1] Selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, block the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin, inhibiting inflammation and pain.[3]
Analgesics commonly associated with anti-inflammatory drugs, such as paracetamol (acetaminophen), have no peripheral anti-inflammatory effects.[4] High, short-term doses of NSAIDs may become toxic, causing gastric erosions, stomach ulcers, internal bleeding, hepatotoxicity, or kidney disease.[4]
The risk of death as a result of GI bleeding caused by the use of NSAIDs is 1 in 12,000 for adults aged 16–45.[5] The risk increases almost twentyfold for those over 75.[5] Apart from aspirin, frequent or high doses of prescription and over-the-counter NSAIDs may increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.[6]
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids, specifically glucocorticoids or glucocorticoid receptor agonists, are powerful anti-inflammatory agents, but they are also powerful immunosuppressants and are associated with various toxicities, which constrain their use.[7][8]
Antileukotrienes
Antileukotrienes are anti-inflammatory agents which function as leukotriene-related enzyme inhibitors (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) or leukotriene receptor antagonists (cysteinyl leukotriene receptors), and consequently oppose the function of these inflammatory mediators. Although they are not used for analgesic benefits, they are widely used to treat diseases related to inflammation of the lungs, such as asthma and COPD, as well as sinus inflammation in allergic rhinitis.[9][10] Examples include montelukast and zileuton.
Monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies, for instance against pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (anti-interleukin-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) (TNF inhibitors), are approved and used in the treatment autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory conditions.[11][12][13]
Investigational and off-label
Omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-3 fatty acids may have anti-inflammatory effects, although clinical studies show that possible effects have been inconsistent, requiring further research.[14] A 2017 review indicated that omega-3 fatty acids may benefit rheumatoid arthritis,[15] although another analysis indicated no consistent effect.[14] There is no good evidence that use of omega-3 fatty acids provides relief in retinal inflammation or in dry eye syndrome.[14]
N-Acetylcysteine
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) has been found to possess anti-inflammatory effects and has been clinically studied in the treatment of conditions involving inflammation.[16]
Melatonin
A 2021 review reported that melatonin has anti-inflammatory effects.[17] Found to reduce levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, it remains under preliminary research for its potential to treat inflammation.[17]
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists, including serotonergic psychedelics, are under preliminary research as possible anti-inflammatory agents.[18][19] The anti-inflammatory effects of some psychedelics, like DOI and psilocybin, have been found to occur at much lower doses than those at which they produce their hallucinogenic effects.[19] Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists with anti-inflammatory properties are under clinical investigation as possible treatments for inflammatory disorders.[20]
Tetracyclic antibiotics
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The tetracycline antibiotics minocycline and doxycycline have been found to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.[21][22] Minocycline has been found to have some clinical benefit in people with treatment-resistant depression with inflammation but not in those without inflammation.[23]
Statins
Statins like atorvastatin and simvastatin are used to treat inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and chronic kidney disease.[24][25][26] Statins may be useful for treating other inflammatory conditions, like uveitis,[26] depression,[27][28] and possibly neuropsychiatric disorders.[29][30] However, higher-quality evidence of statins for treatment of neuropsychiatric and other conditions is still needed.[31]
Curcumin
Curcumin, a curcuminoid and prominent active constituent of turmeric, has shown anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical research and has been of interest for the potential treatment of various inflammatory conditions.[32][33] A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis found that curcumin or turmeric did not significantly decrease several circulating inflammatory markers in patients with various chronic inflammatory diseases.[34] However, subsequent 2021 and 2023 systematic reviews and meta-analyses found that curcumin or turmeric was able to reduce various circulating inflammatory markers.[35][36] A major problem of curcumin which has limited its potential application is very poor oral bioavailability.[37][38][39][40]
References
Template:Major Drug Groups Template:Anti-inflammatory products Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control
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