Shua language: Difference between revisions
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'''Shua''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|uː|ə}} {{respell|SHOO|ə}}, or ''Shwakhwe'', is a [[Khoe languages|Khoe language ( | '''Shua''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|uː|ə}} {{respell|SHOO|ə}}, or ''Shwakhwe'', is a [[Khoe languages|Khoe language]] (''Ost-Kxoe'')<ref>{{Glottolog|shua1254|Shua}}</ref> of [[Botswana]]. It is spoken in central Botswana (in [[Nata, Botswana|Nata]] and its surroundings), and in parts of the Chobe District in the extreme north of Botswana. There are approximately 6,000 speakers (Cook 2004) and approximately 2,000 out of those 6,000 speakers are native speakers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shua |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/shg |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Ethnologue.com}}</ref> The linguistic variety spoken in the township of [[Nata, Botswana|Nata]] in [[Botswana|northeast Botswana]] is highly endangered and spoken fluently only by adults over about thirty years of age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGregor |first=William B. |author-link=William B. McGregor |title=Unusual manner constructions in Shua (Khoe-Kwadi, Botswana) |doi=10.1515/ling-2017-0013|journal=Linguistics|year=2017 |volume=55 |issue=4 |page=859 |s2cid=148649962 |language=English}}</ref> The term ''Shwakhwe'' means people (''khwe'') from the salty area (''shwa''). | ||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
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|"The boys are throwing rocks"}} | |"The boys are throwing rocks"}} | ||
{{interlinear|number=ex: | {{interlinear | ||
|<nowiki>ǀ</nowiki>ʼui-zi ʼa ke kʼarokwa gam | | number = ex:|<nowiki>ǀ</nowiki>ʼui-zi ʼa ke kʼarokwa gam|rock-PL OBL ASP boys throw|"The boys are throwing rocks" | ||
|rock-PL OBL ASP boys throw | }} | ||
|"The boys are throwing rocks"}} | |||
This marker appears first in certain subordinate clauses in a manner reminiscent of V2 languages such as German, where a clause-initial complementizer is in complementary distribution with a second position phenomenon (in German, it would be the finite verb which appears in second position). | This marker appears first in certain subordinate clauses in a manner reminiscent of V2 languages such as German, where a clause-initial complementizer is in complementary distribution with a second position phenomenon (in German, it would be the finite verb which appears in second position). | ||
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* ''‖hara:''{{what|date=November 2024}} ‘many’ <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=McGregor |first=William B. |title=Numerals and number words in Shua |journal=De Gruyter Mouton |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/jall-2014-0002 |doi=10.1515/jall-2014-0002 |date=2014 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=53–55|s2cid=144719803 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | * ''‖hara:''{{what|date=November 2024}} ‘many’ <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=McGregor |first=William B. |title=Numerals and number words in Shua |journal=De Gruyter Mouton |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/jall-2014-0002 |doi=10.1515/jall-2014-0002 |date=2014 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=53–55|s2cid=144719803 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
{{interlinear|number=1) | {{interlinear | ||
|ta: ngona:-n ʔau xo:-ha | | number = 1)|ta: ngona:-n ʔau xo:-ha|1SG three-PL fish catch-PAST|‘I caught three fish.’<ref name=":0" /> | ||
|1SG three-PL fish catch-PAST | }} | ||
|‘I caught three fish.’<ref name=":0" />}} | |||
Using this example, the numeral comes before the head noun. More specifically, it appears in the second "opening" of a noun phrase "following a demonstrative or determiner (if there is one), and preceding a qualifying nominal or adjective."<ref name=":0" /> | Using this example, the numeral comes before the head noun. More specifically, it appears in the second "opening" of a noun phrase "following a demonstrative or determiner (if there is one), and preceding a qualifying nominal or adjective."<ref name=":0" /> | ||
Latest revision as of 18:09, 11 December 2025
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Shua Template:IPAc-en Script error: No such module "Respell"., or Shwakhwe, is a Khoe language (Ost-Kxoe)[2] of Botswana. It is spoken in central Botswana (in Nata and its surroundings), and in parts of the Chobe District in the extreme north of Botswana. There are approximately 6,000 speakers (Cook 2004) and approximately 2,000 out of those 6,000 speakers are native speakers.[3] The linguistic variety spoken in the township of Nata in northeast Botswana is highly endangered and spoken fluently only by adults over about thirty years of age.[4] The term Shwakhwe means people (khwe) from the salty area (shwa).
Phonology
Consonants
- /Template:IPA link/ is only phonemic in the Tsʼixa and Danisi dialects.
Vowels
Shua has the five vowels Script error: No such module "IPA"., and three nasal vowels Script error: No such module "IPA"..[5]
Syntax
Unlike most Khoisan languages, but like Nama, the most neutral word order is SOV, though word order is relatively free. As with most Khoisan languages, there are postpositions. There is a tense-aspect marker ke which often appears in second position in affirmative sentences in the present tense, giving X Aux S O V order (e.g. S Aux O V).
This marker appears first in certain subordinate clauses in a manner reminiscent of V2 languages such as German, where a clause-initial complementizer is in complementary distribution with a second position phenomenon (in German, it would be the finite verb which appears in second position).
Numerals
Shua has indigenous terms for numeral terms, it is a restrictive and limited system of numerals.
- |uˉiˉScript error: No such module "Unsubst". ‘one’
- |amScript error: No such module "Unsubst". ‘two’
- ngona: ~ ‖obeˉ:ˉScript error: No such module "Unsubst". ‘three’
- hatsa:Script error: No such module "Unsubst". ‘four’
- |’oˉra:Script error: No such module "Unsubst". ‘a few’
- ‖hara:Script error: No such module "Unsubst". ‘many’ [6]
Using this example, the numeral comes before the head noun. More specifically, it appears in the second "opening" of a noun phrase "following a demonstrative or determiner (if there is one), and preceding a qualifying nominal or adjective."[6]
Dialects
Shua is a dialect cluster.
- Deti (10 or fewer speakers)[7]
- Ganádi
- Shwa-khwe
- Nǀoo-khwe
- Kǀoree-khoe or ǀOree-khwe
- ǁʼAiye or ǀAaye
- ǀXaise or ǀTaise
- Tshidi-khwe or Tcaiti or Sili or Shete Tsere
- Danisi or Demisa or Madenasse or Madinnisane
- Cara
- ǁGoro (ǁ᪶Oro) or ǀXaio
The term Hietshware (Hietʃware, Hietʃo) is used for varieties of both Shua and its sister-language Tshwa.
Tsʼixa (200 speakers) is evidently a distinct language.
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Glottolog
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
External links
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