Inayat Khan: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Indian singer, poet and Sufi guide (1882–1927)}} | {{short description|Indian singer, poet and Sufi guide (1882–1927)}} | ||
{{other people}} | {{About other people|the Sufi commonly<ref group="note">See the [[Inayat_Khan#Bibliography|Bibliography]] and [[Inayat_Khan#References|References]] section of this article for numerous examples of this usage.</ref> known as [[Hazrat]] Inayat Khan|Inayat Khan}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=June 2018}} | {{EngvarB|date=June 2018}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}} | ||
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| venerated_in =[[Inayati Order|Inayatiyya]]; [[Western Sufism]] | | venerated_in =[[Inayati Order|Inayatiyya]]; [[Western Sufism]] | ||
| major_shrine = Dargah in Hazrat Nizamuddin, Delhi | | major_shrine = Dargah in Hazrat Nizamuddin, Delhi | ||
| influences =Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani | | influences = Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani | ||
| influenced = [[Universal Sufism]] | | influenced = [[Universal Sufism]] | ||
| tradition =[[Chishti]], and other major Sufi [[tariqa]] | | tradition = [[Chishti]], and other major Sufi [[tariqa]] | ||
| image = Soefietempel Katwijk.jpg | | image = Soefietempel Katwijk.jpg | ||
| caption = Universel Murad Hassil, Netherlands | | caption = Universel Murad Hassil, Netherlands | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Western Sufism}} | {{Western Sufism}} | ||
'''Inayat Khan Rehmat Khan''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|عنایت خان رحمت خان}}}}; 5 July 1882 – 5 February 1927) was an Indian professor of [[musicology]], singer, exponent of the [[ | '''Inayat Khan Rehmat Khan''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|عنایت خان رحمت خان}}}}; 5 July 1882 – 5 February 1927), was an Indian professor of [[musicology]], singer, exponent of the [[Saraswati veena|sarasvati vina]], poet, philosopher, writer, and pioneer of the transmission of [[Sufism]] to the West.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Pearl in Wine: Essays on the life, music and Sufism of Hazrat Inayat Khan |date=2001 |publisher=Omega Publications |location=New Lebanon, NY; USA |isbn=093087269X |last1=Mehta |first1=R.C |chapter=Music in the Life of Hazrat Inayat Khan |editor1=Pirzade Zia Inayat Khan |pages=161–176}}</ref> At the urging of his students, and on the basis of his ancestral Sufi tradition and four-fold training and authorisation at the hands of Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani (d. 1907) of [[Hyderabad]], he established an order of Sufism (The Sufi Order) in London in 1914. By the time of his death in 1927, centers had been established throughout Europe and North America, and multiple volumes of his teachings had been published.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graham |first1=Donald A. |chapter=The Career of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan in the West |editor1=Pirzade Zia Inayat Khan |title=A Pearl in Wine |date=2001 |publisher=Omega |location=New Lebanon, NY; USA |isbn=093087269X |pages=127–160}}</ref> | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
Inayat Khan was born in [[Baroda]] to a noble [[Mughal people|Mughal]] family. His paternal ancestors, comprising yüzkhans (Central Asian lords) and bakshys (shamans), were [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] from the [[Chagatai Khanate]] who settled in [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab]] during the reign of | Inayat Khan was born in [[Baroda]] to a noble [[Mughal people|Mughal]] family. His paternal ancestors, comprising yüzkhans (Central Asian lords) and bakshys (shamans), were [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] from the [[Chagatai Khanate]] who settled in [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab]] during the reign of [[Timur]]. Inayat Khan's maternal grandfather, Sangit Ratna Maulabakhsh Sholay Khan, was a Hindustani classical musician and educator known as “the Beethoven of India.” His maternal grandmother, Qasim Bibi, was from the royal house of [[Tipu Sultan]] of Mysore.<ref name="Shaikh al-M M">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shaikh al-Mashaik Mahmood |chapter=The Mawlabakhshi Rajkufu ’Alakhandan: The Mawlabakhsh Dynastic Lineage, 1833-1972 |editor1=Pirzade Zia Inayat |title=A Pearl in Wine |date=2001 |publisher=Omega |location=New Lebanon, NY |isbn=093087269X |pages=3–126}}</ref> | ||
==Sufism== | ==Sufism== | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
==Teaching== | ==Teaching== | ||
Inayat Khan's teaching | Inayat Khan's teaching emphasised the oneness of God ([[tawhid]]) and the underlying harmony of the revelations communicated by the [[prophets]] of all the world's great [[religions]]. His discourses treated such varied subjects as religion, art, music, ethics, philosophy, psychology, and health and healing. The primary concern of Inayat Khan's teaching was the mystical pursuit of God-realisation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keesing |first1=Elisabeth de Jong |title=Inayat Answers |date=1977 |publisher=Fine Books Oriental |location=London |isbn=978-0856920080}}</ref> To this end he established an Inner School comprising four stages of contemplative study based on the traditional Sufi disciplines of ''mujahada'', ''muraqaba'', ''mushahada'', and ''mu‘ayyana'', which he rendered in English as concentration, contemplation, meditation, and realisation.<ref name="message">{{cite book |author1=Hazrat Inayat Khan |title=The Sufi message of Hazrat Inayat Khan |volume=4, Healing and the mind world. |date=2019 |publisher=Sulūk Press; Omega Publications |location=Richmond, VA; USA |isbn=978-1941810309 |edition=Centennial}}</ref>{{rp|218–227}} | ||
===Foundational principles=== | ===Foundational principles=== | ||
| Line 64: | Line 64: | ||
==Family and personal life== | ==Family and personal life== | ||
In New York, he met the woman who would become his wife, | In New York, he met the woman who would become his wife, [[Ameena Begum]] née Ora Ray Baker. They had four children: [[Vilayat Inayat Khan]], [[Hidayat Inayat Khan]], [[Noor Inayat Khan]], and Khair-un-Nisa Inayat Khan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} | ||
==Death and legacy== | ==Death and legacy== | ||
{{expand section|date=January 2023}} | {{expand section|date=January 2023}} | ||
In 1926 Inayat Khan returned to India; he died of pneumonia in Delhi on 5 February 1927.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hazrat Inayat Khan, 1882 - 1927 |url=https://www.ruhaniat.org/index.php/lineage/hazrat-inayat-khan |website=Sufi Ruhaniat International |access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=van Beek |first1=Wil |title=Hazrat Inayat Khan: Master of life, Modern Sufi Mystic |date=1983 |publisher=Vantage Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0533054534 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Biography of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan |date=1979 |publisher=East-West Publications |location=London; The Hague |isbn=0856920134 |author1=Inayat Khan |editor1=Elise Guillaume-Schamhart |editor2=Munira van Voorst van Beest |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Keesing |first1=Elisabeth Emmy de Jong |title=Inayat Khan: A Biography |trans-title=''Translated from the original Dutch:'' {{lang|nl|Golven, waarom komt de wind}} |translator1=Hayat Bouman |translator2=Penelope Goldschmidt |date=1974 |location=The Hague |publisher=East-West Publications; Luzac |isbn=0718902432}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Sirkar van Stolk |author2=Daphne Dunlop |title=Memories of a Sufi Sage: Hazrat Inayat Khan |date=1967 |location=London; The Hague |publisher=East-West Publications |isbn=0856920134}}</ref> He is buried in the Inayat Khan [[ | In 1926 Inayat Khan returned to India; he died of pneumonia in Delhi on 5 February 1927.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hazrat Inayat Khan, 1882 - 1927 |url=https://www.ruhaniat.org/index.php/lineage/hazrat-inayat-khan |website=Sufi Ruhaniat International |access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=van Beek |first1=Wil |title=Hazrat Inayat Khan: Master of life, Modern Sufi Mystic |date=1983 |publisher=Vantage Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0533054534 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Biography of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan |date=1979 |publisher=East-West Publications |location=London; The Hague |isbn=0856920134 |author1=Inayat Khan |editor1=Elise Guillaume-Schamhart |editor2=Munira van Voorst van Beest |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Keesing |first1=Elisabeth Emmy de Jong |title=Inayat Khan: A Biography |trans-title=''Translated from the original Dutch:'' {{lang|nl|Golven, waarom komt de wind}} |translator1=Hayat Bouman |translator2=Penelope Goldschmidt |date=1974 |location=The Hague |publisher=East-West Publications; Luzac |isbn=0718902432}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Sirkar van Stolk |author2=Daphne Dunlop |title=Memories of a Sufi Sage: Hazrat Inayat Khan |date=1967 |location=London; The Hague |publisher=East-West Publications |isbn=0856920134}}</ref> He is buried in the Inayat Khan [[Dargah]] in Nizamuddin, Delhi. The dargah is open to the public and hosts [[qawwali]] sessions.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Bergman |first=Justin |date=2016-11-24 |title=36 Hours in Delhi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/24/travel/what-to-do-36-hours-in-delhi-india.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> | ||
==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
| Line 80: | Line 80: | ||
===Sufi works=== | ===Sufi works=== | ||
*1914 ''A Sufi Message of Spiritual Liberty'' | *1914 – ''A Sufi Message of Spiritual Liberty'' | ||
*1915 ''The Confessions of Inayat Khan'' | *1915 – ''The Confessions of Inayat Khan'' | ||
*1918 ''A Sufi Prayer of Invocation'' | *1918 – ''A Sufi Prayer of Invocation'' | ||
*''Hindustani Lyrics'' | *''Hindustani Lyrics'' | ||
*''Songs of India'' | *''Songs of India'' | ||
*''The Divan of Inayat Khan'' | *''The Divan of Inayat Khan'' | ||
*''Akibat'' | *''Akibat'' | ||
*1919 ''Love, Human and Divine'' | *1919 – ''Love, Human and Divine'' | ||
*''The Phenomenon of the Soul'' | *''The Phenomenon of the Soul'' | ||
*''Pearls from the Ocean Unseen'' | *''Pearls from the Ocean Unseen'' | ||
*1921 ''In an Eastern Rosegarden'' | *1921 – ''In an Eastern Rosegarden'' | ||
*1922 | *1922 – ''The Way of Illumination'' | ||
*''The Message'' | *''The Message'' | ||
*1923 | *1923 – ''The Inner Life'' | ||
*''The Mysticism of Sound'' | *''The Mysticism of Sound'' | ||
*''Notes from the Unstruck Music from the Gayan Manuscript'' | *''Notes from the Unstruck Music from the Gayan Manuscript'' | ||
*''The Alchemy of Happiness'' | *''The Alchemy of Happiness'' | ||
*1924 | *1924 – ''The Soul—Whence and Whither'' | ||
*1926 | *1926 – ''The Divine Symphony, or Vadan'' | ||
===Posthumous Sufi works=== | ===Posthumous Sufi works=== | ||
*1927 | *1927 – ''Nirtan, or The Dance of the Soul'' | ||
*''The Purpose of Life'' | *''The Purpose of Life'' | ||
*1928 | *1928 – ''The Unity of Religious Ideals'' | ||
*1931 | *1931 – ''Health'' | ||
*''Character Building; The Art of Personality'' | *''Character Building; The Art of Personality'' | ||
*1934 | *1934 – ''Education'' | ||
*1935 | *1935 – ''The Mind World'' | ||
*''Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow'' | *''Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow'' | ||
*1936 | *1936 ''The Bowl of Saki'' | ||
*''The Solution of the Problem of the Day'' | *''The Solution of the Problem of the Day'' | ||
*1937 | *1937 – ''Cosmic Language'' | ||
*''Moral Culture'' | *''Moral Culture'' | ||
*1938 | *1938 – ''Rassa Shastra: The Science of Life's Creative Forces'' | ||
*1939 | *1939 – ''Three Plays'' | ||
*''Metaphysics: The Experience of the Soul in Different Planes of Existence'' | *''Metaphysics: The Experience of the Soul in Different Planes of Existence'' | ||
*1980 | *1980 – ''Nature Meditations'' | ||
===Collected works=== | ===Collected works=== | ||
* | *1960 – 1967 ''The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan'', 12 volumes | ||
* | *1988 – ''Complete Works of Pir-o-Murshid Hazrat Inayat Khan'': Original Texts, 12 volumes (to date) | ||
* | *2016 – ''The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan'': Centennial Edition, 4 volumes (to date) | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 132: | Line 132: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
== Notes == | |||
<references group="note" /> | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Latest revision as of 15:00, 27 September 2025
Template:Short description Template:About other people Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Wikidata imageScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Compare Script error: No such module "Sidebar". Inayat Khan Rehmat Khan (Template:Langx; 5 July 1882 – 5 February 1927), was an Indian professor of musicology, singer, exponent of the sarasvati vina, poet, philosopher, writer, and pioneer of the transmission of Sufism to the West.[1] At the urging of his students, and on the basis of his ancestral Sufi tradition and four-fold training and authorisation at the hands of Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani (d. 1907) of Hyderabad, he established an order of Sufism (The Sufi Order) in London in 1914. By the time of his death in 1927, centers had been established throughout Europe and North America, and multiple volumes of his teachings had been published.[2]
Early life
Inayat Khan was born in Baroda to a noble Mughal family. His paternal ancestors, comprising yüzkhans (Central Asian lords) and bakshys (shamans), were Turkmen from the Chagatai Khanate who settled in Sialkot, Punjab during the reign of Timur. Inayat Khan's maternal grandfather, Sangit Ratna Maulabakhsh Sholay Khan, was a Hindustani classical musician and educator known as “the Beethoven of India.” His maternal grandmother, Qasim Bibi, was from the royal house of Tipu Sultan of Mysore.[3]
Sufism
Inayat Khan's Sufi sources included both the traditions of his paternal ancestors (remembered as the Mahashaikhan) and the tutelage he received from Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani.[3]Template:Rp From the latter he inherited four transmissions, constituting succession in the Chishti, Suhrawardi, Qadiri, and Naqshbandi orders of Sufism. Of these, the Chishti lineage, traced through the Delhi-based legacy of Shah Kalim Allah Jahanabadi, was primary.[4]
Travels
Inayat Khan toured the United States with his brother Maheboob Khan and cousin Mohammed Ali Khan between the years 1910 and 1912. Further travels took him to England, France, and Russia. During the First World War, living in London, he oversaw the founding of an order of Sufism under his guidance. Following the war he traveled widely, and numerous Sufi centers sprang up in his wake in Europe and the U.S. He ultimately settled in Suresnes, France, at the house and khanqah (Sufi lodge) known as Fazal Manzil.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Teaching
Inayat Khan's teaching emphasised the oneness of God (tawhid) and the underlying harmony of the revelations communicated by the prophets of all the world's great religions. His discourses treated such varied subjects as religion, art, music, ethics, philosophy, psychology, and health and healing. The primary concern of Inayat Khan's teaching was the mystical pursuit of God-realisation.[5] To this end he established an Inner School comprising four stages of contemplative study based on the traditional Sufi disciplines of mujahada, muraqaba, mushahada, and mu‘ayyana, which he rendered in English as concentration, contemplation, meditation, and realisation.[6]Template:Rp
Foundational principles
Ten principles, known as the Ten Sufi Thoughts, enunciate the universal spiritual values that are foundational to Inayat Khan's mystical philosophy.[6]Template:Rp
- There is One God, the Eternal, the Only Being; none exists save God.
- There is One Master, the Guiding Spirit of all Souls, Who constantly leads followers towards the light.
- There is One Holy Book, the sacred manuscript of nature, the only scripture which can enlighten the reader.
- There is One Religion, the unswerving progress in the right direction towards the ideal, which fulfills the life's purpose of every soul.
- There is One Law, the law of reciprocity, which can be observed by a selfless conscience together with a sense of awakened justice.
- There is One Brotherhood and Sisterhood, the human brotherhood and sisterhood, which unites the children of earth indiscriminately in the Parenthood of God.
- There is One Moral, the love which springs forth from self-denial, and blooms in deeds of beneficence.
- There is One Object of Praise, the beauty which uplifts the heart of its worshippers through all aspects from the seen to the unseen.
- There is One Truth, the true knowledge of our being, within and without, which is the essence of all wisdom.
- There is One Path, the annihilation of the false ego in the real, which raises the mortal to immortality, and in which resides all perfection.
Family and personal life
In New York, he met the woman who would become his wife, Ameena Begum née Ora Ray Baker. They had four children: Vilayat Inayat Khan, Hidayat Inayat Khan, Noor Inayat Khan, and Khair-un-Nisa Inayat Khan.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Death and legacy
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In 1926 Inayat Khan returned to India; he died of pneumonia in Delhi on 5 February 1927.[7][8][9][10][11] He is buried in the Inayat Khan Dargah in Nizamuddin, Delhi. The dargah is open to the public and hosts qawwali sessions.[12]
Bibliography
Musicological works
- Balasan Gitmala
- Sayaji Garbawali
- Inayat Git Ratnawali
- Inayat Harmonium Shikshak
- Inayat Fidal Shikshak
- Minqar-i Musiqar
Sufi works
- 1914 – A Sufi Message of Spiritual Liberty
- 1915 – The Confessions of Inayat Khan
- 1918 – A Sufi Prayer of Invocation
- Hindustani Lyrics
- Songs of India
- The Divan of Inayat Khan
- Akibat
- 1919 – Love, Human and Divine
- The Phenomenon of the Soul
- Pearls from the Ocean Unseen
- 1921 – In an Eastern Rosegarden
- 1922 – The Way of Illumination
- The Message
- 1923 – The Inner Life
- The Mysticism of Sound
- Notes from the Unstruck Music from the Gayan Manuscript
- The Alchemy of Happiness
- 1924 – The Soul—Whence and Whither
- 1926 – The Divine Symphony, or Vadan
Posthumous Sufi works
- 1927 – Nirtan, or The Dance of the Soul
- The Purpose of Life
- 1928 – The Unity of Religious Ideals
- 1931 – Health
- Character Building; The Art of Personality
- 1934 – Education
- 1935 – The Mind World
- Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
- 1936 The Bowl of Saki
- The Solution of the Problem of the Day
- 1937 – Cosmic Language
- Moral Culture
- 1938 – Rassa Shastra: The Science of Life's Creative Forces
- 1939 – Three Plays
- Metaphysics: The Experience of the Soul in Different Planes of Existence
- 1980 – Nature Meditations
Collected works
- 1960 – 1967 The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan, 12 volumes
- 1988 – Complete Works of Pir-o-Murshid Hazrat Inayat Khan: Original Texts, 12 volumes (to date)
- 2016 – The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan: Centennial Edition, 4 volumes (to date)
See also
- Inayati Order
- Vilayat Inayat Khan (son)
- Western Sufism
- Zia Inayat Khan (grandson, current president of the Inayati Order)
References
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Notes
External links
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- Template:Librivox author
- Template:Internet Archive author
- Hazrat Inayat Khan: A Sufi maestro in Moscow.