1900: Difference between revisions

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{{Multiple image
{{Multiple image
| image_style      = border:none;b
| image_style      = border:none;b
| perrow            = 3/3
| perrow            = 3/3/3
| image1            = Seeking valuables in the wreckage, Galveston, Texas.jpg
| image1            = Seeking valuables in the wreckage, Galveston, Texas.jpg
| image2            = Siege of Peking, Boxer Rebellion.jpg
| image2            = Siege of Peking, Boxer Rebellion.jpg
| image3            = Marathon des JO de Paris 1900, arrivée du concurrent 21.jpg
| image3            = Marathon des JO de Paris 1900, arrivée du concurrent 21.jpg
| image4            = First Zeppelin ascent.jpg
| image4           = Vue panoramique de l'exposition universelle de 1900.jpg
| image5           = Boers at Spion Kop, 1900 - Project Gutenberg eText 16462.jpg
| image5            = Russian troops storming Beijing gates 1900 (cropped).gif
| image6           = Bresci killing.jpg
| image6            = Thanksgiving Day Disaster (cropped).jpg
| image7           = First Zeppelin ascent.jpg
| image8           = Paget - British troops observe the Boer laager at Paardeberg, 1900.jpg
| image9           = Bresci killing.jpg
| total_width      = 350
| total_width      = 350
| footer            = From top to bottom, left to right: The [[Galveston hurricane]] devastates the Texas coast, killing around 8,000 and becoming the deadliest U.S. natural disaster; the [[Siege of the International Legations]] in Beijing sees foreign diplomats and civilians besieged during the [[Boxer Rebellion]] until an international coalition intervenes; the [[1900 Summer Olympics]] in Paris introduce new sports like rowing, golf, and women’s participation; the [[Zeppelin LZ 1]] makes its first flight over the [[German Empire]], marking a milestone in airship aviation; the [[Battle of Spion Kop]] during the [[Second Boer War]] results in heavy British losses and strategic failure; and [[Umberto I of Italy]] is [[Assassination of Umberto I of Italy|assassinated]] by an anarchist in Monza, shocking Europe and highlighting rising political violence.
| footer            = From top to bottom, left to right: The [[1900 Galveston hurricane|Galveston hurricane]] devastates Texas, killing about 8,000 people; the [[Siege of the International Legations]] becomes the key crisis of the [[Boxer Rebellion]]; the [[1900 Summer Olympics]] in Paris introduce new events and women’s participation; the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]] showcases global innovation and art in Paris; the [[Russian invasion of Manchuria]] heightens tensions in East Asia; the [[Thanksgiving Day Disaster]] kills 23 during San Francisco’s [[Big Game (American football)|Big Game]]; the [[Zeppelin LZ 1]] makes its first flight; the [[Battle of Paardeberg]] becomes a key [[Second Boer War]] victory; and [[Umberto I of Italy]] is [[Assassination of Umberto I of Italy|assassinated]].
}}
}}
{{C19 year in topic}}
{{C19 year in topic}}
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=== January ===
=== January ===
{{Main|January 1900}}
{{Main|January 1900}}
[[File:BoxerSoldiers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Boxer soldiers]]
 
[[File:Members of the Wuwei Corps or Kansu Braves Avax News 00004284.webp|thumb|right|200px|Boxer soldiers]]
* c. January – The first ''[[Michelin Guide]]'' is published for French motorists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oldclassiccar.co.uk/guide-michelin-1900.htm|title=Guide Michelin 1900 First edition|website=Old Classic Car|accessdate=2025-05-23}}</ref>
* c. January – The first ''[[Michelin Guide]]'' is published for French motorists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oldclassiccar.co.uk/guide-michelin-1900.htm|title=Guide Michelin 1900 First edition|website=Old Classic Car|accessdate=2025-05-23}}</ref>
* [[January 2]] – [[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[John Hay]] announces the [[Open Door Policy]] to promote American trade with [[China]].
* [[January 2]] – [[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[John Hay]] announces the [[Open Door Policy]] to promote American trade with [[China]].
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=== February ===
=== February ===
{{Main|February 1900}}
{{Main|February 1900}}
[[File:LabourPartyPlaque.jpg|thumb|200px|Plaque recording the location of the formation of the [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]] in 1900.]]
[[File:LabourPartyPlaque.jpg|thumb|200px|Plaque recording the location of the formation of the [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]] in 1900.]]
* [[February 5]] – The United Kingdom and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a [[Nicaragua Canal|Central American shipping canal]] across Central America in [[Nicaragua]].
* [[February 5]] – The United Kingdom and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a [[Nicaragua Canal|Central American shipping canal]] across Central America in [[Nicaragua]].
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=== March ===
=== March ===
{{Main|March 1900}}
{{Main|March 1900}}
* [[March 5]] – Two U.S. Navy [[cruiser]]s are sent to Central America to protect American interests in a dispute between [[Nicaragua]] and [[Costa Rica]].
* [[March 5]] – Two U.S. Navy [[cruiser]]s are sent to Central America to protect American interests in a dispute between [[Nicaragua]] and [[Costa Rica]].
* [[March 6]] – A [[coal mine]] explosion in [[West Virginia]], United States, kills 50 miners.
* [[March 6]] – A [[coal mine]] explosion in [[West Virginia]], United States, kills 50 miners.
* [[March 14]] – Botanist [[Hugo de Vries]] rediscovers [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendel's laws of heredity]].
* [[March 14]] – Botanist [[Hugo de Vries]] rediscovers [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendel's laws of heredity]].
* [[March 16]] – British archaeologist Sir [[Arthur Evans]] purchases the land on [[Crete]] on which the ruins of the Palace of [[Knossos]] stand. He begins to unearth some of the palace three days later.
* [[March 16]] – British archaeologist Sir [[Arthur Evans]] purchases the land on [[Crete]] on which the ruins of the Palace of [[Knossos]] stand. He begins to unearth some of the palace three days later.
* [[march 20]] — Thomas lambert received a patent for some of the first indestructible type [[Phonograph cylinder|cylinder records]].
* [[March 20]] — Thomas Lambert received a patent for the first indestructible type of [[Phonograph cylinder|cylinder records]].
* [[March 23]] – [[Karl Landsteiner]] first reports his discovery of an accurate means for classifying a system of [[blood type]], which will universally be referred to as the [[ABO blood group system]]<ref>Landsteiner, Karl (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe". Zbl f. Bakt. 27:357–362 (issue of March 23, 1900)</ref> and for which he will be awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1930.
* [[March 23]] – [[Karl Landsteiner]] first reports his discovery of an accurate means for classifying a system of [[blood type]], which will universally be referred to as the [[ABO blood group system]]<ref>Landsteiner, Karl (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe". Zbl f. Bakt. 27:357–362 (issue of March 23, 1900)</ref> and for which he will be awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1930.


=== April ===
=== April ===
{{Main|April 1900}}
{{Main|April 1900}}
[[Image:Vue panoramique de l'exposition universelle de 1900.jpg|thumb|right|115px|Exposition Universelle view in Paris]]
[[Image:Vue panoramique de l'exposition universelle de 1900.jpg|thumb|right|115px|Exposition Universelle view in Paris]]
* [[April 14]] – The [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]], a world's fair, opens in Paris.
* [[April 14]] – The [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]], a world's fair, opens in Paris.
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=== May ===
=== May ===
{{Main|May 1900}}
{{Main|May 1900}}
* May – American [[explorer]] [[Robert Peary]] is the first person to sight [[Kaffeklubben Island]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Canadian Surveyor|publisher=Canadian Institute of Surveying and Mapping|year=1970 |page=150}}</ref>
* May – American [[explorer]] [[Robert Peary]] is the first person to sight [[Kaffeklubben Island]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Canadian Surveyor|publisher=Canadian Institute of Surveying and Mapping|year=1970 |page=150}}</ref>
* [[May 1]] – [[Scofield Mine disaster]]: An explosion of blasting powder in a [[coal]] mine in [[Scofield, Utah]], kills 200 people.
* [[May 1]] – [[Scofield Mine disaster]]: An explosion of blasting powder in a [[coal]] mine in [[Scofield, Utah]], kills 200 people.
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=== June ===
=== June ===
{{Main|June 1900}}
{{Main|June 1900}}
* [[June 5]] – [[Second Boer War]]: British soldiers [[Advance on Pretoria|take Pretoria]].
* [[June 5]] – [[Second Boer War]]: British soldiers [[Advance on Pretoria|take Pretoria]].
* [[June 11]] – [[1899–1900 peasant unrest in Bulgaria]] starts to turn passive.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hristov|first=Hristo|year=1962|title=Селските вълнения и бунтове 1899–1900|trans-title=Peasant Disturbances and Rebellions 1899–1900|url=https://chitanka.info/text/29695-selskite-vylnenija-i-buntove-1899-1900.epub|format=epub|language=bg|publisher=Izdatelstvo na Natsionalnia Savet na Otechestvenia Front|via=chitanka.info}}</ref>
* [[June 11]] – [[1899–1900 peasant unrest in Bulgaria]] starts to turn passive.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hristov|first=Hristo|year=1962|title=Селските вълнения и бунтове 1899–1900|trans-title=Peasant Disturbances and Rebellions 1899–1900|url=https://chitanka.info/text/29695-selskite-vylnenija-i-buntove-1899-1900.epub|format=epub|language=bg|publisher=Izdatelstvo na Natsionalnia Savet na Otechestvenia Front|via=chitanka.info}}</ref>
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=== July ===
=== July ===
{{Main|July 1900}}
{{Main|July 1900}}
[[File:First Zeppelin ascent.jpg|thumbnail|[[July 2]]: First successful rigid airship flight by [[Zeppelin LZ 1|Zeppelin ''LZ 1'']]]]
[[File:First Zeppelin ascent.jpg|thumbnail|[[July 2]]: First successful rigid airship flight by [[Zeppelin LZ 1|Zeppelin ''LZ 1'']]]]
[[File:Map of Australia.png|thumb|150px|[[July 9]]: [[Federation of Australia]] enacted.]]
[[File:Map of Australia.png|thumb|150px|[[July 9]]: [[Federation of Australia]] enacted.]]
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=== August ===
=== August ===
{{Main|August 1900}}
{{Main|August 1900}}
* [[August 14]] – [[Boxer Rebellion]]: An international contingent of troops, under British command, invades [[Peking]] and frees the European hostages.
* [[August 14]] – [[Boxer Rebellion]]: An international contingent of troops, under British command, invades [[Peking]] and frees the European hostages.


=== September ===
=== September ===
{{Main|September 1900}}
{{Main|September 1900}}
* [[September 8]] – The [[1900 Galveston hurricane]], killing around 8,000 people. It is the deadliest hurricane in U.S. history.
* [[September 8]] – The [[1900 Galveston hurricane]], killing around 8,000 people. It is the deadliest hurricane in U.S. history.
* [[September 12]] – Admiral [[Fredrik von Otter]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Sweden]].
* [[September 12]] – Admiral [[Fredrik von Otter]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Sweden]].
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=== October ===
=== October ===
{{Main|October 1900}}
{{Main|October 1900}}
* [[October 9]] – The [[Cook Islands]] become a territory of the United Kingdom.
* [[October 9]] – The [[Cook Islands]] become a territory of the United Kingdom.
* [[October 19]] – [[Max Planck]] first states [[Planck's law]] of [[black-body radiation]] to a meeting of the [[German Physical Society]] in Berlin, marking the birth of modern [[quantum mechanics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gamow|first=Max|title=Thirty Years that Shook Physics|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=978-0486248950|year=1985}}</ref> He restates it on December 14.
* [[October 19]] – [[Max Planck]] first states [[Planck's law]] of [[black-body radiation]] to a meeting of the [[German Physical Society]] in Berlin, marking the birth of modern [[quantum mechanics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gamow|first=Max|title=Thirty Years that Shook Physics|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=978-0486248950|year=1985}}</ref> He restates it on December 14.
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===November===
===November===
{{Main|November 1900}}
{{Main|November 1900}}
* [[November 6]] – [[1900 United States presidential election]]: [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] incumbent [[William McKinley]] is re-elected by defeating [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] challenger [[William Jennings Bryan]] in a rematch.
* [[November 6]] – [[1900 United States presidential election]]: [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] incumbent [[William McKinley]] is re-elected by defeating [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] challenger [[William Jennings Bryan]] in a rematch.
* [[November 7]] – [[1900 Canadian federal election]]: [[Canadian Liberal Party|Liberal]] incumbent [[Sir Wilfrid Laurier]] is reelected by defeating [[Canadian Conservative Party|Conservative]] leader [[Sir Charles Tupper]] again after having done that in the [[1896 Canadian federal election]].
* [[November 7]] – [[1900 Canadian federal election]]: [[Canadian Liberal Party|Liberal]] incumbent [[Sir Wilfrid Laurier]] is reelected by defeating [[Canadian Conservative Party|Conservative]] leader [[Sir Charles Tupper]] again after having done that in the [[1896 Canadian federal election]].
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=== December ===
=== December ===
{{Main|December 1900}}
{{Main|December 1900}}
* [[December 5]] – The final [[Anglo-Ashanti wars|Anglo-Ashanti War]], "[[War of the Golden Stool]]", is declared over. Most of the British troops and [[James Willcocks|Governor James Willcocks]] depart the city of [[Kumasi]].
* [[December 5]] – The final [[Anglo-Ashanti wars|Anglo-Ashanti War]], "[[War of the Golden Stool]]", is declared over. Most of the British troops and [[James Willcocks|Governor James Willcocks]] depart the city of [[Kumasi]].
* [[December 14]] – [[History of quantum mechanics]]: [[Max Planck]] presents his groundbreaking paper on [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]] to the [[German Physical Society]] in [[Berlin]].
* [[December 14]] – [[History of quantum mechanics]]: [[Max Planck]] presents his groundbreaking paper on [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]] to the [[German Physical Society]] in [[Berlin]].
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== World population ==
== World population ==
{{Main|List of countries by population in 1900}}
{{Main|List of countries by population in 1900}}
* [[World population]]: 1,640,000,000
* [[World population]]: 1,640,000,000
** Africa: 133,000,000
** Africa: 133,000,000

Latest revision as of 11:01, 24 December 2025

Template:About year Template:Use mdy dates

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Template:Events by month/error check

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As of March 1 (O.S. February 17), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day farther behind, bringing the difference to 13 days until February 28 (O.S. February 15), 2100.

Summary

Political and military

The year 1900 was the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Two days into the new year, the U.S. Secretary of State John Hay announced the Open Door Policy regarding China, advocating for equal access for all nations to the Chinese market. The Galveston hurricane would become the deadliest natural disaster in United States history, killing between 6,000 and 12,000 people, mostly in and near Galveston, Texas, as well as leaving 10,000 people homeless, destroying 7,000 buildings of all kinds in Galveston. As of 2025, it remains the fourth deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record. An ongoing Boxer Rebellion in China escalates with multiple attacks by the Boxers on Chinese and European civilians, killing hundreds; the rebellion would progress with the Russian Empire's invasion of Manchuria and the Battle of Peking (1900). During the Scramble for Africa, the Battle of Kousséri would see French forces secure their domination of Chad, which would become a French colony. Britain would annex the South African Republic and the Orange Free State in Southern Africa, becoming the Orange River Colony until 1910.

For Britain, developments such as the Battle of Platrand, Battle of Spion Kop and the Battle of Paardeberg in the Second Boer War highlighted the harsh nature of Boer guerrilla tactics. The British Labour Party was founded in 1900, emerging out of the Labour movement and socialist parties of the 19th century; it would go on to become a major political force in Britain after the First World War. The Federation of Australia is enacted, marking the unification of its colonies into a single country.

Science

Four main scientific discoveries were achieved in the year 1900:

  1. Max Planck formulates Planck's law of black-body radiation, marking the birth of modern quantum mechanics, which would revolutionize humanity's understanding of the universe, leading to groundbreaking discoveries in technology, energy, and the fabric of reality itself.
  2. Botanist Hugo de Vries would rediscover Mendel's laws of heredity, laying the foundation for the field of genetics.
  3. The ABO blood group system, which becomes fundamental in transfusion medicine is discovered by Karl Landsteiner, saving countless numbers of lives across the globe.
  4. Gamma Rays are discovered by French physicist Paul Villard, while studying uranium decay, unveiling the mystery of the universe's most powerful phenomena and marking an important advancement in nuclear physics.

Cultural and artistic

Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca premiers, one of the most frequently performed operas worldwide, a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800, with the Kingdom of Naples's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon's invasion of Italy. It contains depictions of torture, murder, and suicide, as well as some of Puccini's best-known lyrical arias.Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Sidebar". L. Frank Baum, an American author, publishes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a cornerstone of American children's literature, marking the first book of the Oz series.

Miscellaneous

The U.S. Senate accepts the British-German Treaty of 1899 on January 14. This formally ended U.S. claims to the Samoan Islands. The U.S.-UK Treaty for a Central American Canal would be signed on February 5. While the initial plan for a Nicaraguan canal did not materialize, this treaty laid the groundwork for the construction of the Panama Canal, a project of immense geopolitical and economic importance.

The year 1900 also marked the Year of the Rat on the Chinese calendar.

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Events

File:Flag Map of The World (1900).png
The world in the year 1900

January

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File:Members of the Wuwei Corps or Kansu Braves Avax News 00004284.webp
Boxer soldiers
File:Boers at Spion Kop, 1900 - Project Gutenberg eText 16462.jpg
Second Boer War: Boers at Spion Kop

February

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File:LabourPartyPlaque.jpg
Plaque recording the location of the formation of the British Labour Party in 1900.

March

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April

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File:Vue panoramique de l'exposition universelle de 1900.jpg
Exposition Universelle view in Paris

May

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June

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July

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

File:First Zeppelin ascent.jpg
July 2: First successful rigid airship flight by Zeppelin LZ 1
File:Map of Australia.png
July 9: Federation of Australia enacted.

August

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September

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October

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November

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December

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Births

Template:BDToC

January

File:Sugihara b.jpg
Chiune Sugihara
File:Kraljica marija.jpg
Queen Maria of Yugoslavia
File:Hyman Rickover 1955.jpg
Hyman G. Rickover

February

File:AdlaiEStevenson1900-1965.jpg
Adlai Stevenson II
File:Aubert jeanne.jpg
Jeanne Aubert

March

File:Gral. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla.jpg
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
File:Sir John McEwen.jpg
Sir John McEwen
File:Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester.jpg
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester

April

File:Spencer tracy state of the union.jpg
Spencer Tracy
File:Pauli.jpg
Wolfgang Pauli

May

June

File:Dennis Gabor 1971b.jpg
Dennis Gabor
File:11exupery-inline1-500.jpg
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

July

File:Eyvind.JPG
Eyvind Johnson

August

File:Arturo Umberto Illia 1965.jpg
Arturo Umberto Illia
File:Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother portrait.jpg
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother

September

File:Urho-Kekkonen-1977-c.jpg
Urho Kekkonen

October

File:Promotional photograph of Helen Hayes.jpg
Helen Hayes
File:Princess Mother Srinagarindra.jpg
Srinagarindra
File:Douglas Jardine.jpg
Douglas Jardine

November

File:Margaret Mitchell NYWTS.jpg
Margaret Mitchell
File:Aaron Copland 1970.JPG
Aaron Copland

December

File:Agnes Moorehead Bewitched 1969.JPG
Agnes Moorehead

Date unknown

Deaths

January–March

File:John Ruskin 1863.jpg
John Ruskin
File:Gottliebdaimler1.jpg
Gottlieb Daimler
File:Mary Kingsley West African Studies.jpg
Mary Kingsley
File:Josephine Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.jpg
Princess Josephine of Baden

April–June

July–September

File:Ritratto di Umberto I.jpg
King Umberto I
File:Nietzsche187a.jpg
Friedrich Nietzsche
File:Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan.jpg
Sir Arthur Sullivan
File:Oscar Wilde MET DP136272.jpg
Oscar Wilde

October–December

World population

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  • World population: 1,640,000,000
    • Africa: 133,000,000
    • Asia: 947,000,000
      • Japan: c. 45,000,000
    • Europe: 408,000,000
    • Latin America: 74,000,000
    • Northern America: 82,000,000
    • Oceania: 6,000,000

References

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  5. ↑ Landsteiner, Karl (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe". Zbl f. Bakt. 27:357–362 (issue of March 23, 1900)
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Further reading

  • Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events...1900 (1901), vast compendium of data; global coverage online edition
  • Gilbert, Martin. A History of the Twentieth Century 1900–1933, Vol. 1 (1997) pp 7–35; global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare.
  • Herbert C. Fyfe, Pearson's Magazine, July 1900: "How Will The World End?"

Template:Events by month links/box

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