STS-36: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox spaceflight | {{Infobox spaceflight | ||
| name = STS-36 | | name = STS-36 | ||
| names_list = [[Space Transportation System]]-36<br/>STS-36 | | names_list = [[Space Transportation System]]-36<br />STS-36 | ||
| image = STS-36 Launch.jpg | | image = STS-36 Launch.jpg | ||
| image_caption = Launch of ''Atlantis'' | | image_caption = Launch of ''Atlantis'' late at night on February 28 | ||
| mission_type = [[United States Department of Defense|DoD]] satellite deployment | | mission_type = [[United States Department of Defense|DoD]] satellite deployment | ||
| operator = [[NASA]] | | operator = [[NASA]] | ||
| Line 59: | Line 59: | ||
| flights3_up = First | | flights3_up = First | ||
| position4 = Mission Specialist 2<br>Flight Engineer | | position4 = Mission Specialist 2<br />Flight Engineer | ||
| crew4_up = [[David C. Hilmers]] | | crew4_up = [[David C. Hilmers]] | ||
| flights4_up = Third | | flights4_up = Third | ||
| Line 108: | Line 108: | ||
| decision_date1 = 1990-02-21 | | decision_date1 = 1990-02-21 | ||
| weathergo1 = 50 | | weathergo1 = 50 | ||
| notes1 = Commander Creighton was experiencing a minor respiratory infection. Due to the | | notes1 = Commander Creighton was experiencing a minor respiratory infection. Due to the secretive nature of the mission, NASA did not give the exact launch time until nine minutes before liftoff.<ref name="BGDN 2/22/1990">{{Cite news |date=1990-02-22 |title=Shuttle launch delayed until health, weather better |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=bxbQgRQgr4sC&dat=19900222&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2024-08-31 |work=Bowling Green Daily News |page=8B |via=Google News |volume=136 |issue=46}}</ref> A NASA magazine reported the launch time as 1:15 AM.<ref name="Countdown April 1990 6–7">{{Cite magazine |date=April 1990 |title=Atlantis completes its STS-36 tour of duty despite a hydraulic leak |url=https://www.parrygamepreserve.com/images/media/magazines/countdown/1990/04_April/countdown_1990_April_5_L.jpg |magazine=Countdown |publisher=NASA |page=7 |via=Parry Game Preserve |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> | ||
| date2 = 1990-02-23 | | date2 = 1990-02-23 | ||
| result2 = Scrubbed | | result2 = Scrubbed | ||
| Line 140: | Line 140: | ||
''Atlantis'' launched on the STS-36 mission on February 28, 1990, at 07:50:22{{nbsp}}[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (2:50:22{{nbsp}}am{{nbsp}}[[Eastern Time Zone|EST]], local time at the launch site).<ref name="Recer 2/28/1990">{{Cite news |last=Recer |first=Paul |date=1990-02-28 |title=At last, shuttle goes up |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=9fRKRCJz75UC&dat=19900228&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Free Lance-Star |pages=1, 16 |via=Google News |volume=106 |issue=50 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The launch was originally set for February 22, 1990, but was postponed repeatedly due to the illness of the crew commander and poor weather conditions. This was the first time since [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 that a crewed space mission was affected by the illness of a crew member.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1990-02-21 |title=Astronaut's Sore Throat Delays Atlantis' Blastoff |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-21-mn-1253-story.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The first rescheduled launch attempt, set for February 25, 1990, was scrubbed at T−31 seconds due to a range safety computer malfunction.<ref name="sts-36-mr">{{Cite tech report|last=Mechelay|first=Joseph E.|last2=Germany|first2=D. M.|last3=Nicholson|first3=Leonard S.|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19920007756/downloads/19920007756.pdf|title=STS-36 Space Shuttle mission report|date=April 1, 1990|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=August 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831172450/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19920007756/downloads/19920007756.pdf|archive-date=August 31, 2024|hdl-access=free|hdl=2060/19920007756|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Reference page|pages=1–2}}<ref name="Sawyer">{{Cite news |last=Sawyer |first=Kathy |date=2024-02-25 |title=COMPUTER GLITCH SCRUBS SHUTTLE LAUNCH SECONDS FROM LIFTOFF |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/02/25/computer-glitch-scrubs-shuttle-launch-seconds-from-liftoff/a2327a46-73bb-442c-a580-11c1576d0cfc/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="Healy">{{Cite news |last=Healy |first=Melissa |date=1990-02-25 |title=Shuttle Flight Called Off Just Before Launch |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-25-mn-2234-story.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="Mullane 2006">{{cite book |last1=Mullane |first1=Mike |author-link=Mike Mullane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvWZsjorXJIC |title=Riding Rockets: The Outrageous Tales of a Space Shuttle Astronaut |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0743296762 |location=New York City, New York}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=October 2024}} Another attempt, set for February 26, 1990, was scrubbed during the T−9 minute hold due to weather conditions.<ref name="sts-36-mr" />{{Reference page|page=2}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sawyer |first=Kathy |date=1990-02-26 |title=WINDS, CLOUDS SCRUB LIFTOFF OF SPACE SHUTTLE AGAIN |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/02/26/winds-clouds-scrub-liftoff-of-space-shuttle-again/6ec9fa51-aac2-4a47-934a-1f43833102ac/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The successful launch on February 28, 1990, was set for a classified launch window, lying within a launch period extending from 00:00 to 04:00 EST. The launch weight for this mission was classified.<ref name="STIsummary">{{cite web |last1=Legler |first1=Robert D. |last2=Bennett |first2=Floyd V. |date=September 1, 2011 |title=Space Shuttle Missions Summary |url=https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021052010/https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program Office |publisher=NASA |id=NASA/TM–2011–216142}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=A-3}} | ''Atlantis'' launched on the STS-36 mission on February 28, 1990, at 07:50:22{{nbsp}}[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (2:50:22{{nbsp}}am{{nbsp}}[[Eastern Time Zone|EST]], local time at the launch site).<ref name="Recer 2/28/1990">{{Cite news |last=Recer |first=Paul |date=1990-02-28 |title=At last, shuttle goes up |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=9fRKRCJz75UC&dat=19900228&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Free Lance-Star |pages=1, 16 |via=Google News |volume=106 |issue=50 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The launch was originally set for February 22, 1990, but was postponed repeatedly due to the illness of the crew commander and poor weather conditions. This was the first time since [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 that a crewed space mission was affected by the illness of a crew member.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1990-02-21 |title=Astronaut's Sore Throat Delays Atlantis' Blastoff |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-21-mn-1253-story.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The first rescheduled launch attempt, set for February 25, 1990, was scrubbed at T−31 seconds due to a range safety computer malfunction.<ref name="sts-36-mr">{{Cite tech report|last=Mechelay|first=Joseph E.|last2=Germany|first2=D. M.|last3=Nicholson|first3=Leonard S.|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19920007756/downloads/19920007756.pdf|title=STS-36 Space Shuttle mission report|date=April 1, 1990|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=August 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831172450/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19920007756/downloads/19920007756.pdf|archive-date=August 31, 2024|hdl-access=free|hdl=2060/19920007756|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Reference page|pages=1–2}}<ref name="Sawyer">{{Cite news |last=Sawyer |first=Kathy |date=2024-02-25 |title=COMPUTER GLITCH SCRUBS SHUTTLE LAUNCH SECONDS FROM LIFTOFF |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/02/25/computer-glitch-scrubs-shuttle-launch-seconds-from-liftoff/a2327a46-73bb-442c-a580-11c1576d0cfc/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="Healy">{{Cite news |last=Healy |first=Melissa |date=1990-02-25 |title=Shuttle Flight Called Off Just Before Launch |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-25-mn-2234-story.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="Mullane 2006">{{cite book |last1=Mullane |first1=Mike |author-link=Mike Mullane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvWZsjorXJIC |title=Riding Rockets: The Outrageous Tales of a Space Shuttle Astronaut |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0743296762 |location=New York City, New York}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=October 2024}} Another attempt, set for February 26, 1990, was scrubbed during the T−9 minute hold due to weather conditions.<ref name="sts-36-mr" />{{Reference page|page=2}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sawyer |first=Kathy |date=1990-02-26 |title=WINDS, CLOUDS SCRUB LIFTOFF OF SPACE SHUTTLE AGAIN |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/02/26/winds-clouds-scrub-liftoff-of-space-shuttle-again/6ec9fa51-aac2-4a47-934a-1f43833102ac/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The successful launch on February 28, 1990, was set for a classified launch window, lying within a launch period extending from 00:00 to 04:00 EST. The launch weight for this mission was classified.<ref name="STIsummary">{{cite web |last1=Legler |first1=Robert D. |last2=Bennett |first2=Floyd V. |date=September 1, 2011 |title=Space Shuttle Missions Summary |url=https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021052010/https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program Office |publisher=NASA |id=NASA/TM–2011–216142}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=A-3}} | ||
The launch trajectory was unique to this flight and allowed the mission to reach an [[orbital inclination]] of 62°, the deployment orbit of its payload — the normal maximum inclination for a shuttle flight was 57°. This so-called "[[Dogleg maneuver|dog-leg]]" trajectory saw ''Atlantis'' fly downrange on a normal launch [[azimuth]] and then maneuver to a higher launch azimuth once out over the water. Although the maneuver resulted in a reduction of vehicle performance, it was the only way to reach the required deployment orbit from [[Kennedy Space Center]] (originally, the flight had been slated to launch from [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]] in [[California]], until the shuttle launch program there was cancelled). | The launch trajectory was unique to this flight and allowed the mission to reach an [[orbital inclination]] of 62°, the deployment orbit of its payload — the normal maximum inclination for a shuttle flight was 57°. This so-called "[[Dogleg maneuver|dog-leg]]" trajectory saw ''Atlantis'' fly downrange on a normal launch [[azimuth]] and then maneuver to a higher launch azimuth once out over the water. Although the maneuver resulted in a reduction of vehicle performance, it was the only way to reach the required deployment orbit from [[Kennedy Space Center]] (originally, the flight had been slated to launch from [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]] in [[California]], until the shuttle launch program there was cancelled). Due to the payload's importance to national defense, the normal Range Safety rules were waived, allowing the shuttle to fly over or near [[Cape Hatteras]], [[Cape Cod]], and parts of [[Canada]]. | ||
As a Department of Defense operation, STS-36's payload remains officially [[classified information in the United States|classified]]. STS-36 launched a single satellite,<ref name="Misty">{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2022 |title=AFP-675 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-019B |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523013903/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-019B |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |access-date=February 6, 2022 |website=NSSDCA Master Catalog |publisher=[[NASA]] |id=1990-019B }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> also described as [[Misty (satellite program)|AFP-731]]. Other objects (1990-019C-G) reportedly appeared in orbit following its deployment. | As a Department of Defense operation, STS-36's payload remains officially [[classified information in the United States|classified]] and not many photos from it were released. STS-36 launched a single satellite,<ref name="Misty">{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2022 |title=AFP-675 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-019B |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523013903/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-019B |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |access-date=February 6, 2022 |website=NSSDCA Master Catalog |publisher=[[NASA]] |id=1990-019B }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> also described as [[Misty (satellite program)|AFP-731]]. Other objects (1990-019C-G) reportedly appeared in orbit following its deployment. | ||
It was reported that USA-53 was an [[KH-11 KENNEN|Advanced KH-11]] photo-reconnaissance satellite, using an all-digital imaging system to return pictures. KH-11 satellites are believed to resemble the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] in size and shape, as the satellites were shipped in similar containers and had comparable primary mirror diameters.<ref | It was reported that USA-53 was an [[KH-11 KENNEN|Advanced KH-11]] photo-reconnaissance satellite, using an all-digital imaging system to return pictures. KH-11 satellites are believed to resemble the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] in size and shape, as the satellites were shipped in similar containers and had comparable primary mirror diameters.<ref name="Hubble">{{cite web |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/book/chpttwelve.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030612023409/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/book/chpttwelve.pdf |archive-date=June 12, 2003 |title=Chapter XII – The Hubble Space Telescope|page=483|date=June 12, 2003|access-date=February 6, 2022}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> USA-53, nicknamed [[Misty (satellite program)|"Misty"]], was tracked briefly by [[Satellite watching|amateur satellite observer]]s in October and November 1990.<ref name="FAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/imint/tm_usa53.html|title=The Saga of USA 53 - Found, Lost, Found Again and Lost Again|publisher=FAS.org|access-date=July 3, 2011|archive-date=October 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019235727/http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/imint/tm_usa53.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
The mission marked another flight of an {{Convert|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [[human skull]], which served as the primary element of "Detailed Secondary Objective 469", also known as the "In-flight Radiation Dose Distribution Experiment" (IDRD). This joint NASA/DoD experiment was designed to examine the penetration of [[radiation]] into the human cranium during spaceflight. The female skull was seated in a plastic matrix, representative of tissue, and sliced into ten layers. Hundreds of thermo-luminescent [[dosimeters]] were mounted in the skull's layers to record radiation levels at multiple depths. This experiment, which also flew on [[STS-28]] and [[STS-31]], was located in the shuttle's mid-deck lockers on all three flights, recording radiation levels at different orbital inclinations.<ref name="macknight-1990">{{Cite book |editor-last=Macknight |editor-first=Nigel |url=https://archive.org/details/spaceyear199100nige |title=Space year 1991: the complete record of the year's space events |year=1990 |isbn=0-87938-482-4 |location=Osceola, Wis. |oclc=23658738 |ol=11177264M |publisher=Motorbooks International }}</ref> | The mission marked another flight of an {{Convert|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [[human skull]], which served as the primary element of "Detailed Secondary Objective 469", also known as the "In-flight Radiation Dose Distribution Experiment" (IDRD). This joint NASA/DoD experiment was designed to examine the penetration of [[radiation]] into the human cranium during spaceflight. The female skull was seated in a plastic matrix, representative of tissue, and sliced into ten layers. Hundreds of thermo-luminescent [[dosimeters]] were mounted in the skull's layers to record radiation levels at multiple depths. This experiment, which also flew on [[STS-28]] and [[STS-31]], was located in the shuttle's mid-deck lockers on all three flights, recording radiation levels at different orbital inclinations.<ref name="macknight-1990">{{Cite book |editor-last=Macknight |editor-first=Nigel |url=https://archive.org/details/spaceyear199100nige |title=Space year 1991: the complete record of the year's space events |year=1990 |isbn=0-87938-482-4 |location=Osceola, Wis. |oclc=23658738 |ol=11177264M |publisher=Motorbooks International }}</ref> | ||
Latest revision as of 20:41, 22 October 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox spaceflight
STS-36 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission, during which Space Shuttle Atlantis carried a classified payload for the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) (believed to have been a Misty reconnaissance satellite) into orbit. STS-36 was the 34th shuttle mission overall, the sixth flight for Atlantis, and the fourth night launch of the shuttle program. It launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on February 28, 1990, and landed on March 4, 1990.
Crew
Crew seat assignments
| Seat[1] | Launch | Landing | File:Space Shuttle seating plan.svg Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck. Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Creighton | ||
| 2 | Casper | ||
| 3 | Thuot | Mullane | |
| 4 | Hilmers | ||
| 5 | Mullane | Thuot | |
| 6 | Unused | ||
| 7 | Unused | ||
Mission summary
Atlantis launched on the STS-36 mission on February 28, 1990, at 07:50:22Script error: No such module "String".UTC (2:50:22Script error: No such module "String".amScript error: No such module "String".EST, local time at the launch site).[2] The launch was originally set for February 22, 1990, but was postponed repeatedly due to the illness of the crew commander and poor weather conditions. This was the first time since Apollo 13 in 1970 that a crewed space mission was affected by the illness of a crew member.[3] The first rescheduled launch attempt, set for February 25, 1990, was scrubbed at T−31 seconds due to a range safety computer malfunction.[4]Template:R/superscript[5][6][7]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Another attempt, set for February 26, 1990, was scrubbed during the T−9 minute hold due to weather conditions.[4]Template:R/superscript[8] The successful launch on February 28, 1990, was set for a classified launch window, lying within a launch period extending from 00:00 to 04:00 EST. The launch weight for this mission was classified.[9]Template:R/superscript
The launch trajectory was unique to this flight and allowed the mission to reach an orbital inclination of 62°, the deployment orbit of its payload — the normal maximum inclination for a shuttle flight was 57°. This so-called "dog-leg" trajectory saw Atlantis fly downrange on a normal launch azimuth and then maneuver to a higher launch azimuth once out over the water. Although the maneuver resulted in a reduction of vehicle performance, it was the only way to reach the required deployment orbit from Kennedy Space Center (originally, the flight had been slated to launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, until the shuttle launch program there was cancelled). Due to the payload's importance to national defense, the normal Range Safety rules were waived, allowing the shuttle to fly over or near Cape Hatteras, Cape Cod, and parts of Canada.
As a Department of Defense operation, STS-36's payload remains officially classified and not many photos from it were released. STS-36 launched a single satellite,[10] also described as AFP-731. Other objects (1990-019C-G) reportedly appeared in orbit following its deployment.
It was reported that USA-53 was an Advanced KH-11 photo-reconnaissance satellite, using an all-digital imaging system to return pictures. KH-11 satellites are believed to resemble the Hubble Space Telescope in size and shape, as the satellites were shipped in similar containers and had comparable primary mirror diameters.[11] USA-53, nicknamed "Misty", was tracked briefly by amateur satellite observers in October and November 1990.[12]
The mission marked another flight of an Script error: No such module "convert". human skull, which served as the primary element of "Detailed Secondary Objective 469", also known as the "In-flight Radiation Dose Distribution Experiment" (IDRD). This joint NASA/DoD experiment was designed to examine the penetration of radiation into the human cranium during spaceflight. The female skull was seated in a plastic matrix, representative of tissue, and sliced into ten layers. Hundreds of thermo-luminescent dosimeters were mounted in the skull's layers to record radiation levels at multiple depths. This experiment, which also flew on STS-28 and STS-31, was located in the shuttle's mid-deck lockers on all three flights, recording radiation levels at different orbital inclinations.[13]
Atlantis landed at 18:08:44Script error: No such module "String".UTC (10:08:44Script error: No such module "String".amScript error: No such module "String".PST, local time at the landing site) on March 4, 1990, at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on runway 23 ending the STS-36. The orbiter's rollout distance was Script error: No such module "convert"..[14] Atlantis was towed to the Mate-Demate Device by around 15:00 PST.
About 62 impacts in the shuttle's Thermal Protection System (TPS) tiles were counted by the debris team after the mission. Tile engineers reported that only one tile required replacement. The brakes and tires performed nominally. Drops of hydraulic fluid were observed in the right main landing gear wheel well, the liquid hydrogen Script error: No such module "convert". disconnect cavity and possibly around two of the main engines.[15][16]
Mission insignia
The thirty-six stars on the insignia symbolize the flight's numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence; the stars also form part of a stylized American flag, forming the background to an image of a bald eagle, the American national bird.
See also
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References
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External links
- STS-36 Video Highlights Template:Webarchive – NSS.org
- STS-36 Mission Summary Template:Webarchive – NASA.gov
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Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Orbital launches in 1990