Besra: Difference between revisions
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| status = LC | | status = LC | ||
| status_system = IUCN3.1 | | status_system = IUCN3.1 | ||
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Accipiter virgatus'' |volume=2016 | | | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Accipiter virgatus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22695588A93517794 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695588A93517794.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
| genus = Tachyspiza | | genus = Tachyspiza | ||
| species = virgata | | species = virgata | ||
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==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
The besra was [[species description|formally described]] and illustrated in 1822 by the Dutch zoologist [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]] based on a specimen collected on the island of [[Java]]. He coined the [[binomial name]] ''Falco virgatus''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Temminck | first=Coenraad Jacob | author-link=Coenraad Jacob Temminck | year=1822 | title=Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon | volume=1 | at=Plate 109, livraison 19 | publisher=F.G. Levrault | location=Paris | language=French | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35245758 }} The 5 volumes were originally issued in 102 ''livraison'' (parts), 1820-1839. For the dates see: {{ cite journal | last=Dickinson | first=E.C. | author-link=Edward C. Dickinson | year=2001 | title=Systematic notes on Asian birds. 9. The ''Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées'' of Temminck & Laugier (1820–1839) | journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden | volume=335 | issue= | pages=7–53 | url=http://repository.naturalis.nl/document/46425 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | | The besra was [[species description|formally described]] and illustrated in 1822 by the Dutch zoologist [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]] based on a specimen collected on the island of [[Java]]. He coined the [[binomial name]] ''Falco virgatus''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Temminck | first=Coenraad Jacob | author-link=Coenraad Jacob Temminck | year=1822 | title=Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon | volume=1 | at=Plate 109, livraison 19 | publisher=F.G. Levrault | location=Paris | language=French | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35245758 }} The 5 volumes were originally issued in 102 ''livraison'' (parts), 1820-1839. For the dates see: {{ cite journal | last=Dickinson | first=E.C. | author-link=Edward C. Dickinson | year=2001 | title=Systematic notes on Asian birds. 9. The ''Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées'' of Temminck & Laugier (1820–1839) | journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden | volume=335 | issue= | pages=7–53 | url=http://repository.naturalis.nl/document/46425 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=339 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108979 }}</ref> The specific epithet ''virgatus'' is [[Latin]] meaning "striped" or "streaked".<ref>{{ cite web | last=Jobling | first=James A. | title=virgatus | work=The Key to Scientific Names | url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=virgatus | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | access-date=27 August 2024 }}</ref> The species was formerly placed in the genus ''[[Accipiter]]''. In 2024 a comprehensive [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the Accipitridae confirmed earlier work that had shown that the genus was [[polyphyletic]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Catanach | first1=T.A. | last2=Halley | first2=M.R. | last3=Pirro | first3=S. | date=2024 | title=Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus ''Accipiter'' (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) | journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | article-number=blae028 | doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blae028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last1=Mindell | first1=D. | last2=Fuchs | first2=J. | last3=Johnson | first3=J. | date=2018 | chapter=Phylogeny, taxonomy, and geographic diversity of diurnal raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes | editor1-last=Sarasola | editor1-first=J.H. | editor2-last=Grange | editor2-first=J.M. | editor3-last=Negro | editor3-first=J.J. | title=Birds of Prey: Biology and conservation in the XXI century | location=Cham, Switzerland | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-319-73744-7 | pages=3–32 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326086278 }}</ref> To resolve the non-[[monophyletic|monophyly]], ''Accipiter'' was divided into six genera. The genus ''[[Tachyspiza]]'' was resurrected to accommodate the besra together with 26 other species that had previously been placed in ''Accipiter''. The resurrected genus had been introduced in 1844 by the German naturalist [[Johann Jakob Kaup]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=August 2024 | title=Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=27 August 2024 }}</ref> The genus name combines the [[Ancient Greek]] ταχυς (''takhus'') meaning "fast" with σπιζιας (''spizias'') meaning "hawk".<ref>{{ cite web | last=Jobling | first=James A. | title=Tachyspiza | work=The Key to Scientific Names | url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=Tachyspiza | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | access-date=27 August 2024 }}</ref> The English "besra" is from the [[Hindi]] word ''Besrā'' for a female besra.<ref>{{ cite web | last=Jobling | first=James A. | title=besra | work=The Key to Scientific Names | url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=besra | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | access-date=27 August 2024 }}</ref> | ||
Ten [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/> | Ten [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/> | ||
Latest revision as of 15:05, 29 September 2025
Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox
The besra (Tachyspiza virgata), also called the besra sparrowhawk, is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It was formerly placed in the genus Accipiter. The name "besra" is from the Hindi word for the species.
The besra is a widespread resident breeder in dense forests throughout southern Asia, ranging from the Indian subcontinent eastwards across Southeast Asia and into East Asia. It nests in trees, building a new nest each year. It lays 2 to 5 eggs. It is a medium-sized raptor (29 to 36 cm) with short broad wings and a long tail, both adaptations to fast maneuvering through dense vegetation. The normal flight of this species is a characteristic "flap–flap–glide".
This species is like a darker version of the widespread shikra with darker upperparts, strongly barred underwing, broader gular stripe and thin long legs and toes. The adult male besra has dark blue-grey upperparts, and is white, barred reddish brown below. The larger female is browner above than the male. The juvenile is dark brown above and white, barred with brown below. In all plumages have 3-4 equally sized dark bands on uppertail.
In winter, the besra will emerge into more open woodland including savannah and cultivation. Its hunting technique is similar to other small hawks such as the sparrowhawk and the sharp-shinned hawk, relying on surprise as it flies from a hidden perch or flicks over a bush to catch its prey unaware.
The prey is lizards, dragonflies, and small birds and mammals.
Taxonomy
The besra was formally described and illustrated in 1822 by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck based on a specimen collected on the island of Java. He coined the binomial name Falco virgatus.[1][2] The specific epithet virgatus is Latin meaning "striped" or "streaked".[3] The species was formerly placed in the genus Accipiter. In 2024 a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study of the Accipitridae confirmed earlier work that had shown that the genus was polyphyletic.[4][5] To resolve the non-monophyly, Accipiter was divided into six genera. The genus Tachyspiza was resurrected to accommodate the besra together with 26 other species that had previously been placed in Accipiter. The resurrected genus had been introduced in 1844 by the German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup.[6] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek ταχυς (takhus) meaning "fast" with σπιζιας (spizias) meaning "hawk".[7] The English "besra" is from the Hindi word Besrā for a female besra.[8]
Ten subspecies are recognised:[6]
- T. v. affinis (Hodgson, 1836) – west Himalayas to central China and Indochina
- T. v. fuscipectus (Mees, 1970) – Taiwan
- T. v. besra (Jerdon, 1839) – south India and Sri Lanka
- T. v. vanbemmeli (Voous, 1950) – montane Sumatra
- T. v. rufotibialis (Sharpe, 1887) – montane Borneo
- T. v. virgata (Temminck, 1822) – montane Java and Bali
- T. v. quinquefasciata (Mees, 1984) – montane Flores (central Lesser Sunda Islands)
- T. v. abdulalii (Mees, 1981) – Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- T. v. confusa (Hartert, EJO, 1910) – north, central Philippines
- T. v. quagga (Parkes, 1973) – central, south Philippines (except Palawan group and Sulu Archipelago)
References
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- Birds of India by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp, Template:ISBN