Asarum: Difference between revisions

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Updated the species list to incorporate all Asarum species listed on POWO
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* '''''Hexastylis''''': this genus has been recognized solely on the study by H.L. Blomquist.<ref name="Blomquist">{{cite journal | author=H.L. Blomquist| title=A revision of Hexastylis of North America| journal=Brittonia| year=1957| volume=8| pages=255–281|jstor=2804978 | issue=4 | doi=10.2307/2804978| bibcode=1957Britt...8..255B| s2cid=34632340}}</ref> However, the above-mentioned DNA study provided indications that ''Hexastylis'' is not monophyletic and that some species of ''Hexastylis'' are more closely related to Asiatic species of  ''Heterotropa'' than they are to other species of ''Hexastylis''. The recognition of ''Hexastylis'' has likely persisted due to regional botanists' contrasting the morphology of that section with the regionally co-occurring ''Asarum canadense'', which is the sole species of Asarum subgenus Asarum in the southeastern United States. However, the morphological character states used to support the recognition of section Hexastylis at the generic level are plesiomorphic. For example, Blomquist <ref>Blomquist</ref> provides an enumeration of character states supporting ''Hexastylis'', all of are plesiomorphic with respect to one or another ''Asarum'' lineage. The presence of persistent, variegated leaves is often invoked by amateur botanists as a characteristic unique to section Hexastylis amongst North American ''Asarum'' species, however ''[[Asarum marmoratum]]'', an ''Asarum'' Subgenus Asarum species found in the western United States also has persistent and variegated leaves ([https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=736 see Calflora page for detailed photographs])
* '''''Hexastylis''''': this genus has been recognized solely on the study by H.L. Blomquist.<ref name="Blomquist">{{cite journal | author=H.L. Blomquist| title=A revision of Hexastylis of North America| journal=Brittonia| year=1957| volume=8| pages=255–281|jstor=2804978 | issue=4 | doi=10.2307/2804978| bibcode=1957Britt...8..255B| s2cid=34632340}}</ref> However, the above-mentioned DNA study provided indications that ''Hexastylis'' is not monophyletic and that some species of ''Hexastylis'' are more closely related to Asiatic species of  ''Heterotropa'' than they are to other species of ''Hexastylis''. The recognition of ''Hexastylis'' has likely persisted due to regional botanists' contrasting the morphology of that section with the regionally co-occurring ''Asarum canadense'', which is the sole species of Asarum subgenus Asarum in the southeastern United States. However, the morphological character states used to support the recognition of section Hexastylis at the generic level are plesiomorphic. For example, Blomquist <ref>Blomquist</ref> provides an enumeration of character states supporting ''Hexastylis'', all of are plesiomorphic with respect to one or another ''Asarum'' lineage. The presence of persistent, variegated leaves is often invoked by amateur botanists as a characteristic unique to section Hexastylis amongst North American ''Asarum'' species, however ''[[Asarum marmoratum]]'', an ''Asarum'' Subgenus Asarum species found in the western United States also has persistent and variegated leaves ([https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=736 see Calflora page for detailed photographs])
* '''''Heterotropa''''': this is a complex monophyletic group, well nested within the ''Asiasarum'' + ''Hexastylis'' + ''Heterotropa'' clade.
* '''''Heterotropa''''': this is a complex monophyletic group, well nested within the ''Asiasarum'' + ''Hexastylis'' + ''Heterotropa'' clade.
.


== Species ==
== Species ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*''[[Asarum arifolium]]''
*[[Asarum acuminatum]] (Ashe) E.P.Bicknell
*''[[Asarum asperum]]''
*[[Asarum ampulliflorum]] C.T.Lu & J.C.Wang
*''[[Asarum bashanense]]''
*[[Asarum arifolium]] Michx.
*''[[Asarum campaniflorum]]''
*[[Asarum asaroides]] (C.Morren & Decne.) Makino
*''[[Asarum canadense]]''
*[[Asarum asperum]] F.Maek.
*''[[Asarum caudatum]]''
*[[Asarum balansae]] Franch.
*''[[Asarum caudigerellum]]''
*[[Asarum bashanense]] Z.L.Yang
*''[[Asarum caudigerum]]''
*[[Asarum blumei]] Duch.
*''[[Asarum caulescens]]''
*[[Asarum campaniflorum]] Yong Wang & Q.F.Wang
*''[[Asarum chengkouense]]''
*[[Asarum canadense]] L.
*''[[Asarum chinensis]]''
*[[Asarum cardiophyllum]] Franch.
*''[[Asarum controversum]]''
*[[Asarum caucasicum]] (Duch.) N.Busch
*''[[Asarum crassisepalum]]''
*[[Asarum caudatum]] Lindl.
*''[[Asarum crassum]]''
*[[Asarum caudigerellum]] C.Y.Chen & C.S.Yang
*''[[Asarum crispulatum]]''
*[[Asarum caudigerum]] Hance
*''[[Asarum debile]]''
*[[Asarum caulescens]] Maxim.
*''[[Asarum delavayi]]''
*[[Asarum celsum]] F.Maek. ex Hatus. & Yamahata
*''[[Asarum dimidiatum]]'' (synonym of ''Asiasarum dimidiatum'')
*[[Asarum chatienshanianum]] C.T.Lu & J.C.Wang
*''[[Asarum epigynum]]'' (synonym of ''[[Geotaenium epigynum]]'')
*[[Asarum chengkouense]] Z.L.Yang
*''[[Asarum europaeum]]''
*[[Asarum chinense]] Franch.
*''[[Asarum forbesii]]'' (synonym of ''Heterotropa forbesii'')
*[[Asarum chueyi]] Sinn
*''[[Asarum fukienense]]''
*[[Asarum contractum]] (H.L.Blomq.) Barringer
*''[[Asarum geophilum]]'' (synonym of ''Geotaenium geophilum'')
*[[Asarum cordifolium]] C.E.C.Fisch.
*''[[Asarum gusuk]]''
*[[Asarum costatum]] (F.Maek.) T.Sugaw.
*''[[Asarum hartwegii]]''
*[[Asarum crassisepalum]] S.F.Huang, T.H.Hsieh & T.C.Huang
*''[[Asarum hayatanum]]''
*[[Asarum crassum]] F.Maek.
*''[[Asarum heterotropoides]]'' (synonym of ''Asiasarum heterotropoides'')
*[[Asarum crispulatum]] C.Y.Chen & C.S.Yang
*''[[Asarum himalaicum]]''
*[[Asarum curvistigma]] F.Maek.
*''[[Asarum hongkongense]]''
*[[Asarum debile]] Franch.
*''[[Asarum hypogynum]]''
*[[Asarum delavayi]] Franch.
*''[[Asarum ichangense]]''
*[[Asarum dilatatum]] (F.Maek.) T.Sugaw.
*''[[Asarum inflatum]]''
*[[Asarum dissitum]] F.Maek. ex Hatus. & Yamahata
*''[[Asarum insignis]]''
*[[Asarum epigynum]] Hayata
*''[[Asarum kooyanum]]''
*[[Asarum europaeum]] L.
*''[[Asarum lemmonii]]''
*[[Asarum fauriei]] Franch.
*''[[Asarum leptophyllum]]''
*[[Asarum finzelii]] (B.R.Keener) Diamond
*''[[Asarum longerhizomatosum]]''
*[[Asarum forbesii]] Maxim.
*''[[Asarum macranthum]]''
*[[Asarum fudsinoi]] T.Itô
*''[[Asarum magnificum]]''
*[[Asarum fukienense]] C.Y.Chen & C.S.Yang
*''[[Asarum majale]]''
*[[Asarum gelasinum]] Hatus. & Yamahata
*''[[Asarum marmoratum]]''
*[[Asarum geophilum]] Hemsl.
*''[[Asarum maruyamae]]''
*[[Asarum glabrum]] Merr.
*''[[Asarum maximum]]''
*[[Asarum gusk]] Hatus. & Yamahata
*''[[Asarum mikuniense]]''
*[[Asarum harperi]] (Gaddy) Diamond
*''[[Asarum minus]]''
*[[Asarum hartwegii]] S.Watson
*''[[Asarum mitoanum]]''
*[[Asarum hatsushimae]] F.Maek. ex Hatus. & Yamahata
*''[[Asarum nanchuanense]]''
*[[Asarum heterophyllum]] Ashe
*''[[Asarum nobilissimum]]''
*[[Asarum heterotropoides]] F.Schmidt
*''[[Asarum petelotii]]''
*[[Asarum hexalobum]] F.Maek.
*''[[Asarum porphyronotum]]''
*[[Asarum himalaicum]] Hook.f. & Thomson ex Klotzsch
*''[[Asarum pulchellum]]''
*[[Asarum hongkongense]] S.M.Hwang & Wong Sui
*''[[Asarum renicordatum]]''
*[[Asarum hypogynum]] Hayata
*''[[Asarum rosei]]''
*[[Asarum ichangense]] C.Y.Chen & C.S.Yang
*''[[Asarum sagittarioides]]''
*[[Asarum ikegamii]] (F.Maek. ex Y.Maek.) T.Sugaw.
*''[[Asarum senkakuinsulare]]''
*[[Asarum inflatum]] C.Y.Chen & C.S.Yang
*''[[Asarum sieboldii]]'' (synonym of ''Asiasarum sieboldii'')
*[[Asarum insigne]] Diels
*''[[Asarum splendens]]''
*[[Asarum kinoshitae]] (F.Maek. ex Kinosh.) T.Sugaw.
*''[[Asarum taipingshanianum]]''
*[[Asarum kiusianum]] F.Maek.
*''[[Asarum tohokuense]]''
*[[Asarum kooyanum]] Makino
*''[[Asarum tongjiangense]]''
*[[Asarum koreanum]] J.G.Kim & C.S.Yook ex B.U.Oh
*''[[Asarum wagneri]]''
*[[Asarum kumageanum]] Masam.
*''[[Asarum wulingense]]''
*[[Asarum kurosawae]] Sugim.
*''[[Asarum yunnanense]]'' (synonym of ''Geotaenium yunnanse'')
*[[Asarum lemmonii]] S.Watson
*[[Asarum leucosepalum]] Hatus. ex Yamahata
*[[Asarum lewisii]] Fernald
*[[Asarum longerhizomatosum]] C.F.Liang & C.S.Yang
*[[Asarum lutchuense]] (Honda) Koidz.
*[[Asarum macranthum]] Hook.f.
*[[Asarum magnificum]] Tsiang ex C.Y.Cheng & C.S.Yang
*[[Asarum majale]] T.Sugaw.
*[[Asarum marmoratum]] Piper
*[[Asarum maruyamae]] Yamaji & Ter.Nakam.
*[[Asarum maximum]] Hemsl.
*[[Asarum megacalyx]] (F.Maek.) T.Sugaw.
*[[Asarum mikuniense]] Yamaji & Ter.Nakam.
*[[Asarum minamitanianum]] Hatus.
*[[Asarum minus]] Ashe
*[[Asarum misandrum]] B.U.Oh & J.G.Kim
*[[Asarum mitoanum]] T.Sugaw.
*[[Asarum monodoriflorum]] Hatus. & Yamahata
*[[Asarum muramatsui]] Makino
*[[Asarum nanchuanense]] C.S.Yang & J.L.Wu
*[[Asarum nazeanum]] T.Sugaw.
*[[Asarum nipponicum]] F.Maek.
*[[Asarum nobilissimum]] Z.L.Yang
*[[Asarum nomadakense]] Hatus.
*[[Asarum okinawense]] Hatus.
*[[Asarum parviflorum]] Regel
*[[Asarum pellucidum]] Hatus. & Yamahata
*[[Asarum petelotii]] O.C.Schmidt
*[[Asarum porphyronotum]] C.Y.Chen & C.S.Yang
*[[Asarum pubitessellatum]] C.T.Lu & J.C.Wang
*[[Asarum pulchellum]] Hemsl.
*[[Asarum reflexum]] E.P.Bicknell
*[[Asarum renicordatum]] C.Y.Chen & C.S.Yang
*[[Asarum reticulatum]] Merr.
*[[Asarum rhombiformis]] (Gaddy) Sinn
*[[Asarum rigescens]] F.Maek.
*[[Asarum robilissimum]] Z.L.Yang
*[[Asarum rollinsiae]] (B.R.Keener & Todia) Diamond
*[[Asarum rosei]] Sinn
*[[Asarum sagittarioides]] C.F.Liang
*[[Asarum sakawanum]] Makino
*[[Asarum satsumense]] F.Maek.
*[[Asarum savatieri]] Franch.
*[[Asarum senkakuinsulare]] Hatus.
*[[Asarum shoukaense]] S.S.Ying
*[[Asarum shuttleworthii]] Britten & Baker f.
*[[Asarum sieboldii]] Miq.
*[[Asarum simile]] Hatus. & Yamahata
*[[Asarum sorriei]] (Gaddy) Sinn
*[[Asarum splendens]] (F.Maek.) C.Y.Chen & C.S.Yang
*[[Asarum sprengeri]] Pamp.
*[[Asarum subglobosum]] F.Maek. ex Hatus. & Yamahata
*[[Asarum tabatanum]] T.Sugaw.
*[[Asarum taipingshanianum]] S.F.Huang, T.H.Hsieh & T.C.Huang
*[[Asarum tamaense]] Makino
*[[Asarum tawushanianum]] C.T.Lu & J.C.Wang
*[[Asarum tohokuense]] Yamaji & Ter.Nakam.
*[[Asarum tokarense]] Hatus. & Yamahata
*[[Asarum tongjiangense]] Z.L.Yang
*[[Asarum trigynum]] (F.Maek.) Araki
*[[Asarum trinacriforme]] Hatus. & Yamahata
*[[Asarum tungyanshanianum]] S.S.Ying
*[[Asarum unzen]] (F.Maek.) Kitam. & Murata
*[[Asarum villisepalum]] C.T.Lu & J.C.Wang
*[[Asarum virginicum]] L.
*[[Asarum viridiflorum]] Regel
*[[Asarum wagneri]] K.L.Lu & M.R.Mesler
*[[Asarum wannanense]] Lu Q.Huang & H.S.Peng
*[[Asarum wulingense]] C.F.Liang
*[[Asarum yaeyamense]] Hatus.
*[[Asarum yakusimense]] Masam.
*[[Asarum yentuense]] N.A.Tuan & Sasamoto
*[[Asarum yeonbyeonense]] M.Kim & S.So
*[[Asarum yoshikawae]] T.Sugaw.
*[[Asarum yunnanense]] T.Sugaw., Ogisu & C.Y.Cheng
}}
}}


Revision as of 15:32, 20 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Asarum is a genus of plants in the birthwort family Aristolochiaceae, commonly known as wild ginger.

Asarum is from Greek ἄσαρον, a name for Asarum europaeum.

Description

Asarum is a genus of low-growing herbs distributed across the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere, with most species in East Asia (China, Japan, and Vietnam) and North America, and one species in Europe. Biogeographically, Asarum originated in Asia.

They have characteristic kidney-shaped leaves, growing from creeping rhizomes, and bear small, axillary, brown or reddish flowers.

The plant is called wild ginger because the rhizomes and leaves taste and smell similar to ginger root, but the two are not particularly related. The FDA warns against consuming Asarum, as it is nephrotoxic and contains the potent carcinogen aristolochic acid.[1][2] [3] The birthwort family also contains the genus Aristolochia, known for carcinogens.

Wild ginger favors moist, shaded sites with humus-rich soil. The deciduous, heart-shaped leaves are opposite, and borne from the rhizome which lies just under the soil surface. Two leaves emerge each year from the growing tip. The curious jug-shaped flowers, which give the plant an alternate name, little jug, are borne singly in spring between the leaf bases.

Wild ginger can easily be grown in a shade garden, and makes an attractive groundcover.

File:Asarum europaeum flower 050403.jpg
Asarum europaeum flower

Taxonomy

Traditionally, the genus Asarum was considered as a single genus with about 85 species. However, a trend exists among some botanists to segregate the genus into separate genera, based on considerations of chromosome number and floral morphology:

  • Asarum sensu stricto (about 17 species), distributed in Asia (mainly China), North America, and Europe
  • Heterotropa (about 50 species), distributed in Asia
  • Asiasarum (three or four species), distributed in Asia
  • Geotaenium (three or four species), distributed in Asia
  • Hexastylis (ten species), distributed in North America

Study of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, combined with morphological data, has yielded a better-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis, supporting a recognition of two subgenera, Asarum and Heterotropa each containing two sections, rather than the segregated genera above.[4]

  • Asarum sensu stricto (s.s.) : the North American species are monophyletic and are derived from within the paraphyletic Asian species group.
  • Geotaenium is a sister to Asarum s.s., showing its close relationship to Asarum s.s..
  • Asiasarum is a sister to the Hexastylis + Heterotropa clade, showing several synapomorphies with this clade.
  • Hexastylis: this genus has been recognized solely on the study by H.L. Blomquist.[5] However, the above-mentioned DNA study provided indications that Hexastylis is not monophyletic and that some species of Hexastylis are more closely related to Asiatic species of Heterotropa than they are to other species of Hexastylis. The recognition of Hexastylis has likely persisted due to regional botanists' contrasting the morphology of that section with the regionally co-occurring Asarum canadense, which is the sole species of Asarum subgenus Asarum in the southeastern United States. However, the morphological character states used to support the recognition of section Hexastylis at the generic level are plesiomorphic. For example, Blomquist [6] provides an enumeration of character states supporting Hexastylis, all of are plesiomorphic with respect to one or another Asarum lineage. The presence of persistent, variegated leaves is often invoked by amateur botanists as a characteristic unique to section Hexastylis amongst North American Asarum species, however Asarum marmoratum, an Asarum Subgenus Asarum species found in the western United States also has persistent and variegated leaves (see Calflora page for detailed photographs)
  • Heterotropa: this is a complex monophyletic group, well nested within the Asiasarum + Hexastylis + Heterotropa clade.

Species

Template:Columns-list

Uses

The FDA warns against consuming Asarum, as it is nephrotoxic and contains the potent carcinogen aristolochic acid.[7][8] [9] Before this was known, sources said that wild ginger can be cooked in the same fashion as ginger root, and can also be candied or used to make medicine.[10]

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

Template:Taxonbar

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Health Canada advising not to use products labelled to contain Aristolochia Template:Webarchive.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Blomquist
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Health Canada advising not to use products labelled to contain Aristolochia Template:Webarchive.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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