Shuaib: Difference between revisions

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| honorific_prefix  = {{smaller|[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]]}}
| honorific_prefix  = {{smaller|[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]]}}
| name              = Shuaib
| name              = Shuaib
| image              = Nabi Shuaib.jpg
| image              = Chester Beatty T 414 fol 90 r Shuaib in prayer while the people are punished by God.jpg
| caption            = [[Nabi Shu'ayb]] in [[Israel]], the holiest place in [[Druze|Druzism]]
| caption            = Shuaib in prayer while the people are punished by God.
| native_name        = {{langx|ar|شُعَيْب|Shuʿayb}}
| native_name        = {{langx|ar|شُعَيْب|Shuʿayb}}
| other_names        =  
| other_names        =  
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}}
}}


'''Shuaib''', '''Shoaib''', '''Shuayb''' or '''Shuʿayb''' ({{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|شُعَيْب}}}}, {{IPA|ar|ʃuʕajb|IPA}}; meaning: "who shows the right path") is an ancient [[Midian]]ite [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]] in [[Islam]], and the most revered prophet in the [[Druze]] faith.<ref name=":0" /> Shuaib is sometimes identified with the biblical [[Jethro (biblical figure)|Jethro]], Moses' father-in-law. Shuaib is mentioned in the [[Quran]] a total of 11 times.<ref>Brandon M. Wheeler, ''Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', ''Shuayb'', pg. 303</ref> He is believed to have lived after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] ([[Abraham]]), and Muslims believe that he was sent as a prophet to a community: the Midianites,<ref name="qref|7|85-91|b=y">{{qref|7|85-91|b=y}}</ref> who are also known as the ''Aṣḥāb al-Aykah'' ("Companions of the Wood"),<ref name="qref|15|78-79|b=y">{{qref|15|78-79|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|26|176-189|b=y">{{qref|26|176-189|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|38|13-15|b=y">{{qref|38|13-15|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|50|12-14|b=y">{{qref|50|12-14|b=y}}</ref> since they used to worship a large tree. To the people, Shuaib proclaimed the [[Sirat al-Mustaqim|straight path]] and warned the people to end their fraudulent ways. When the community did not repent, [[God in Islam|God]] destroyed the community.<ref name="qref|7|85-91|b=y"/><ref name="qref|26|176-189|b=y"/>
'''Shuaib''', '''Shoaib''', '''Shuayb''' or '''Shuʿayb''' ({{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|شُعَيْب}}}}, {{IPA|ar|ʃuʕajb|IPA}}; meaning: "who shows the right path") is an ancient [[Midian]]ite [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet]] in [[Islam]] and the most revered prophet in the [[Druze]] faith.<ref name=":0" /> Shuaib is sometimes identified with the [[Hebrew Bible|Hebrew biblical]] [[Jethro (biblical figure)|Jethro]], [[Moses]]'s father-in-law. Shuaib is mentioned in the [[Quran]] 11 times.<ref>Brandon M. Wheeler, ''Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', ''Shuayb'', pg. 303</ref> He is believed to have lived after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] ([[Abraham]]), and [[Muslims]] believe that he was sent as a prophet to the Midianites,<ref name="qref|7|85-91|b=y">{{qref|7|85-91|b=y}}</ref> who are also known as the ''Aṣḥāb al-Aykah'' ("Companions of the Wood") for their worship of a large tree.<ref name="qref|15|78-79|b=y">{{qref|15|78-79|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|26|176-189|b=y">{{qref|26|176-189|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|38|13-15|b=y">{{qref|38|13-15|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|50|12-14|b=y">{{qref|50|12-14|b=y}}</ref> To the Midianites, Shuaib proclaimed the "[[Sirat al-Mustaqim|straight path]]", warning them to end their fraudulent ways{{such as|date=June 2025}}. When the community did not repent, [[God in Islam|God]] destroyed the community.<ref name="qref|7|85-91|b=y"/><ref name="qref|26|176-189|b=y"/>


Alongside [[Hud (prophet)|Hud]], [[Salih|Saleh]] and [[Muhammad]], Shuaib is understood by [[Muslim]]s as one of the four [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian]] prophets sent by God. It is said that he was known by Muslims as "the eloquent preacher amongst the prophets", because he was, according to tradition, granted talent and eloquence in his language.<ref name="QA">{{cite book |last=Ibn Kathir |first=Ismail |author-link=Ibn Kathir |title=[[Qisas Al-Anbiya]] |page=220}}</ref>
Alongside [[Hud (prophet)|Hud]], [[Salih]], and [[Muhammad]], Shuaib is understood by Muslims as one of the four [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian]] prophets sent by God. It is said{{weasel inline|date=June 2025}} that he was known by Muslims as "the eloquent preacher amongst the prophets" because he was, according to tradition, granted talent and eloquence in his language.<ref name="QA">{{cite book |last=Ibn Kathir |first=Ismail |author-link=Ibn Kathir |title=[[Qisas Al-Anbiya]] |page=220}}</ref>


The Druze revere Shuaib as an important figure in their faith, and hold an annual pilgrimage to [[Nabi Shu'ayb]], the purported location of his tomb, in the [[Lower Galilee]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Sandra Mackey |title=Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict |date=16 March 2009 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-3933-3374-9 |page=28 |edition=Illustrated, Reprint}}</ref>
The Druze honor Shuaib as their principal prophet and hold an annual pilgrimage to [[Nabi Shu’ayb]]—a site in the [[Israel]]i [[Lower Galilee]] believed by Druze to be his tomb—from April 25 to 28, known as [[Ziyara (Druze)|Ziyara]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Sandra Mackey |title=Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict |date=16 March 2009 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-3933-3374-9 |page=28 |edition=Illustrated, Reprint}}</ref>


== Historical context ==
== Historical context ==
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File:Midian.png|A map of [[Midian]], the area where Shuʿayb was sent to prophesy, in Islamic belief
File:Midian.png|A map of [[Midian]], the area where Shuʿayb was sent to prophesy, in Islamic belief
File:مدائن شعيب.jpg|Maghayir Shu'ayb in what is now [[Tabuk Province]] in [[Saudi Arabia]]
File:مدائن شعيب.jpg|Maghayir Shu'ayb in what is now [[Tabuk Province]] in [[Saudi Arabia]]
File:قلعة تبوك.jpg|The [[Tabuk Castle|historical caste]] of [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]]
File:قلعة تبوك.jpg|The [[Tabuk Castle|historical castle]] of [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


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=== Galilee, Israel ===
=== Galilee, Israel ===
[[File:Nabi Shuaib.jpg|thumb|[[Nabi Shu'ayb]] in [[Israel]], the holiest place in [[Druze|Druzism]].]]
The Galilean [[Shrine of Shu'ayb]]: the [[Druze]] believe the tomb of Nabi Shu'ayb is located near [[Hittin]], in the [[Lower Galilee]].<ref name="Union-Tribune">{{cite book |author=Firro, K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owhg2R8Ndy8C |title=The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1999 |isbn=90-04-11251-0 |location=[[Leiden]], The [[Netherlands]] |pages=22–240}}</ref><ref name="Dana2003">{{cite book |author=Dana, N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nCWIsyZJxUC&pg=PA28 |title=The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=2003 |isbn=9781903900369 |pages=28–30}}</ref> Each year, on the 25th of April, the Druze gather at the site to discuss community affairs.<ref name="DHAC">{{cite web |title=Druze Revered Sites in Palestine |url=http://www.druzehistoryandculture.com/historical_sites.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510125625/http://www.druzehistoryandculture.com/historical_sites.htm |archive-date=2006-05-10 |publisher=Druzehistoryandculture.com}}</ref>
The Galilean [[Shrine of Shu'ayb]]: the [[Druze]] believe the tomb of Nabi Shu'ayb is located near [[Hittin]], in the [[Lower Galilee]].<ref name="Union-Tribune">{{cite book |author=Firro, K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owhg2R8Ndy8C |title=The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1999 |isbn=90-04-11251-0 |location=[[Leiden]], The [[Netherlands]] |pages=22–240}}</ref><ref name="Dana2003">{{cite book |author=Dana, N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nCWIsyZJxUC&pg=PA28 |title=The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=2003 |isbn=9781903900369 |pages=28–30}}</ref> Each year, on the 25th of April, the Druze gather at the site to discuss community affairs.<ref name="DHAC">{{cite web |title=Druze Revered Sites in Palestine |url=http://www.druzehistoryandculture.com/historical_sites.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510125625/http://www.druzehistoryandculture.com/historical_sites.htm |archive-date=2006-05-10 |publisher=Druzehistoryandculture.com}}</ref>


Revision as of 15:25, 17 June 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Main otherScript error: No such module "Check for clobbered parameters".Template:Wikidata image

Shuaib, Shoaib, Shuayb or Shuʿayb (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".; meaning: "who shows the right path") is an ancient Midianite prophet in Islam and the most revered prophet in the Druze faith.[1] Shuaib is sometimes identified with the Hebrew biblical Jethro, Moses's father-in-law. Shuaib is mentioned in the Quran 11 times.[2] He is believed to have lived after Ibrahim (Abraham), and Muslims believe that he was sent as a prophet to the Midianites,7|85-91|b=y-3|[3] who are also known as the Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ("Companions of the Wood") for their worship of a large tree.15|78-79|b=y-4|[4]26|176-189|b=y-5|[5]38|13-15|b=y-6|[6]50|12-14|b=y-7|[7] To the Midianites, Shuaib proclaimed the "straight path", warning them to end their fraudulent waysTemplate:Such as. When the community did not repent, God destroyed the community.7|85-91|b=y-3|[3]26|176-189|b=y-5|[5]

Alongside Hud, Salih, and Muhammad, Shuaib is understood by Muslims as one of the four Arabian prophets sent by God. It is saidScript error: No such module "Unsubst". that he was known by Muslims as "the eloquent preacher amongst the prophets" because he was, according to tradition, granted talent and eloquence in his language.[8]

The Druze honor Shuaib as their principal prophet and hold an annual pilgrimage to Nabi Shu’ayb—a site in the Israeli Lower Galilee believed by Druze to be his tomb—from April 25 to 28, known as Ziyara.[1]

Historical context

The area to which Shuʿayb was sent to is named Madyan in the Qur'an, known in English as Midian, which is frequently referred to in the Hebrew Bible. The Midianites were said to be of Arab descent, though being neighbors of the Biblical Canaanites, they intermixed with them. It is said they were a wandering tribe, and that their principal territory at the time of Moses was the Sinai Peninsula. The historical region of Midian roughly corresponds to what is now province of Tabuk in Saudi Arabia.[9][10]

According to the Book of Genesis, the Midianites were the descendants of Midian, a son of Abraham and his wife Keturah: "Abraham took a wife, and her name was Keturah. And she bare him Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah" (Genesis 25:1–2, King James Version).[11][12][13]

Midian can be considered as being part of the Hejaz,[14] which is significant for Muslims as the region of their two holiest cities, Mecca and Medina.[15]

Disputed identification with Jethro

Jethro is mentioned in the Bible (Exodus 3:1) as the father-in-law of Moses. Although Shuaib is frequently identified with the Midianite priest Jethro, most modern scholars reject this identification. Classical commentators, such as Ibn Kathir, say Shuʿayb was a great-grandson of Abraham: Shuʿayb is believed to have been the son of Mikil, son of Midian, son of Abraham.[8] That would render impossible the identification with Jethro, who lived at the time of Moses, purportedly hundreds of years after Abraham.[16]

Narrative in the Quran

Template:Islamic prophets

The Qur'an states that Shuaib was appointed by God to be a prophet to the people of Midian. The people of this land were said to be especially notorious for cheating others through dishonesty and for idolatry. Shuʿayb's prophecy mainly involved calling the Midianites to the correct path of God,[17] and forbidding them to worship false gods.

It is also said he told his people to stop being dishonest in their daily activities. Although he preached and prophesied for a sustained period of time, the majority of the people refused to listen to him. Shuayb, however, remained steadfast. He consistently preached powerfully against the wicked, telling them of the punishment that had befallen the sinful before them. Shuʿayb warned the people that their ignorance would lead to the destruction of Midian, giving historical examples of earlier prophets, including Noah, Hud, Saleh and Lot,11|61-94|b=y-18|[18] all of whose people had been destroyed by God.

The people taunted Shuʿayb and told him that, were it not for the prestigious family he came from, he would surely have been stoned to death. Shuayb replied, "Is my family of more consideration with you than God?" When the Midianites refused to believe, they were destroyed by a mighty earthquake.7|85-91|b=y-3|[3] The Qur'an, however, mentions that Shuʿayb, and his believing companions, were rescued from the thunderous punishment.11|61-94|b=y-18|[18]23|20|b=y-19|[19]

Parallels with other prophets

Shuayb's mission is often mentioned in the Qur'an with the mission of Noah, Hud, Saleh and Lot. Scholars have pointed out that these five prophets exemplify the early prophetic missions: The prophet would be sent to his community; the community would pay no attention to his warning and would instead threaten him with punishment; after years of preaching, God would ask him to leave his community, while his people were subsequently destroyed in a punishment. Scholars chronologically interpret the listing of the five prophets, so Shuʿayb was a descendant of Ibrahim and Nuh (Noah).[20]

Claimed burial places of Shuayb

Wādī Shuʿayb, Jordan

One claimed tomb of Shuayb is found in Jordan,[21] Template:Convert west of the town of Mahis, in an area called Wādī Shuʿayb (Template:Langx).[22]

Galilee, Israel

File:Nabi Shuaib.jpg
Nabi Shu'ayb in Israel, the holiest place in Druzism.

The Galilean Shrine of Shu'ayb: the Druze believe the tomb of Nabi Shu'ayb is located near Hittin, in the Lower Galilee.[23][24] Each year, on the 25th of April, the Druze gather at the site to discuss community affairs.[25]

Guriyeh, Iran

There is also a tomb in the southwest of Iran, in the village Guriyeh, Shushtar, which has been recorded as the tomb of Shuayb.[26]

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Prophets in the Qur'an Template:Qur'anic people Template:Druze footer Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Brandon M. Wheeler, Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Shuayb, pg. 303
  3. ↑ 7|85-91|b=y_3-0|a 7|85-91|b=y_3-1|b 7|85-91|b=y_3-2|c Template:Qref
  4. 15|78-79|b=y_4-0|↑ Template:Qref
  5. ↑ 26|176-189|b=y_5-0|a 26|176-189|b=y_5-1|b Template:Qref
  6. 38|13-15|b=y_6-0|↑ Template:Qref
  7. 50|12-14|b=y_7-0|↑ Template:Qref
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Abdullah Yusuf Ali: Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary
  17. ↑ Template:Qref "And to the people of Midian We sent their brother Shu’aib. He said, “O my people! Worship Allah—you have no other god except Him. A clear proof has already come to you from your Lord. So give just measure and weight, do not defraud people of their property, nor spread corruption in the land after it has been set in order. This is for your own good, if you are ˹truly˺ believers."
  18. ↑ 11|61-94|b=y_18-0|a 11|61-94|b=y_18-1|b Template:Qref
  19. 23|20|b=y_19-0|↑ Template:Qref
  20. ↑ Wheeler, A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Shuayb
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (Template:Coord)
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Documents, Asare-Sabti web.archive.org Retrieved 17 Nov 2018
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