Calidris: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image        = Semipalmated sandpiper at JBWR (30545).jpg
| image        = Knutt (juvenil) 07.jpg
| image_caption = [[Semipalmated sandpiper]] (''Calidris pusilla''), [[Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge]]
| image_caption = [[Red knot]] (''Calidris canutus'') in juvenile plumage, Brittany, France
| taxon        = Calidris
| taxon        = Calidris
| authority    = [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1804
| authority    = [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1804
Line 9: Line 9:
| synonyms =  
| synonyms =  
*''Philomachus'' <small>Merrem, 1804</small>
*''Philomachus'' <small>Merrem, 1804</small>
*''Ereunetes'' <small>Illiger, 1811</small>
*''Erolia'' <small>Vieillot, 1816</small>
*''Limicola'' <small>Koch, 1816</small>
*''Limicola'' <small>Koch, 1816</small>
*''Machetes'' <small>Cuvier, 1817</small>
*''Eurynorhynchus'' <small>Nilsson, 1821</small>
*''Crocethia'' <small>Billberg, 1828</small>
*''Canutus'' <small>Brehm, 1831</small>
*''Canutus'' <small>Brehm, 1831</small>
*''Aphriza'' <small>Audubon, 1839</small>
*''Tryngites'' <small>Cabanis, 1857</small>
*''Micropalama'' <small>Baird, 1858</small>
*''Micropalama'' <small>Baird, 1858</small>
}}
}}


'''''Calidris''''' is a genus of [[Arctic]]-breeding, strongly [[bird migration|migratory]] [[wader|wading]] birds in the family [[Scolopacidae]]. These birds form huge mixed flocks on coasts and estuaries in winter. Migratory shorebirds are shown to have decline in reproductive traits because of temporal changes of their breeding seasons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weiser |first1=Emily L. |last2=Brown |first2=Stephen C. |last3=Lanctot |first3=Richard B. |last4=Gates |first4=H. River |last5=Abraham |first5=Kenneth F. |last6=Bentzen |first6=Rebecca L. |last7=Bêty |first7=Joël |last8=Boldenow |first8=Megan L. |last9=Brook |first9=Rodney W. |last10=Donnelly |first10=Tyrone F. |last11=English |first11=Willow B. |last12=Flemming |first12=Scott A. |last13=Franks |first13=Samantha E. |last14=Gilchrist |first14=H. Grant |last15=Giroux |first15=Marie-Andrée |date=February 2018 |title=Life-history tradeoffs revealed by seasonal declines in reproductive traits of Arctic-breeding shorebirds |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jav.01531 |journal=Journal of Avian Biology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |page=1 |doi=10.1111/jav.01531 |bibcode=2018JAvBi..49....1W |issn=0908-8857|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They are the typical "[[sandpiper]]s", small to medium-sized, long-winged and relatively short-billed.
'''''Calidris''''' is a genus of [[Arctic]]-breeding, strongly [[bird migration|migratory]] [[wader|wading]] birds in the family [[Scolopacidae]]. These birds form huge mixed flocks on coasts and estuaries in winter. Migratory shorebirds are shown to have declined in reproductive traits because of temporal changes of their breeding seasons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weiser |first1=Emily L. |last2=Brown |first2=Stephen C. |last3=Lanctot |first3=Richard B. |last4=Gates |first4=H. River |last5=Abraham |first5=Kenneth F. |last6=Bentzen |first6=Rebecca L. |last7=Bêty |first7=Joël |last8=Boldenow |first8=Megan L. |last9=Brook |first9=Rodney W. |last10=Donnelly |first10=Tyrone F. |last11=English |first11=Willow B. |last12=Flemming |first12=Scott A. |last13=Franks |first13=Samantha E. |last14=Gilchrist |first14=H. Grant |last15=Giroux |first15=Marie-Andrée |date=February 2018 |title=Life-history tradeoffs revealed by seasonal declines in reproductive traits of Arctic-breeding shorebirds |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jav.01531 |journal=Journal of Avian Biology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |page=1 |doi=10.1111/jav.01531 |bibcode=2018JAvBi..49....1W |issn=0908-8857|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They are the typical "[[sandpiper]]s", small to medium-sized, long-winged and relatively short-billed.


Their [[Beak|bills]] have sensitive tips which contain numerous [[corpuscles of Herbst]]. This enables the birds to locate buried prey items, which they typically seek with restless running and probing.<ref name=Nebel>{{cite journal|author1=Nebel, S.|author2=Jackson, D.L.|author3=Elner, R.W.|title=Functional association of bill morphology and foraging behaviour in calidrid sandpipers|doi=10.1163/1570756054472818|url=http://publish.uwo.ca/~snebel2/nebel05AnimBiol.pdf|year=2005|journal=Animal Biology|volume=55|issue=3|pages=235–243|access-date=2016-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610081512/http://publish.uwo.ca/~snebel2/nebel05AnimBiol.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Their [[Beak|bills]] have sensitive tips which contain numerous [[corpuscles of Herbst]]. This enables the birds to locate buried prey items, which they typically seek with restless running and probing.<ref name=Nebel>{{cite journal|author1=Nebel, S.|author2=Jackson, D.L.|author3=Elner, R.W.|title=Functional association of bill morphology and foraging behaviour in calidrid sandpipers|doi=10.1163/1570756054472818|url=http://publish.uwo.ca/~snebel2/nebel05AnimBiol.pdf|year=2005|journal=Animal Biology|volume=55|issue=3|pages=235–243|access-date=2016-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610081512/http://publish.uwo.ca/~snebel2/nebel05AnimBiol.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Calidris'' was introduced in 1804 by the German naturalist [[Blasius Merrem]] with the [[red knot]] as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Merrem | first=Blasius | author-link=Blasius Merrem | date=8 June 1804 | title=Naturgeschichte | language=German | journal=Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung | volume=168 | at=Col. 542 | url=https://api.digitale-sammlungen.de/iiif/presentation/v2/bsb10502034/canvas/453/view }} Published anonymously.</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=280 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483093 }}</ref>  The genus name is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''kalidris'' or ''skalidris'', a term used by [[Aristotle]] for some grey-coloured waterside birds.<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n84 84]}}</ref>
The genus ''Calidris'' was introduced in 1804 by the German naturalist [[Blasius Merrem]] with the [[red knot]] as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Merrem | first=Blasius | author-link=Blasius Merrem | date=8 June 1804 | title=Naturgeschichte | language=German | journal=Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung | volume=168 | at=Col. 542 | url=https://api.digitale-sammlungen.de/iiif/presentation/v2/bsb10502034/canvas/453/view }} Published anonymously.</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=280 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483093 }}</ref>  The genus name is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''kalidris'' or ''skalidris'', a term used by [[Aristotle]] for some grey-coloured waterside birds.<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n84 84]}}</ref>
Many of the species have been treated under other generic names at various times in the past, but these treatments leave ''Calidris'' [[polyphyly|polyphyletic]];<ref name="Thomas">{{cite journal | last1=Thomas | first1=Gavin H | last2=Wills | first2=Matthew A | last3=Székely | first3=Tamás | title=A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny | journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume=4 | issue=1 | date=2004-08-24 | issn=1471-2148 | pmid=15329156 | pmc=515296 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 | doi-access=free | page=}}</ref><ref name="Gibson">{{cite journal | last1=Gibson | first1=Rosemary | last2=Baker | first2=Allan | title=Multiple gene sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships in the shorebird suborder Scolopaci (Aves: Charadriiformes) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=64 | issue=1 | date=2012 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.008 | pages=66–72 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790312001133 | access-date=2025-09-12| url-access=subscription }}</ref> synonyms are in brackets in the list below.


The genus contain 24 species:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Sandpipers, snipes, coursers | work=World Bird List Version 9.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=26 June 2019 }}</ref>
The genus contain 24 species:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Sandpipers, snipes, coursers | work=World Bird List Version 9.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=26 June 2019 }}</ref>


* [[Great knot]], ''Calidris tenuirostris''
* [[Great knot]] ''Calidris tenuirostris''
* [[Red knot]], ''Calidris canutus''
* [[Red knot]] ''Calidris canutus''
* [[Surfbird]], ''Calidris virgata''
* [[Surfbird]] ''Calidris virgata'' (syn. ''Aphriza virgata'')
* [[Ruff (bird)|Ruff]], ''Calidris pugnax''
* [[Ruff (bird)|Ruff]] ''Calidris pugnax'' (syn. ''Philomachus pugnax'')
* [[Broad-billed sandpiper]], ''Calidris falcinellus''
* [[Broad-billed sandpiper]] ''Calidris falcinellus'' (syn. ''Limicola falcinellus'')
* [[Sharp-tailed sandpiper]], ''Calidris acuminata''
* [[Sharp-tailed sandpiper]] ''Calidris acuminata''
* [[Stilt sandpiper]], ''Calidris himantopus''
* [[Stilt sandpiper]] ''Calidris himantopus'' (syn. ''Micropalama himantopus'')
* [[Curlew sandpiper]], ''Calidris ferruginea''
* [[Curlew sandpiper]] ''Calidris ferruginea'' (syn. ''Erolia ferruginea'')
* [[Temminck's stint]], ''Calidris temminckii''
* [[Temminck's stint]] ''Calidris temminckii''
* [[Long-toed stint]], ''Calidris subminuta''
* [[Long-toed stint]] ''Calidris subminuta''
* [[Spoon-billed sandpiper]], ''Calidris pygmaea''
* [[Spoon-billed sandpiper]] ''Calidris pygmaea'' (syn. ''Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus'')
* [[Red-necked stint]], ''Calidris ruficollis''
* [[Red-necked stint]] ''Calidris ruficollis''
* [[Sanderling]], ''Calidris alba''
* [[Sanderling]] ''Calidris alba'' (syn. ''Crocethia alba'')
* [[Dunlin]], ''Calidris alpina''
* [[Dunlin]] ''Calidris alpina''
* [[Rock sandpiper]], ''Calidris ptilocnemis''
* [[Rock sandpiper]] ''Calidris ptilocnemis''
* [[Purple sandpiper]], ''Calidris maritima''
* [[Purple sandpiper]] ''Calidris maritima''
* [[Baird's sandpiper]], ''Calidris bairdii''
* [[Baird's sandpiper]] ''Calidris bairdii''
* [[Little stint]], ''Calidris minuta''
* [[Little stint]] ''Calidris minuta''
* [[Least sandpiper]], ''Calidris minutilla''
* [[Least sandpiper]] ''Calidris minutilla''
* [[White-rumped sandpiper]], ''Calidris fuscicollis''
* [[White-rumped sandpiper]] ''Calidris fuscicollis''
* [[Buff-breasted sandpiper]], ''Calidris subruficollis''
* [[Buff-breasted sandpiper]] ''Calidris subruficollis'' (syn. ''Tryngites subruficollis'')
* [[Pectoral sandpiper]], ''Calidris melanotos''
* [[Pectoral sandpiper]] ''Calidris melanotos''
* [[Semipalmated sandpiper]], ''Calidris pusilla''
* [[Semipalmated sandpiper]] ''Calidris pusilla'' (syn. ''Ereunetes pusillus'')
* [[Western sandpiper]], ''Calidris mauri''
* [[Western sandpiper]] ''Calidris mauri''
 
The following species-level [[cladogram]] is based on a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study by David Černý and Rossy Natale that was published in 2022. Some of the nodes are only weakly supported by the sequence data.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Černý | first1=David | last2=Natale | first2=Rossy | date=2022 | title=Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=177 | article-number=107620 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107620| pmid=36038056 | bibcode=2022MolPE.17707620C | url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/07/16/2021.07.15.452585.full.pdf }}</ref>
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1='''''Calidris'''''
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
      |1=[[Red knot]] – ''Calidris canutus''
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Great knot]] – ''Calidris tenuirostris''
        |2=[[Surfbird]] – ''Calidris virgata''
        }}
      }}
  |2={{clade
      |1=[[Ruff (bird)|Ruff]] – ''Calidris pugnax''
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
            |1=[[Sharp-tailed sandpiper]] – ''Calidris acuminata''
            |2=[[Broad-billed sandpiper]] – ''Calidris falcinellus''
            }}
        |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
              |1={{clade
                  |1=[[Curlew sandpiper]] – ''Calidris ferruginea''
                  |2=[[Stilt sandpiper]] – ''Calidris himantopus''
                  }}
              |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                    |1=[[Spoon-billed sandpiper]] – ''Calidris pygmaea''
                    |2=[[Red-necked stint]] – ''Calidris ruficollis''
                    }}
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=[[Long-toed stint]] – ''Calidris subminuta''
                    |2=[[Temminck's stint]] – ''Calidris temminckii''
                    }}
                  }}
              }}
            |2={{clade
              |1=[[Buff-breasted sandpiper]] – ''Calidris subruficollis''
              |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                    |1=[[Sanderling]] – ''Calidris alba''
                    |2={{clade
                        |1=[[Dunlin]] – ''Calidris alpina''
                        |2={{clade
                          |1=[[Purple sandpiper]] – ''Calidris maritima''
                          |2=[[Rock sandpiper]] – ''Calidris ptilocnemis''
                          }}
                        }}
                    }}
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=[[Baird's sandpiper]] – ''Calidris bairdii''
                    |2={{clade
                        |1={{clade
                          |1=[[Little stint]] – ''Calidris minuta''
                          |2={{clade
                              |1=[[White-rumped sandpiper]] – ''Calidris fuscicollis''
                              |2=[[Least sandpiper]] – ''Calidris minutilla''
                              }}
                          }}
                        |2={{clade
                          |1=[[Pectoral sandpiper]] – ''Calidris melanotos''
                          |2={{clade
                              |1=[[Western sandpiper]] – ''Calidris mauri''
                              |2=[[Semipalmated sandpiper]] – ''Calidris pusilla''
                              }}
                          }}
                        }}
                    }}
                  }}
              }}
            }}
        }}
      }}
  }}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Scolopacidae|1}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Scolopacidae|1}}
{{Charadriiformes|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Charadriiformes|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q30838}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q30838}}

Latest revision as of 11:28, 22 October 2025

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Calidris is a genus of Arctic-breeding, strongly migratory wading birds in the family Scolopacidae. These birds form huge mixed flocks on coasts and estuaries in winter. Migratory shorebirds are shown to have declined in reproductive traits because of temporal changes of their breeding seasons.[1] They are the typical "sandpipers", small to medium-sized, long-winged and relatively short-billed.

Their bills have sensitive tips which contain numerous corpuscles of Herbst. This enables the birds to locate buried prey items, which they typically seek with restless running and probing.[2]

Taxonomy

The genus Calidris was introduced in 1804 by the German naturalist Blasius Merrem with the red knot as the type species.[3][4] The genus name is from Ancient Greek kalidris or skalidris, a term used by Aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds.[5]

Many of the species have been treated under other generic names at various times in the past, but these treatments leave Calidris polyphyletic;[6][7] synonyms are in brackets in the list below.

The genus contain 24 species:[8]

The following species-level cladogram is based on a molecular phylogenetic study by David Černý and Rossy Natale that was published in 2022. Some of the nodes are only weakly supported by the sequence data.[9] Script error: No such module "Clade".

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". Published anonymously.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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Template:Scolopacidae Template:Charadriiformes Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

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