1495: Difference between revisions

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imported>Fuzheado
m Reverted edits by Orion Gavin Douglass (talk) to last version by PrimeBOT
 
imported>Mandsford
→January–March: add significance of Vega Real
 
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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1495}}
{{About year|1495}}
[[File:Éloi Firmin Féron - Entrée de Charles VIII - 1495.jpg|thumb|250px|February 22, 1495: King Charles VIII of France enters the city of Naples and claims the throne.]]
{{Year nav|1495}}
{{Year nav|1495}}
{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1495''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDXCV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].
{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1495''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDXCV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].
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<onlyinclude>


=== January&ndash;December ===
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[February]] &ndash; [[King's College, Aberdeen]], predecessor of the [[University of Aberdeen]] in [[Scotland]], is founded on the petition of [[William Elphinstone]], [[Bishop of Aberdeen]]. It is the first [[English language|English]]-speaking university to teach medicine.
* [[January 20]] &ndash; At [[Hanseong]] (now [[Seoul]],[[Yeonsangun of Joseon|Prince Yi Yung]] becomes the new [[List of kings of Joseon|ruler]] of [[Joseon]], comprising most of the [[Korean peninsula]], now North Korea and South Korea. Taking the regnal name Yeongsangun, he succeeds his father, [[Seongjong of Joseon|King Seongjong]], who had ruled more more than 25 years. Known for his cruelty, Yeonsangun will be overthrown after more than 11 years in 1506 and exiled to [[Ganghwa Island]].
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Italian War of 1494–98]]: King [[Charles VIII of France]] enters [[Naples]], to claim the city's throne. A few months later, he decides to return to France, and leaves Naples with most of his army, leaving a force under his cousin [[Gilbert, Count of Montpensier]] as viceroy. [[Syphilis]] is first definitely recorded in Europe during this invasion.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Farhi|first1=David|last2=Dupin|first2=Nicolas|title=Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient: facts and controversies|journal=[[Clinics in Dermatology]]|date=September–October 2010|volume=28|issue=5|pages=533–538|pmid=20797514|doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011}}</ref> (perhaps from French forces who may have contacted Croats fleeing an Ottoman army in the east).
* [[January 23]] &ndash; King [[Alfonso II of Naples]] abdicates after almost a year on the throne as the army of King [[Louis VIII of France]] approaches the Neapolitan border. Alfonso's son becomes the new monarch as [[Ferdinand II, King of Naples|King Ferdinand II]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001/acref-9780198601753-e-89|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780191727795|editor-last=Campbell|editor-first=Gordon|chapter=Alfonso II of Aragon|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001|orig-year=2003}}</ref>
* [[January 28]] &ndash; Prince [[Cem Sultan]], brother of the Ottoman Sultan [[Bayezid II]], imprisoned since [[1482]] after being captured by the [[Knights Hospitaller]], and held captive in [[Rome]] since [[1489]], is released from to French custody by [[Pope Alexander VI]] at the request of King Charles of France.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Eamon Duffy]] |year=2006 |title=Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |page=196|isbn=978-0-300-11597-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/00book1593273669}}</ref>
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Italian War of 1494–98]]: King [[Charles VIII of France]] enters the city of [[Naples]], to claim the throne of the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. A few months later, he decides to return to France, and leaves Naples with most of his army, leaving a force under his cousin [[Gilbert, Count of Montpensier]] as viceroy. [[Syphilis]] is first definitely recorded in Europe during this invasion.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Farhi|first1=David|last2=Dupin|first2=Nicolas|title=Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient: facts and controversies|journal=[[Clinics in Dermatology]]|date=September–October 2010|volume=28|issue=5|pages=533–538|pmid=20797514|doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011}}</ref> (perhaps from French forces who may have contacted Croats fleeing an Ottoman army in the east).
* [[February 10]] &ndash; [[King's College, Aberdeen]], predecessor of the [[University of Aberdeen]] in [[Scotland]], is founded with the issuance of the [[papal bull]] ''[[List of papal bulls#Fifteenth century|Primo Erectio Universitatis]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foundation Bull of the University of King's College, Aberdeen. Digital image. Transcript. |url=https://abdn.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/delivery/44ABE_INST:44ABE_VU1/12214255770005941 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=abdn.primo.exlibrisgroup.com}}</ref> by [[Pope Alexander VI]] on the petition of [[William Elphinstone]], [[Bishop of Aberdeen]].
[[File:Copia de Cacicazgos de la Hispaniola.png|250px|thumb|The five caciques of the Taino rulers of Hispaniola]]
* [[March 24]] &ndash; The first military combat between the [[Old World]] and the [[New World]] takes place at the [[Battle of Vega Real]]. In his role as the Spanish Governor of Hispaniola, [[Christopher Columbus]] and his ally, the [[Taino]] Chief ([[cacique]]) [[Guacanagaríx]] of [[Chiefdoms of Hispaniola|Marién]] and begin a war of retaliation against the cacique [[Caonabo]] of [[Chiefdoms of Hispaniola|Maguana]], who had led the 1493 massacre of the Spanish colonists at [[La Navidad]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morgan |first1=Edmund S. |title=Columbus' Confusion About the New World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/columbus-confusion-about-the-new-world-140132422/ |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |date=October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907181123/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/columbus-confusion-about-the-new-world-140132422/ |archive-date=September 7, 2017}}</ref> 
* [[March 26]] &ndash; The inaugural session of the [[Diet of Worms (1495)|Diet of Worms]] (''Wormser Reichstag''), a gathering of the electors and princes of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] to discuss reforms of the government, is opened at [[Worms, Germany]], by [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], the acting Holy Roman Emperor.<ref name=Helm>Claudia Helm (ed.): ''1495 - Kaiser, Reich, Reformen: der Reichstag zu Worms'' (Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz, 1995)</ref>
* [[March 31]] &ndash; In response to the French invasion and rapid subjugation of the Italian nations, the [[Italian War of 1494–1495#League of Venice|League of Venice]] is formed by representatives of Pope Alexander, King Ferdinand of Spain, the acting Holy Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]], and Ludovico, Duke of Milan.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Michael |last1=Mallet |first2=Christine |last2=Shaw |title=The Italian Wars: 1494–1559 |publisher=Pearson Education, Limited |year=2012 |pages=30-31}}</ref>
 
=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 2]] &ndash; (10th waxing of [[Vaishakha]] [[Burmese calendar|857 ME]] The two-day coronation of King [[Binnya Ran II]] as ruler of the [[Hanthawaddy kingdom]], in what is now southern [[Myanmar]], begins at the [[Shwemawdaw Pagoda]] at the capital, [[Bago, Myanmar|Pegu]] (now Bago in Myanmar).<ref>{{cite book |last=Aung-Thwin |first=Michael A. |title=Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |year=2017 |location=Honolulu |pages=278-279 |isbn=978-0-8248-6783-6}}</ref> Binnya Ran had succeeded to the throne in [[1492]] upon the death of his father, King [[Dhammazedi]].
* [[May 2]] &ndash; At the [[Battle of Rapallo (1495)|Battle of Rapallo]], 11 ships of the [[Republic of Genoa]] Navy commanded by [[:it:Francesco Spinola|Francesco Spinola]] and [[:it:Fabrizio Giustiniani|Fabrizio Giustiniani]], defeat a French 11-ship force led by Louis de Miolans, who is taken prisoner of war when he and his ships are all captured. Rapallo, captured by the French a year earlier, is retaken by Genoa and 300 women held hostage by the French are freed.<ref>
[https://web.archive.org/web/20220205130147/https://www.liberliber.it/mediateca/libri/s/sanudo/la_spedizione_di_carlo_viii_in_italia/pdf/sanuto_la_spedizione_di_car_etc.pdf Marin Sanudo il Giovane, La Spedizione di Carlo VIII in Italia (The Expedition of Charles VIII in Italy)]</ref>
* [[May 26]] &ndash; A Spanish army under [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]] lands in [[Calabria]], with the purpose of ousting the French and restoring [[Ferdinand II of Naples]] to the throne.
* [[May 26]] &ndash; A Spanish army under [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]] lands in [[Calabria]], with the purpose of ousting the French and restoring [[Ferdinand II of Naples]] to the throne.
* [[June 1]] &ndash; Brother [[John Cor]] of [[Lindores Abbey]] pays duty on 8 bolls of malt to the [[Exchequer#Exchequer in Scotland|Exchequer in Scotland]] to make aqua vitae for [[King James IV]]; the record in the Exchequer Rolls is the first written reference to [[Scotch whisky]].  
* [[June 1]] &ndash; Brother [[John Cor]] of [[Lindores Abbey]] pays duty on 8 bolls of malt to the [[Exchequer#Exchequer in Scotland|Exchequer in Scotland]] to make aqua vitae for [[King James IV]]; the record in the Exchequer Rolls is the first written reference to [[Scotch whisky]].  
* [[June 28]] &ndash; [[Battle of Seminara]]: Córdoba and Ferdinand are defeated by a French army under [[Bernard Stewart, Lord of Aubigny]].
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Louis XII|Louis, Duke of Orleans]], at the time a French general, opens a new front in the Italian War as he and his troops are allowed to occupy the city of [[Novara]] in the [[Duchy of Milan]].<ref name=CJames>{{Cite book |last1=James |first1=Carolyn |date=2020 |title=A Renaissance Marriage: The Political and Personal Alliance of Isabella d'Este and Francesco Gonzaga, 1490–1519 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMXLDwAAQBAJ |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199681211 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[July 3]] &ndash; [[Battle of Deal]]: [[Perkin Warbeck]]'s troops land in [[Kent]], in support of his claim to the [[English crown]], backed by [[Margaret of York|Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy]]. They are routed before Warbeck himself can disembark, and he retreats to [[Ireland]] and then to Scotland.
* [[June 28]] &ndash; [[Battle of Seminara]]: The deposed King [[Ferdinand II of Naples]] and the reigning Spanish King [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]], with forces commanded by Gonzalo Fernandez, are defeated by a French army commanded by [[Bernard Stewart, Lord of Aubigny]].
* [[July 6]] &ndash; [[Battle of Fornovo]]: The French army under King Charles secures its retreat from Italy, by defeating a combined Milanese-Venetian force under Giovanni Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of [[Mantua]].
* [[June]] &ndash; ''[[Gribshunden]]'', the flagship of [[Hans, King of Denmark|King Hans Oldenburg]] of [[Denmark]] sinks off the coast of [[Ronneby]] in [[Sweden]] while King Hans is ashore to negotiate with [[Sten Sture the Elder]] to restore the power of the [[Kalmar Union]]. According to some accounts, the sinking (and the death of more than 150 crew) happened after an explosion and fire, though explorations of the shipwreck centuries later show no indication of burning.
* Summer &ndash; [[John, King of Denmark]], sets sail for [[Kalmar]], [[Sweden]], to negotiate with [[Sten Sture the Elder]] to restore the power of the [[Kalmar Union]]. However, his flagship, ''[[Gribshunden]]'', catches fire and sinks off the coast of [[Ronneby]] with loss of life, and he is forced to abandon the mission.
 
* [[October 25]] &ndash; King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] begins his reign.
=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 3]] &ndash; At the [[Battle of Deal]], [[Perkin Warbeck]]'s troops land in [[Kent]], in support of his claim to the [[English crown]], backed by [[Margaret of York|Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy]]. They are routed before Warbeck himself can disembark, and he retreats to [[Ireland]] and then to Scotland.<ref>Linda Porter, ''Crown of Thistles: The Fatal Inheritance of Mary Queen of Scots'' (Macmillan, 2013) p.110</ref>
* [[July 6]] &ndash; Winning the [[Battle of Fornovo]], the French army under King Charles secures its retreat from Italy, by defeating a combined Milanese-Venetian force of the League of Venice, commanded by [[Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua|
Francesco Gonzaga]], Marquis of [[Mantua]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicolle |first=David |series=Praeger illustrated military history series |title=Fornovo 1495: France's Bloody Fighting Retreat |year=2005 |publisher=Osprey |location=Westport Connecticut |pages=52-57|isbn=978-0-275-98850-0}}</ref>
* [[July 7]] &ndash; With Charles VIII forced to retreat from  Naples, Ferdinand II returns to the throne as the Neapolitan King.
* [[July 19]] &ndash; The [[League of Venice]] (with troops from Venice, Milan and Mantua) begins the two-month [[Siege of Novara (1495)|Siege of Novara]] in the [[Duchy of Milan]] to drive out the French occupiers led by the Duke of Orleans.<ref name=CJames/>
* [[July 23]] &ndash; After failing at the Battle of Deal, Perkin Warbeck and his troops land with 11 ships at the Ireland port of [[Waterford]] to gain a foothold in his attempt to invade England. Warbeck is joined by an Irish noble, [[Maurice FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Desmond|Maurice FitzGerald]], [[Earl of Desmond]], and begins an [[Siege of Waterford (1495)|11-day siege]]. The defenders of Waterford protect the walled city by damming the St. John's River to flood the marshes around Warbeck's soldiers, and fire the fortresses cannons at Warbeck's ships.<ref>{{cite book |title = James IV: Stewart dynasty in Scotland |first = Norman |last = Macdougall |publisher = John Donald Publishers Limited |date = 1989 |isbn = 9780859762007 |page = 120 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.waterfordtreasures.com/the-siege-of-waterford-1495/|title=The Siege of Waterford 1495 |website=waterfordtreasures.com |access-date=July 22, 2025}}</ref>
* [[August 3]] &ndash; After the sinking of two of his ships, Perkin Warbeck ends this [[Siege of Waterford (1495)|siege of Waterford]] and retreats from Ireland along with his remaining fleet and warriors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doherty |first=Andrew |url=https://tidesandtales.ie/1495-siege-of-waterford/ |title=1495 Siege of Waterford |date=19 April 2019 |work=Waterford Harbour Tides and Tales |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[August 7]] &ndash; The Diet of Worms is adjourned in the Holy Roman Empire after more than four months, with an agreement among the constituent states to enact the ''[[Ewiger Landfriede]]'' (Eternal Peace), outlawing feuds between the states and the Holy Roman Empire's family groups, and to resolve controversies in a new Imperial Court (''[[Reichskammergericht]]'') and the [[Aulic Council]].<ref name=Helm/>
* [[September 15]] &ndash; King Henry VII of England summons the English Parliament for the first time in more than three years, directing the members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords to assemble at Westminster on October 14.
* [[September 24]] &ndash; The League of Venice, with troops commanded by [[Beatrice d'Este]], Duchess of Milan and [[Ludovico Sforza]], Duke of Milan, succeeeds after more than three months in [[Siege of Novara (1495)|liberating the Milanese city]] of [[Novara]] from French control, and forces Louis of Orleans to flee.<ref name=CJames/>
 
=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 24]] &ndash; The fifth parliament of England's King Henry VII opens at Westminster.
* [[October 25]] &ndash; King [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel, Duke of Beja and Visieu]] takes the throne of [[Portugal]] as [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I]], following the death of his cousin, [[John II of Portugal|King João II]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pereira |first1=Esteves |last2=Rodrigues |first2=Guilherme |title=Portugal: diccionario historico, chorographico, heraldico, biographico, bibliographico, numismatico e artistico |date=1904 |publisher=J. Romano Torres |location=Lisboa |pages=800–803|url=https://archive.org/details/portugaldicciona04pere/page/800/mode/2up|volume=4 |language=Portuguese}}</ref>
* [[November 30]] &ndash; An explosion at [[Vyborg Castle]] deters the [[Principality of Moscow|Russian]] forces, who have invaded Sweden through [[Karelia]].
* [[November 30]] &ndash; An explosion at [[Vyborg Castle]] deters the [[Principality of Moscow|Russian]] forces, who have invaded Sweden through [[Karelia]].
* [[December 22]] &ndash; At the close of the 1495 Parliament, King Henry VII of England gives [[royal assent]] to numerous new laws, including the [[Treason Act 1495]] (An Acte that noe person going with the Kinge to the Warres shalbe attaynt of treason); the [[Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1495]] ("[[Vagabond]]s, idle and suspected persons shall be set in the [[stocks]] for three days and three nights and have none other sustenance but bread and water and then shall be put out of Town."); and the [[Suing in Forma Pauperis Act 1495]] (allowing "such persons as are poor" to file suit without having to pay court costs).


=== Date unknown ===
=== Date unknown ===


[[File:Reiszug, Hohensalzburg.jpg|thumb|[[Reisszug]], as it appeared in 2011]]
[[File:Reiszug, Hohensalzburg.jpg|thumb|[[Reisszug]], as it appeared in 2011]]
* The oldest extant [[cable railway]] is probably the [[Reisszug]], a private line providing goods access to [[Hohensalzburg Fortress]] at [[Salzburg]] in Austria. This line is generally described as the oldest [[funicular]].<ref name=fm1>{{cite web | url = http://www.funimag.com/funimag10/RESZUG01.HTM | title = Der Reiszug – Part 1 – Presentation | publisher=Funimag | access-date = 22 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Reinhard | last = Kriechbaum | url = http://www.die-tagespost.de/Archiv/titel_anzeige.asp?ID=8916 | title = Die große Reise auf den Berg | work = der Tagespost | date = 15 May 2004 | access-date = 22 April 2009 | language = de | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120628225245/http://www.die-tagespost.de/Archiv/titel_anzeige.asp?ID=8916 | archive-date = 28 June 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
* The oldest extant [[cable railway]], the [[Reisszug]], is created by order of the Archbishop [[Leonhard von Keutschach]] shortly after his election on July 7, 1495. The railway is used for the manual pulling of a wheeled cart up an incline, to provide goods for the [[Hohensalzburg Fortress]], at [[Salzburg]] in Austria.<ref name=fm1>{{cite web | url = http://www.funimag.com/funimag10/RESZUG01.HTM | title = Der Reiszug – Part 1 – Presentation | publisher=Funimag | access-date = 22 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Reinhard | last = Kriechbaum | url = http://www.die-tagespost.de/Archiv/titel_anzeige.asp?ID=8916 | title = Die große Reise auf den Berg | work = der Tagespost | date = 15 May 2004 | access-date = 22 April 2009 | language = de | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120628225245/http://www.die-tagespost.de/Archiv/titel_anzeige.asp?ID=8916 | archive-date = 28 June 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)|Poynings' Law]] comes into effect, placing the [[Parliament of Ireland]] under the authority of the [[Parliament of England]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Moody, T. W. |editor2=Martin, F. X.|year=1967|title=The Course of Irish History|publisher=Mercier Press|location=Cork|page=370}}</ref>
* [[Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)|Poynings' Law]] comes into effect, placing the [[Parliament of Ireland]] under the authority of the [[Parliament of England]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Moody, T. W. |editor2=Martin, F. X.|year=1967|title=The Course of Irish History|publisher=Mercier Press|location=Cork|page=370}}</ref>
* The ''[[Reichskammergericht]]'' of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] is founded in [[Frankfurt]].
* The ''[[Reichskammergericht]]'' of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] is founded in [[Frankfurt]].

Latest revision as of 16:03, 14 December 2025

Template:About year

File:Éloi Firmin Féron - Entrée de Charles VIII - 1495.jpg
February 22, 1495: King Charles VIII of France enters the city of Naples and claims the throne.

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Sidebar". Script error: No such module "Sidebar". Script error: No such module "Year in various calendars".Year 1495 (MCDXCV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

File:Copia de Cacicazgos de la Hispaniola.png
The five caciques of the Taino rulers of Hispaniola

April–June

July–September

  • July 3 – At the Battle of Deal, Perkin Warbeck's troops land in Kent, in support of his claim to the English crown, backed by Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy. They are routed before Warbeck himself can disembark, and he retreats to Ireland and then to Scotland.[11]
  • July 6 – Winning the Battle of Fornovo, the French army under King Charles secures its retreat from Italy, by defeating a combined Milanese-Venetian force of the League of Venice, commanded by Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua.[12]
  • July 7 – With Charles VIII forced to retreat from Naples, Ferdinand II returns to the throne as the Neapolitan King.
  • July 19 – The League of Venice (with troops from Venice, Milan and Mantua) begins the two-month Siege of Novara in the Duchy of Milan to drive out the French occupiers led by the Duke of Orleans.[10]
  • July 23 – After failing at the Battle of Deal, Perkin Warbeck and his troops land with 11 ships at the Ireland port of Waterford to gain a foothold in his attempt to invade England. Warbeck is joined by an Irish noble, Maurice FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond, and begins an 11-day siege. The defenders of Waterford protect the walled city by damming the St. John's River to flood the marshes around Warbeck's soldiers, and fire the fortresses cannons at Warbeck's ships.[13][14]
  • August 3 – After the sinking of two of his ships, Perkin Warbeck ends this siege of Waterford and retreats from Ireland along with his remaining fleet and warriors.[15]
  • August 7 – The Diet of Worms is adjourned in the Holy Roman Empire after more than four months, with an agreement among the constituent states to enact the Ewiger Landfriede (Eternal Peace), outlawing feuds between the states and the Holy Roman Empire's family groups, and to resolve controversies in a new Imperial Court (Reichskammergericht) and the Aulic Council.[6]
  • September 15 – King Henry VII of England summons the English Parliament for the first time in more than three years, directing the members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords to assemble at Westminster on October 14.
  • September 24 – The League of Venice, with troops commanded by Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan and Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, succeeeds after more than three months in liberating the Milanese city of Novara from French control, and forces Louis of Orleans to flee.[10]

October–December

Date unknown

File:Reiszug, Hohensalzburg.jpg
Reisszug, as it appeared in 2011


Births

Deaths

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Claudia Helm (ed.): 1495 - Kaiser, Reich, Reformen: der Reichstag zu Worms (Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz, 1995)
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Marin Sanudo il Giovane, La Spedizione di Carlo VIII in Italia (The Expedition of Charles VIII in Italy)
  10. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Linda Porter, Crown of Thistles: The Fatal Inheritance of Mary Queen of Scots (Macmillan, 2013) p.110
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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