[[File:PAUL DELAROCHE - Ejecución de Lady Jane Grey (National Gallery de Londres, 1834).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[February 12]]: Lady Jane Grey, who was declared Queen of England for nine days in 1553, is beheaded at the Tower of London]]
[[File:PAUL DELAROCHE - Ejecución de Lady Jane Grey (National Gallery de Londres, 1834).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[February 12]]: Lady Jane Grey, who was declared Queen of England for nine days in 1553, is beheaded at the Tower of London]]
[[File:Scannagallo Vasari.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[August 2]]: The [[battle of Marciano]] takes place in [[Tuscany]].]]
[[File:Scannagallo Vasari.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[August 2]]: The [[battle of Marciano]] takes place in [[Tuscany]].]]
[[File:Jacob and Marie de Guise.jpg|thumb|[[April 12]]: [[Mary of Guise]] becomes regent of Scotland until King James Vi comes of age.]]
[[File:Jacob and Marie de Guise.jpg|thumb|[[April 12]]: [[Mary of Guise]] becomes regent of Scotland until her daughter Mary comes of age.]]
{{C16 year in topic}}
{{C16 year in topic}}
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* [[February 9]] – [[Thomas Wyatt the Younger|Thomas Wyatt]] surrenders to government forces in [[London]].<ref name=Palmer1992>{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Alan |last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica |year=1992 |title=The Chronology of British History |publisher=Century Ltd |location=London |pages=150–153 |isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[February 9]] – [[Thomas Wyatt the Younger|Thomas Wyatt]] surrenders to government forces in [[London]].<ref name=Palmer1992>{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Alan |last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica |year=1992 |title=The Chronology of British History |publisher=Century Ltd |location=London |pages=150–153 |isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[February 12]] – After claiming the throne of [[Kingdom of England|England]] the previous year, [[Lady Jane Grey]] is beheaded for treason.
* [[February 12]] – After claiming the throne of [[Kingdom of England|England]] the previous year, [[Lady Jane Grey]] is beheaded for treason.
* [[March 18]] – Princess [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]] is imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] on charges of working with the organizers of [[Wyatt's rebellion]] for the overthrow of Queen Mary of England.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prescott |first=H. F. M. |title=Mary Tudor: The Spanish Tudor |publisher=Phoenix |edition=1953 Reissue |year=1953 |pages=325–326 |isbn=9781842126257 |url=https://archive.org/details/marytudorspanish0000pres |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>
* [[March 18]] – Princess [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]] is imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] on charges of working with the organizers of [[Wyatt's rebellion]] for the overthrow of Queen Mary of England.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prescott |first=H. F. M. |title=Mary Tudor: The Spanish Tudor |publisher=Phoenix |edition=1953 Reissue |year=1953 |pages=325–326 |isbn=9781842126257 |url=https://archive.org/details/marytudorspanish0000pres |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>
=== April–June ===
=== April–June ===
* [[April 12]] – [[Mary of Guise]] becomes [[Regent]] of Scotland.
* [[April 12]] – [[Mary of Guise]] becomes [[Regent]] of Scotland.
* [[May 9]] – [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]] is released from the Tower of London, although she continues to be confined at home after she is cleared of suspicion of conspiracy to overthrow the government.
* [[May 9]] – [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]] is released from the Tower of London, although she continues to be confined at home after she is cleared of suspicion of conspiracy to overthrow the government.
* [[June 11]] – Italian General [[Piero Strozzi]] successfully defends an attack on the [[Republic of Siena]] by French troops, led by [[Cosimo de' Medici]] at the battle of [[Pontedera]], but suffers a tremendous loss of his own troops in the process.
* [[June 11]]
** Italian General [[Piero Strozzi]] successfully defends an attack on the [[Republic of Siena]] by French troops, led by [[Cosimo de' Medici]] at the battle of [[Pontedera]], but suffers a tremendous loss of his own troops in the process.
** A [[1554 Luxembourg explosion|gunpowder explosion]] triggered by lightning causes fires that destroy much of the city of [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]].
=== July–September ===
=== July–September ===
* [[July 25]]– Queen [[Mary I of England]] [[Wedding of Mary I of England and Philip of Spain|marries]] King [[Philip II of Spain|Prince Philip of Naples]], the only son of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] and heir to the throne of Spain, at [[Winchester Cathedral]] just two days after their first meeting.<ref>[[David Loades]], ''The Reign of Mary Tudor: Politics, Government and Religion in England, 1553–58'' (Longman, 1991) pp. 224–225 {{ISBN|0-582-05759-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554 |first=Alexander |last=Samson |journal=[[The Sixteenth Century Journal]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |year=2005 |pages=761–784 |doi=10.2307/20477489 |jstor=20477489}}</ref>
* [[July 25]]– Queen [[Mary I]] of England [[Wedding of Mary I of England and Philip of Spain|marries]] King [[Philip II of Spain|Prince Philip of Naples]], the only son of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] and heir to the throne of Spain, at [[Winchester Cathedral]] just two days after their first meeting.<ref>[[David Loades]], ''The Reign of Mary Tudor: Politics, Government and Religion in England, 1553–58'' (Longman, 1991) pp. 224–225 {{ISBN|0-582-05759-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554 |first=Alexander |last=Samson |journal=[[The Sixteenth Century Journal]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |year=2005 |pages=761–784 |doi=10.2307/20477489 |jstor=20477489}}</ref>
* [[August 2]] – [[Battle of Marciano]]: [[Siena|Senese]]–French forces are defeated by the [[Florence|Florentine]]–[[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] army.
* [[August 2]] – [[Battle of Marciano]]: [[Siena|Senese]]–French forces are defeated by the [[Florence|Florentine]]–[[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] army.
* [[August 12]] – [[Battle of Renty]]: French forces led by [[Francis, Duke of Guise]] turn back an invasion of [[Picardy]], by Charles V.
* [[August 12]] – [[Battle of Renty]]: French forces led by [[François, Duke of Guise]] turn back an invasion of [[Picardy]], by Charles V.
* [[September 13]] (Shawwal 15, 961 AH) – At the [[Battle of Tadla]] in Morocco, [[Mohammed ash-Sheikh]], ruler of the [[Saadi dynasty]] enters the city of Fez and becomes the undisputed sultan. [[Ali Abu Hassun]], last ruler of the Wattasid dynasty, flees.<ref>Jamil Marhi and Abu Al-Nasr, ''History of Morocco in the Islamic Era'' (Cambridge University Press, 1987) p.155</ref>
* [[September 13]] (Shawwal 15, 961 AH) – At the [[Battle of Tadla]] in Morocco, [[Mohammed ash-Sheikh]], ruler of the [[Saadi dynasty]] enters the city of Fez and becomes the undisputed sultan. [[Ali Abu Hassun]], last ruler of the Wattasid dynasty, flees.<ref>Jamil Marhi and Abu Al-Nasr, ''History of Morocco in the Islamic Era'' (Cambridge University Press, 1987) p.155</ref>
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* [[October 21]] – The [[Plassenburg]] castle in Bavaria, residence of the ruling [[House of Hohenzollern]] in the [[Principality of Ansbach]], is destroyed during the [[Second Margrave War]].<ref>[http://www.stadt-kulmbach.de/pub/index.php?mid=19 Geschichte der Stadt Kulmbach] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129184824/http://stadt-kulmbach.de/pub/index.php?mid=19 |date=2009-01-29 }} auf der städtischen Homepage</ref>
* [[October 21]] – The [[Plassenburg]] castle in Bavaria, residence of the ruling [[House of Hohenzollern]] in the [[Principality of Ansbach]], is destroyed during the [[Second Margrave War]].<ref>[http://www.stadt-kulmbach.de/pub/index.php?mid=19 Geschichte der Stadt Kulmbach] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129184824/http://stadt-kulmbach.de/pub/index.php?mid=19 |date=2009-01-29 }} auf der städtischen Homepage</ref>
* [[November 1]] – English captain [[John Lok]], commanding three ships (the ''Trinitie'', the ''Bartholomew'' and the ''John Evangelist''), departs from Dartmouth in England to voyage to the [[Guinea (region)|Guinea Coast]] at West Africa.<ref name=Hakluyt>Richard Hakluyt, ''The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation Made by Sea Or Overland to the Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth at Any Time Within the Compass of These 1600 Years'' (1597, reprinted by J. M. Dent and Sons, Ltd., 1927) pp.47-50 ("The first day of November at nine of the clocke at night, departing from the coast of England, se set off...")</ref><ref name=tts245>{{cite book |first=Bernard |last=Grun |title=The Timetables of History |edition=3rd |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1991 |page=[https://archive.org/details/timetablesofhist1991grun/page/245 245] |isbn=0-671-74919-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/timetablesofhist1991grun}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A general history and collection of voyages and travels |volume=7 |first=Robert |last=Kerr |author-link=Robert Kerr (writer) |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Blackwood |year=1824 |page=229 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-BCAAAAcAAJ&q=Lok+Guinea+1554&pg=PA229|access-date=2011-11-27}}</ref>
* [[November 1]] – English captain [[John Lok]], commanding three ships (the ''Trinitie'', the ''Bartholomew'' and the ''John Evangelist''), departs from Dartmouth in England to voyage to the [[Guinea (region)|Guinea Coast]] at West Africa.<ref name=Hakluyt>Richard Hakluyt, ''The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation Made by Sea Or Overland to the Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth at Any Time Within the Compass of These 1600 Years'' (1597, reprinted by J. M. Dent and Sons, Ltd., 1927) pp.47-50 ("The first day of November at nine of the clocke at night, departing from the coast of England, se set off...")</ref><ref name=tts245>{{cite book |first=Bernard |last=Grun |title=The Timetables of History |edition=3rd |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1991 |page=[https://archive.org/details/timetablesofhist1991grun/page/245 245] |isbn=0-671-74919-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/timetablesofhist1991grun}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A general history and collection of voyages and travels |volume=7 |first=Robert |last=Kerr |author-link=Robert Kerr (writer) |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Blackwood |year=1824 |page=229 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-BCAAAAcAAJ&q=Lok+Guinea+1554&pg=PA229|access-date=2011-11-27}}</ref>
* [[November 22]] – Upon the death of his father, Sultan [[Islam Shah Suri]], 10-year-old [[Firuz Shah Suri]] becomes the Sultan of the [[Sur Empire]] at [[Delhi]], but he is murdered within a few days.
* [[November 22]] – Upon the death of his father, Sultan [[Islam Shah Suri]], 12-year-old [[Firuz Shah Suri]] becomes the Sultan of the [[Sur Empire]] at [[Delhi]], but he is murdered within a few days.
* [[December 22]] – The John Lok expedition reaches [[Guinea]], anchoring at the Sesto River and remains for seven days to begin trading.<ref name=Hakluyt/>"<ref>p.50 ("The two and twentieth of December we came to the river of Sesto & remained there until the nine and twentieth day of said moneth.")</ref>
* [[December 22]] – The John Lok expedition reaches [[Guinea]], anchoring at the Sesto River and remains for seven days to begin trading.<ref name=Hakluyt/>"<ref>p.50 ("The two and twentieth of December we came to the river of Sesto & remained there until the nine and twentieth day of said moneth.")</ref>
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* Exact center year of [[Counter Reformation]].
* Exact center year of [[Counter Reformation]].
* The name of the beer brewed by [[New Belgium Brewing Company]] is based on a recipe from this date, called "1554."
* The name of the beer brewed by [[New Belgium Brewing Company]] is based on a recipe from this date, called "1554."
* [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)|Luso-Chinese agreement]]: Portugal reaches an agreement with the [[Ming Dynasty]] of China, to be allowed to legally trade in the province of Guangdong. This agreement is often seen as a starting point of the Portuguese colony of Macau
* [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)|Luso-Chinese agreement]]: Portugal reaches an agreement with the [[Ming Dynasty]] of China, to be allowed to legally trade in the province of Guangdong. This agreement is often seen as a starting point of the Portuguese colony of Macau.
* [[Rao Surjan Singh]] becomes ruler of [[Bundi State|Bundi]].
* [[Rao Surjan Singh]] becomes ruler of [[Bundi State|Bundi]].
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* [[January 1]] – [[Louis III, Duke of Württemberg]] (d. [[1593]])
* [[January 1]] – [[Louis III, Duke of Württemberg]] (d. [[1593]])
* [[January 9]] – [[Pope Gregory XV]] (d. [[1623]])<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWP_K-lZCB0C&pg=PA58 |title=Pocket Dictionary of Popes |first=Michael J. |last=Walsh |publisher=[[A&C Black]] |date=10 May 2006 |page=58 |isbn=9780860124207}}</ref>
* [[January 9]] – [[Pope Gregory XV]] (d. [[1623]])<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWP_K-lZCB0C&pg=PA58 |title=Pocket Dictionary of Popes |first=Michael J. |last=Walsh |publisher=[[A&C Black]] |date=10 May 2006 |page=58 |isbn=9780860124207}}</ref>
* [[January 20]] – King [[Sebastian of Portugal]] (d. [[1578]])<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA4-PA312 |title=Dictionary of African Biography |volume=1-6 |first1=Emmanuel Kwaku |last1=Akyeampong |author-link=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong |first2=Henry Louis |last2=Gates |author2-link=Henry Louis Gates |publisher=[[OUP]] USA |date=2 February 2012 |pages=312–313 |isbn=9780195382075}}</ref>
* [[January 20]] – [[Sebastian, King of Portugal]] (d. [[1578]])<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA4-PA312 |title=Dictionary of African Biography |volume=1-6 |first1=Emmanuel Kwaku |last1=Akyeampong |author-link=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong |first2=Henry Louis |last2=Gates |author2-link=Henry Louis Gates |publisher=[[OUP]] USA |date=2 February 2012 |pages=312–313 |isbn=9780195382075}}</ref>
* [[February 8]] – [[Marina de Escobar]], Spanish nun (d. [[1633]])
* [[February 8]] – [[Marina de Escobar]], Spanish nun (d. [[1633]])
* [[February 27]] – [[Giovanni Battista Paggi]], Italian painter (d. [[1627]])
* [[February 27]] – [[Giovanni Battista Paggi]], Italian painter (d. [[1627]])
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* [[October 28]] – [[Enevold Kruse]], Danish noble (d. [[1621]])
* [[October 28]] – [[Enevold Kruse]], Danish noble (d. [[1621]])
* [[October 30]] – [[Prospero Farinacci]], Italian jurist (d. [[1618]])
* [[October 30]] – [[Prospero Farinacci]], Italian jurist (d. [[1618]])
* [[November 30]] – [[Philip Sidney|Sir Philip Sidney]], English courtier and poet (d. [[1586]])<ref>{{cite book|author=H. R. Woudhuysen |title=Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558-1640|date=23 May 1996|publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sz-sdBEhAHcC&pg=PA207 |pages=207 |isbn=978-0-19-159102-0}}</ref>
* [[November 30]] – Sir [[Philip Sidney]], English courtier and poet (d. [[1586]])<ref>{{cite book|author=H. R. Woudhuysen |title=Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558-1640|date=23 May 1996|publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sz-sdBEhAHcC&pg=PA207 |pages=207 |isbn=978-0-19-159102-0}}</ref>
* [[December 17]] – [[Ernest of Bavaria]], Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[1612]])
* [[December 17]] – [[Ernest of Bavaria]], Roman Catholic bishop (d. [[1612]])
* [[December 19]] – [[Philip William, Prince of Orange]] (d. [[1618]])
* [[December 19]] – [[Philip William, Prince of Orange]] (d. [[1618]])
January 12 (10th waxing of Tabodwe 915 ME) – Bayinnaung is crowned king of the Burmese Taungoo Dynasty at his new capital at Pegu, after a previous coronation on January 11, 1551, and takes the regnal name of Thiri Thudhamma Yaza.[1]
January 27 – Wyatt's rebellion begins in England at Maidstone as Sir Thomas Wyatt reads a proclamation that Queen Mary of England’s marriage to King Philip of Spain will "bring upon this realm most miserable servitude, and establish popish religion". Within two days, Wyatt has raised 2,000 soldiers to join his plan to overthrow Queen Mary.[4]
January 30 – Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, one of the English conspirators in Wyatt's rebellion, leads troops from Leicester to Coventry, but the group finds that the gates of the city are closed because the rebellion has been exposed.[5]
May 9 – Elizabeth is released from the Tower of London, although she continues to be confined at home after she is cleared of suspicion of conspiracy to overthrow the government.
November 1 – English captain John Lok, commanding three ships (the Trinitie, the Bartholomew and the John Evangelist), departs from Dartmouth in England to voyage to the Guinea Coast at West Africa.[14][15][16]
The name of the beer brewed by New Belgium Brewing Company is based on a recipe from this date, called "1554."
Luso-Chinese agreement: Portugal reaches an agreement with the Ming Dynasty of China, to be allowed to legally trade in the province of Guangdong. This agreement is often seen as a starting point of the Portuguese colony of Macau.
↑ abRichard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation Made by Sea Or Overland to the Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth at Any Time Within the Compass of These 1600 Years (1597, reprinted by J. M. Dent and Sons, Ltd., 1927) pp.47-50 ("The first day of November at nine of the clocke at night, departing from the coast of England, se set off...")
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