Reformed Baptists: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Baptists who hold to a Calvinist soteriology}}
{{Short description|Calvinist strand of the Baptist denomination}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Baptist}}
{{Baptist}}
{{Calvinism}}
{{Calvinism}}
'''Reformed Baptists''', also called '''Particular Baptists''', or '''Calvinist Baptists''',<ref name= Ward>{{cite book|last1= Ward | first1 = Rowland |last2= Humphreys|first2= Robert|edition= 3rd|title= Religious Bodies in Australia: A comprehensive Guide |year= 1995|publisher=New Melbourne Press|isbn= 978-0-646-24552-2|page=119}}</ref> are [[Baptists]] that hold to a [[Five Points of Calvinism|Calvinist soteriology]] (salvation belief teached by [[John Calvin]]).<ref>{{cite book| last = Leonard | first = Bill J. | title = Baptist Questions, Baptist Answers: Exploring the Christian Faith | page= 5 | year = 2009| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | isbn = 978-0-664-23289-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uPL4oJM6q_UC&pg=PP1 | access-date= 17 November 2012}}</ref> Depending on the denomination, Calvinist Baptists adhere to varying degrees of [[Calvinism|Reformed]] theology, ranging from simply embracing the [[Calvinism#Five_Points_of_Calvinism|Five Points of Calvinism]], to accepting a modified form of [[covenant theology|federalism]]; all Calvinist Baptists reject the classical Reformed teaching on [[infant baptism]]. While the Reformed Baptist confessions affirm views of the nature of baptism similar to those of the classical Reformed, they reject infants as the proper subjects of baptism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Hercules |title=An Orthodox Catechism |date=1680 |publisher=RBAP |location=Q65 - Q78 |isbn=0980217911}}</ref> The first Calvinistic Baptist church was formed in the 1630s.<ref name=Ward /> The [[1689 Baptist Confession of Faith]] is a significant summary of the beliefs of Reformed Baptists.<ref name= Ward /> The name "Reformed Baptist" dates from the latter part of the 20th century to denote Baptists who retained Baptist ecclesiology, and reaffirmed Reformed biblical theology, such as [[Covenant theology]].
'''Reformed Baptists''', also called '''Particular Baptists''', or '''Calvinist Baptists''',<ref name= Ward>{{cite book|last1= Ward | first1 = Rowland |last2= Humphreys|first2= Robert|edition= 3rd|title= Religious Bodies in Australia: A comprehensive Guide |year= 1995|publisher=New Melbourne Press|isbn= 978-0-646-24552-2|page=119}}</ref> are [[Baptists]] that hold to a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] [[soteriology]] (salvation belief teached by [[John Calvin]]).<ref>{{cite book| last = Leonard | first = Bill J. | title = Baptist Questions, Baptist Answers: Exploring the Christian Faith | page= 5 | year = 2009| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | isbn = 978-0-664-23289-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uPL4oJM6q_UC&pg=PP1 | access-date= 17 November 2012}}</ref> The name "Reformed Baptist" dates from the latter part of the 20th century to denote Baptists who retained a Baptist ecclesiology, and reaffirmed Reformed biblical theology, such as [[Covenant theology]]. Calvinist Baptists adhere to varying degrees of [[Calvinism|Reformed]] theology, ranging from simply embracing the [[Calvinism#Five_Points_of_Calvinism|Five Points of Calvinism]], to accepting the Baptist [[covenant theology]]; all Reformed Baptists reject the classical Reformed teaching on [[infant baptism]], meaning that they reject infants as the proper subjects of baptism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Hercules |title=An Orthodox Catechism |date=1680 |publisher=RBAP |location=Q65 - Q78 |isbn=0980217911}}</ref> The first Calvinist Baptist church was formed in the 1630s.<ref name=Ward />
 
Reformed Baptists have produced two major [[confessions of faith]] as summary of their beliefs: The ''[[1689 Baptist Confession of Faith|Second London Confession of Faith]]'' (1689) and the ''[[1644 Baptist Confession of Faith|First London Confession of Faith]]'' (1644).<ref name= Ward /> [[Benjamin Keach]], [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]] and [[Charles Spurgeon]] were some of the most proeminent theologians for the Calvinist Baptist strand in England. Together with the [[General Baptists]], the first strand, they form the Baptist tradition.
 
==Reformed Baptist groups==


==Reformed Baptist traditions==
===Particular Baptists===
===Particular Baptists===
Particular Baptists are a group that broke away from the [[Church of England]] in the 17th century. They adhere to a higher degree of [[Reformed theology]] than other Calvinistic Baptist groups and usually subscribe to the [[Confession of Faith (1689)|London Confession of 1689]]. Significant figures include [[John Bunyan]], [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]], and [[Charles Spurgeon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are Particular Baptist churches?|url=https://www.gotquestions.org/Particular-Baptists.html |access-date=2024-09-07}}</ref> In the last century, the group became more popular as more Baptists identified with strong [[Puritan]] teachings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britons Wed Baptist Ecclesiology with Reformed Theology|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/1980/04/britons-wed-baptist-ecclesiology-with-reformed-theology/|access-date=2024-09-07|author-first1=Wayne A. |author-last1=Detzler|work=Christianity Today|year=1980}}</ref>
Particular Baptists are [[Puritans]] that [[English Dissenters|dissented]] from the [[Church of England]] in the 17th century and adopted [[credobaptism]]. They are the original Reformed Baptists, dating from the 1630s. Particular Baptists took their name from the doctrine of [[particular redemption]], distinct from the older [[General Baptists]] strand.<ref name = "ChisholmHugh">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Baptists |volume= 03 |last= Newman |first= Albert Henry | pages = 370&ndash;378; see page 372 }}</ref> They adhere to a higher degree of [[Reformed theology]] than other Calvinist Baptists groups and usually subscribe to the [[Confession of Faith (1689)|Second London Confession of Faith]] of 1689. Significant figures include [[John Bunyan]], [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]], and [[Charles Spurgeon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are Particular Baptist churches?|url=https://www.gotquestions.org/Particular-Baptists.html |access-date=2024-09-07}}</ref> In the last century, Particular Baptists became more popular as more Baptists identified with strong [[Puritan]] teachings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britons Wed Baptist Ecclesiology with Reformed Theology|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/1980/04/britons-wed-baptist-ecclesiology-with-reformed-theology/|access-date=2024-09-07|author-first1=Wayne A. |author-last1=Detzler|work=Christianity Today|year=1980}}</ref>


===Strict Baptists===
===Strict Baptists===
{{See also|List of Strict Baptist churches|Grace Baptist}}
{{See also|List of Strict Baptist churches|Grace Baptist}}
Groups calling themselves '''Strict Baptists''' are often differentiated from other denominations calling themselves "Reformed Baptists", sharing the same Calvinist doctrine, but differing on [[ecclesiastical polity]];{{Sfn | Weaver | 2008 | p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=ksu3RA-fqzYC&pg=PA224 224]}} "Strict Baptists" generally prefer a more [[congregationalist polity]].{{Sfn | Weaver | 2008 | p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=ksu3RA-fqzYC&pg=PA224 224]}}
'''Strict Baptists''', also called '''Strict and Particular Baptists''', are Particular Baptists that practice [[closed communion]] and generally prefer a more [[congregationalist polity]], differentiating from other Reformed Baptist groups that share the same Calvinist soteriology.{{Sfn | Weaver | 2008 | p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=ksu3RA-fqzYC&pg=PA224 224]}} The Strict Baptists arose in [[England]] in the 18th century, led by the [[Radicalism (historical)|radical]] [[itinerant preacher|itinerant]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]] [[William Gadsby]]. Their religious beliefs continue in the [[Gospel Standard|Gospel Standard Strict Baptist]] denomination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gospel Standard Home - Home |url=https://www.gospelstandard.org.uk/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.gospelstandard.org.uk}}</ref>
 
The group of Strict Baptists called '''Strict and Particular Baptists''' are [[Baptists]] who believe in a [[Calvinist]] interpretation of [[Christian salvation]].<ref name = "ChisholmHugh">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Baptists |volume= 03 |last= Newman |first= Albert Henry | pages = 370&ndash;378; see page 372 }}</ref> The Strict Baptists arose in [[England]] in the 18th century, led by a [[Radicalism (historical)|radical]] travelling minister named [[William Gadsby]], and took their name from the doctrine of [[particular redemption]],<ref name = "ChisholmHugh" /> while the term "strict" refers to the practice of [[closed communion]]. Their religious beliefs continue in the [[Gospel Standard|Gospel Standard Strict Baptist]] denomination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gospel Standard Home - Home |url=https://www.gospelstandard.org.uk/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.gospelstandard.org.uk}}</ref>


===Primitive Baptists===
===Primitive Baptists===
{{Main|Primitive Baptists}}
{{Main|Primitive Baptists}}
Primitive Baptists adhere to a Reformed soteriology.<ref name="Scott">{{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=Morgan |title=History of the Separate Baptist Church: With a Narrative of Other Denominations |date=1901 |publisher=Hollenbeck Press |page=103 |language=en}}</ref> Primitive Baptists emphasize the teaching that "God alone is the author of salvation and therefore any effort by human beings to make salvation happen or compel others to conversion is simply a form of 'works righteousness' that implies that sinners can affect their own salvation."<ref name="Leonard2005">{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Bill J. |title=Baptists in America |date=1 April 2005 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50171-2 |page=104 |language=en}}</ref> As such, they have rejected the concept of missions.<ref name="Leonard2005"/>
Primitive Baptists adhere to a Reformed [[soteriology]].<ref name="Scott">{{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=Morgan |title=History of the Separate Baptist Church: With a Narrative of Other Denominations |date=1901 |publisher=Hollenbeck Press |page=103 |language=en}}</ref> Primitive Baptists emphasize the teaching that "God alone is the author of salvation and therefore any effort by human beings to make salvation happen or compel others to conversion is simply a form of 'works righteousness' that implies that sinners can affect or effect their own salvation."<ref name="Leonard2005">{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Bill J. |title=Baptists in America |date=1 April 2005 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50171-2 |page=104 |language=en}}</ref> As such, they have rejected the concept of missions.<ref name="Leonard2005"/>


===Regular Baptists===
===Regular Baptists===
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=== United Kingdom ===
=== United Kingdom ===
[[File:Baptistička crkva u Manchesteru.jpg|thumb|Particular Baptist Chapel in [[Manchester]]]]
[[File:Baptistička crkva u Manchesteru.jpg|thumb|Particular Baptist Chapel in [[Manchester]]]]
Reformed Baptist churches in the UK go back to the 1630s.<ref name=Ward /> Notable early pastors include the author [[John Bunyan]] (1628–88),<ref name= Ward /> [[Benjamin Keach]] (1640–1704), the theologian [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]] (1697–1771),<ref name=Ward /> [[John Brine]] (1703–64), [[Andrew Fuller]], and the missionary [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] (1761–1834).<ref name =Ward/> [[Charles Spurgeon]] (1834–92), pastor to the [[New Park Street Chapel]] (later the [[Metropolitan Tabernacle]]) in [[London]], has been called "by far the most famous and influential preacher the Baptists had."<ref>{{cite book|title= Religion in Victorian Britain: Traditions |page= 107|year= 1988|first = Gerald | last=Parsons|isbn=0-7190-2511-7 |publisher= Manchester University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YdpRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA107}}</ref> The Metropolitan Tabernacle itself has been particularly influential in the Reformed Baptist movement in the UK. Benjamin Keach, John Gill, [[John Rippon]] (1751–1836), Charles Spurgeon, and Peter Masters (mentioned below) have all pastored this same congregation. Their characteristic traits may be the founder (Keach, signer of the 1689), theologian (Gill), hymnist (Rippon), preacher (Spurgeon), and restorer (Masters).
Reformed Baptist churches in the UK go back to the 1630s.<ref name=Ward /> Notable early ministers include the author [[John Bunyan]] (1628–88),<ref name= Ward /> [[Benjamin Keach]] (1640–1704), the divine (theologian) [[John Gill (theologian)|John Gill]] (1697–1771),<ref name=Ward /> [[John Brine]] (1703–64), [[Andrew Fuller]], and the missionary [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] (1761–1834).<ref name =Ward/> [[Charles Spurgeon]] (1834–92), pastor to the [[New Park Street Chapel]] (later the [[Metropolitan Tabernacle]]) in [[London]], has been called "by far the most famous and influential preacher the Baptists had."<ref>{{cite book|title= Religion in Victorian Britain: Traditions |page= 107|year= 1988|first = Gerald | last=Parsons|isbn=0-7190-2511-7 |publisher= Manchester University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YdpRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA107}}</ref> The Metropolitan Tabernacle Baptist Church itself has been particularly influential in the Reformed Baptist strand in the UK. Benjamin Keach, John Gill, [[John Rippon]] (1751–1836), Charles Spurgeon, and Peter Masters (mentioned below) have all pastored this same church. Their characteristic traits may be the founder (Keach, signer of the Second London), theologian (Gill), hymnist (Rippon), preacher (Spurgeon), and restorer (Masters).


The 1950s saw a renewed interest in Reformed theology among Baptists in the UK.{{Sfn | Weaver | 2008 | p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=ksu3RA-fqzYC&pg=PA224 224]}}
The 1950s saw a renewed interest in Reformed theology among Baptists in the UK.{{Sfn | Weaver | 2008 | p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=ksu3RA-fqzYC&pg=PA224 224]}}
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===United States===
===United States===
Baptist churches in the United States continued to operate under the confessional statement, the 1689 London Baptist, but they renamed it according to the local associations in which it was adopted, first the Philadelphia Confession (1742, which includes two new chapters),<ref>{{citation |title=Philadelphia Baptist Confession of Faith (1742) |url= http://www.reformedreader.org/ccc/pctoc.htm|publisher = The Reformed Reader}}</ref> then the Charleston Confession (1761, adopted from the London without changes). When the [[Southern Baptist Theological Seminary]] was founded, its governing confession, the abstract of principles, was summarized form of the 1689 London Baptist Confession, and its founding president, [[James Petigru Boyce|James P. Boyce]] wrote his "Abstract of Systematic Theology" from an evident Calvinist position. The first major shift at the seminary away from Calvinism came at the leadership of [[Edgar Young Mullins|E. Y. Mullins]], president from 1899 to 1928.<ref>{{cite news | title= E.Y. Mullins: The Axioms of Religion |last=Mohler |first= Albert R. |access-date= 16 July 2009 |url= https://albertmohler.com/2009/07/16/e-y-mullins-the-axioms-of-religion}}</ref> Many of the developments in the U.K. mentioned above during the 1950s and following also made an impact on Baptists in America, seen especially in the Founders Movement (which was connected to the so-called "Conservative Resurgence" in the SBC) and in the works of men such as Walter Chantry,<ref>{{citation |title= Walter Chantry |url=https://banneroftruth.org/us/about/banner-authors/walter-j-chantry}}</ref> [[Roger Nicole]], and [[Ernest Reisinger]].
Baptist churches in the United States continued to operate under the confessional statement, the Second London Confession, but they renamed it according to the local associations in which it was adopted, first the Philadelphia Confession (1742, which includes two new articles),<ref>{{citation |title=Philadelphia Baptist Confession of Faith (1742) |url= http://www.reformedreader.org/ccc/pctoc.htm|publisher = The Reformed Reader}}</ref> then the Charleston Confession (1761, adopted from the London without changes). When the [[Southern Baptist Theological Seminary]] was founded, its governing confession, the abstract of principles, was summarized form of the Second London Confession, and its founding president, [[James Petigru Boyce|James P. Boyce]] wrote his "Abstract of Systematic Theology" from an evident Calvinist position. The first major shift at the seminary away from Calvinism came at the leadership of [[Edgar Young Mullins|E. Y. Mullins]], president from 1899 to 1928.<ref>{{cite news | title= E.Y. Mullins: The Axioms of Religion |last=Mohler |first= Albert R. |access-date= 16 July 2009 |url= https://albertmohler.com/2009/07/16/e-y-mullins-the-axioms-of-religion}}</ref> Many of the developments in the U.K. mentioned above during the 1950s and following also made an impact on Baptists in America, seen especially in the Founders Movement (which was connected to the so-called "Conservative Resurgence" in the SBC) and in the works of men such as Walter Chantry,<ref>{{citation |title= Walter Chantry |url=https://banneroftruth.org/us/about/banner-authors/walter-j-chantry}}</ref> [[Roger Nicole]], and [[Ernest Reisinger]].


In March 2009, noting the resurgence of Calvinism in the United States, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' listed several Baptists among current Calvinist leaders.<ref name="Time">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1884779_1884782_1884760,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031124/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1884779_1884782_1884760,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 March 2009 | title= The New Calvinism |last= Van Biema |first= David |date= 12 March 2009 | publisher= [[Time Magazine]] | access-date= 17 November 2012}}</ref> [[Albert Mohler]], president of The [[Southern Baptist Theological Seminary]], is a strong advocate of Calvinism, although his stand has received opposition from inside the [[Southern Baptist Convention]].<ref name="SBTS">{{cite book | title = Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1859–2009 |page= 542|year=2009|first= Gregory |last=Wills|isbn = 978-0-19-983120-3 |publisher=Oxford University Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vsE1kXv2OgYC&pg=PA542 | access-date =17 November 2012}}</ref> [[John Piper (theologian)|John Piper]], who was pastor at [[Bethlehem Baptist Church (Minneapolis)|Bethlehem Baptist Church]] in [[Minneapolis]] for 33 years, is one of several Baptists who have written in support of Calvinism.<ref name="SBTS"/>
In March 2009, noting the resurgence of Calvinism in the United States, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' listed several Baptists among current Calvinist leaders.<ref name="Time">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1884779_1884782_1884760,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031124/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1884779_1884782_1884760,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 March 2009 | title= The New Calvinism |last= Van Biema |first= David |date= 12 March 2009 | publisher= [[Time Magazine]] | access-date= 17 November 2012}}</ref> [[Albert Mohler]], president of The [[Southern Baptist Theological Seminary]], is a strong advocate of Calvinism, although his stand has received opposition from inside the [[Southern Baptist Convention]].<ref name="SBTS">{{cite book | title = Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1859–2009 |page= 542|year=2009|first= Gregory |last=Wills|isbn = 978-0-19-983120-3 |publisher=Oxford University Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vsE1kXv2OgYC&pg=PA542 | access-date =17 November 2012}}</ref> [[John Piper (theologian)|John Piper]], who was pastor at [[Bethlehem Baptist Church (Minneapolis)|Bethlehem Baptist Church]] in [[Minneapolis]] for 33 years, is one of several Baptists who have written in support of Calvinism.<ref name="SBTS"/>
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While the Southern Baptist Convention remains split on Calvinism,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Commission Resurgence: Fulfilling God's Mandate in Our Time |page=73|year=2010 |first=Chuck |last=Lawless|isbn = 978-1-4336-6970-5 |publisher= B&H |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=w4rj_louFH8C&pg=PA73| access-date = 17 November 2012}}</ref> there are a number of explicitly Reformed Baptist groups in the United States, including the [[Confessional Baptist Association]],<ref name="River">{{cite book|title=The Baptist river: essays on many tributaries of a diverse tradition| page= 273|year= 2006| editor-first = William Glenn | editor-last = Jonas|isbn=0-88146-030-3|publisher=Mercer University Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9cJjleldIVEC&pg=PA273}}</ref> the [[Continental Baptist Churches]],<ref name = "River" /> the [[Sovereign Grace Baptists|Sovereign Grace Baptist Association of Churches]],<ref name="River" /> and other [[Sovereign Grace Baptists]].{{Sfn | Weaver | 2008 | p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=ksu3RA-fqzYC&pg=PA220 220]}} Such groups have had some theological influence from other [[Reformed churches|Reformed]] denominations, such as the [[Orthodox Presbyterian Church]].{{Sfn | Brackney | 2009 | p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=Noz7WtnOV-kC&pg=PA473 473]}} An example of this is the 1995 adaptation of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church's [[Trinity Hymnal]] which was published for Reformed Baptist churches in America as the [[Trinity Hymnal#The Baptist Edition|Trinity Hymnal (Baptist Edition)]].<ref name="Music">{{cite book|last1=Music|first1=David W|title="I will sing the wondrous story": a history of Baptist hymnody in North America|last2=Richardson|first2=Paul Akers|year= 2008 | publisher =[[Mercer University Press]]|page=491 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zNaHK9lnR6MC&pg=PA491 |access-date=17 November 2012 |isbn= 978-0-86554-948-7}}</ref>
While the Southern Baptist Convention remains split on Calvinism,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Commission Resurgence: Fulfilling God's Mandate in Our Time |page=73|year=2010 |first=Chuck |last=Lawless|isbn = 978-1-4336-6970-5 |publisher= B&H |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=w4rj_louFH8C&pg=PA73| access-date = 17 November 2012}}</ref> there are a number of explicitly Reformed Baptist groups in the United States, including the [[Confessional Baptist Association]],<ref name="River">{{cite book|title=The Baptist river: essays on many tributaries of a diverse tradition| page= 273|year= 2006| editor-first = William Glenn | editor-last = Jonas|isbn=0-88146-030-3|publisher=Mercer University Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9cJjleldIVEC&pg=PA273}}</ref> the [[Continental Baptist Churches]],<ref name = "River" /> the [[Sovereign Grace Baptists|Sovereign Grace Baptist Association of Churches]],<ref name="River" /> and other [[Sovereign Grace Baptists]].{{Sfn | Weaver | 2008 | p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=ksu3RA-fqzYC&pg=PA220 220]}} Such groups have had some theological influence from other [[Reformed churches|Reformed]] denominations, such as the [[Orthodox Presbyterian Church]].{{Sfn | Brackney | 2009 | p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=Noz7WtnOV-kC&pg=PA473 473]}} An example of this is the 1995 adaptation of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church's [[Trinity Hymnal]] which was published for Reformed Baptist churches in America as the [[Trinity Hymnal#The Baptist Edition|Trinity Hymnal (Baptist Edition)]].<ref name="Music">{{cite book|last1=Music|first1=David W|title="I will sing the wondrous story": a history of Baptist hymnody in North America|last2=Richardson|first2=Paul Akers|year= 2008 | publisher =[[Mercer University Press]]|page=491 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zNaHK9lnR6MC&pg=PA491 |access-date=17 November 2012 |isbn= 978-0-86554-948-7}}</ref>


By 2000, Reformed Baptist groups in the United States totaled about 16,000 people in 400 congregations.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches |page=358|year=2010 |first=Robert E. |last = Johnson |isbn=978-0-521-70170-9 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DnsXxtEiNlAC&pg=PA358}}</ref>
By 2000, Calvinist Baptist in the United States totaled about 16,000 people in 400 congregations.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches |page=358|year=2010 |first=Robert E. |last = Johnson |isbn=978-0-521-70170-9 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DnsXxtEiNlAC&pg=PA358}}</ref>


Several Reformed Baptist Seminaries currently operate in the US; [[International Reformed Baptist Seminary (IRBS)]], [[Covenant Baptist Theological Seminary]], Grace Bible Theological Seminary, & Reformed Baptist Seminary are four that each subscribe to the 1689 London Baptist Confession in some form.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reformed Baptist Seminary|url=https://rbseminary.org/about|access-date=2021-04-21|website=Reformed Baptist Seminary|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRBS Theological Seminary|url=https://irbsseminary.org/about-us/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=IRBS Theological Seminary|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Covenant Baptist Theological Seminary|url=https://cbtseminary.org/about/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Covenant Baptist Theological Seminary|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About GBTS |url=https://gbtseminary.org/learn-about-gbtseminary |website=Grace Bible Theological Seminary |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref>
Several Reformed Baptist Seminaries currently operate in the US; [[International Reformed Baptist Seminary (IRBS)]], [[Covenant Baptist Theological Seminary]], Grace Bible Theological Seminary, & Reformed Baptist Seminary are four that each subscribe to the Second London Confession of Faith in some form.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reformed Baptist Seminary|url=https://rbseminary.org/about|access-date=2021-04-21|website=Reformed Baptist Seminary|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRBS Theological Seminary|url=https://irbsseminary.org/about-us/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=IRBS Theological Seminary|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Covenant Baptist Theological Seminary|url=https://cbtseminary.org/about/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Covenant Baptist Theological Seminary|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About GBTS |url=https://gbtseminary.org/learn-about-gbtseminary |website=Grace Bible Theological Seminary |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref>


====Sovereign Grace Baptist Association of Churches====
====Sovereign Grace Baptist Association of Churches====
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Notable Reformed Baptist figures in Africa include Conrad Mbewe in [[Zambia]], who has been compared to Spurgeon; Kenneth Mbugua and John Musyimi of Emmanuel Baptist Church Nairobi, Kenya.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church | volume = 7. Our Own Time |first= Hughes Oliphant | last= Old | author-link= Hughes Oliphant Old | isbn = 978-0-8028-1771-6 | publisher = William B Eerdmans |year=2010 |page=228 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xdwT0NZo0WUC&pg=PA22 |access-date= 17 November 2012}}</ref>
Notable Reformed Baptist figures in Africa include Conrad Mbewe in [[Zambia]], who has been compared to Spurgeon; Kenneth Mbugua and John Musyimi of Emmanuel Baptist Church Nairobi, Kenya.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church | volume = 7. Our Own Time |first= Hughes Oliphant | last= Old | author-link= Hughes Oliphant Old | isbn = 978-0-8028-1771-6 | publisher = William B Eerdmans |year=2010 |page=228 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xdwT0NZo0WUC&pg=PA22 |access-date= 17 November 2012}}</ref>


In [[South Africa]], the Afrikaanse Baptiste Kerke's 34 churches follow reformed doctrine, as opposed to the mainly English speaking [[Baptist Union of Southern Africa]], which does not.
In [[South Africa]], the Afrikaanse Baptiste Kerke's 34 churches follow Reformed doctrines, as opposed to the mainly English speaking [[Baptist Union of Southern Africa]], which does not.


===Europe===
===Europe===
There is a small but growing network of Reformed Baptist churches in Europe. The Italian churches are organized in the [[Evangelical Reformed Baptist Churches in Italy]] association; several French speaking churches sprung from the work of [[England|English]] [[missionary]] Stuart Olyott at the Église réformée baptiste de [[Lausanne]], [[Vaud|VD]], [[Switzerland|CH]], started in the 1960s.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.baptiste-lausanne.ch/ | title = Église réformée baptiste de Lausanne | language = fr |trans-title=Lausanne Reformed Baptist Church}}.</ref> There is a growing network of Reformed Baptist Churches in Ukraine. There are few small communities churches in Germany, where the largest is in [[Frankfurt am Main]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evangelisch-Reformierte Baptisten |url=https://erb-frankfurt.de/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |language=de-DE}}</ref> In March 2023, a new national association of churches formed in the United Kingdom, organized as the "Association of Confessional Baptist Churches in the United Kingdom".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Association of Confessional Baptist Churches in the United Kingdom |url=https://acbcuk.org/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>
There is a small but growing network of Reformed Baptist churches in Europe. The Italian churches are organized in the [[Evangelical Reformed Baptist Churches in Italy]] association; several French speaking churches sprung from the work of [[England|English]] [[missionary]] Stuart Olyott at the Église réformée baptiste de [[Lausanne]], [[Vaud|VD]], [[Switzerland|CH]], started in the 1960s.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.baptiste-lausanne.ch/ | title = Église Réformée Baptiste de Lausanne | language = fr |trans-title=Lausanne Reformed Baptist Church}}.</ref> There is a growing network of Reformed Baptist Churches in Ukraine. There are few small communities churches in Germany, where the largest is in [[Frankfurt am Main]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evangelisch-Reformierte Baptisten |url=https://erb-frankfurt.de/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |language=de-DE}}</ref> In March 2023, a new national association of churches formed in the United Kingdom, organized as the "Association of Confessional Baptist Churches in the United Kingdom".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Association of Confessional Baptist Churches in the United Kingdom |url=https://acbcuk.org/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>


===Brazil===
===Brazil===
In Brazil there is a modest association, the [[Comunhão Reformada Batista do Brasil]] (Baptist Reformed Communion of Brazil) sprung mostly from the work of US missionary Richard Denham at São José dos Campos, [[São Paulo|SP]].<ref>{{Citation |trans-title= Brazilian Reformed Baptist Communion | url = http://comunhaobatista.blogspot.com.br/ | title = Comunhão reformada batista do Brasil | publisher = Google blogger | language = pt}}.</ref> As it did not correspond to expectations of dynamism and effectiveness, it is being supplanted by a newer Convention, the {{ill|Convenção Batista Reformada do Brasil|pt|Convenção Batista Reformada do Brasil}} (Baptist Reformed Convention of Brazil).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convenção Batista Reformada do Brasil {{!}} Convenção Batista Reformada do Brasil |url=https://batistasreformados.com/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
In Brazil there is a modest association, the [[Comunhão Reformada Batista do Brasil]] (Baptist Reformed Communion of Brazil) sprung mostly from the work of US missionary Richard Denham at São José dos Campos, [[São Paulo|SP]].<ref>{{Citation |trans-title= Brazilian Reformed Baptist Communion | url = http://comunhaobatista.blogspot.com.br/ | title = Comunhão reformada batista do Brasil | publisher = Google blogger | language = pt}}.</ref> As it did not correspond to expectations of dynamism and effectiveness, it is being supplanted by a newer Convention, the {{ill|Convenção Batista Reformada do Brasil|pt|Convenção Batista Reformada do Brasil}} (Reformed Baptist Convention of Brazil).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convenção Batista Reformada do Brasil {{!}} Convenção Batista Reformada do Brasil |url=https://batistasreformados.com/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |language=pt-PT}}</ref>


===Canada===
===Canada===
====Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada====
====Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada====
{{main|Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada}}
{{main|Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada}}
The Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada (SGF) is a fellowship for Baptist churches in [[Canada]]<ref>{{cite book | title= Christianity and ethnicity in Canada |page= 2008|year= 2009| last1 =Bramadat | first1 = Paul | last2 = Seljak | first2 = David|isbn= 978-0-8020-9584-8 |publisher= University of Toronto Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4HzXN4HQkQC&pg=PA411 | access-date= 17 November 2012}}</ref> holding to either the [[1689 Baptist Confession of Faith|Baptist Confession of 1644 or 1689]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sgfcanada.com/introduction/constitution/ | title= Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada Website: Constitution | access-date = 17 November 2012}}</ref> SGF had 10 member churches when it was formally inaugurated, located in [[New Brunswick]] and [[Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sgfcanada.com/ | publisher =Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada | title = Introduction | access-date= 17 November 2012}}</ref> As of 2012, there were 14 churches, including the [[Jarvis Street Baptist Church]] in Toronto.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sgfcanada.com/introduction/member-churches/ | work = Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada | title = Member Churches|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> SGF is one of the Baptist groups associated with the [[Toronto Baptist Seminary and Bible College]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tbs.edu/mission/ | publisher = Toronto Baptist Seminary and Bible College | title = Mission | access-date = 17 November 2012}}</ref>
The Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada (SGF) is a fellowship of Baptist churches in [[Canada]]<ref>{{cite book | title= Christianity and ethnicity in Canada |page= 2008|year= 2009| last1 =Bramadat | first1 = Paul | last2 = Seljak | first2 = David|isbn= 978-0-8020-9584-8 |publisher= University of Toronto Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4HzXN4HQkQC&pg=PA411 | access-date= 17 November 2012}}</ref> holding to either the [[1644 Baptist Confession of Faith|First London Confession of Faith]] or the Second London.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sgfcanada.com/introduction/constitution/ | title= Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada Website: Constitution | access-date = 17 November 2012}}</ref> SGF had 10 member churches when it was formally inaugurated, located in [[New Brunswick]] and [[Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sgfcanada.com/ | publisher =Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada | title = Introduction | access-date= 17 November 2012}}</ref> As of 2012, there were 14 churches, including the [[Jarvis Street Baptist Church]] in Toronto.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sgfcanada.com/introduction/member-churches/ | work = Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada | title = Member Churches|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> SGF is one of the Baptist groups associated with the [[Toronto Baptist Seminary and Bible College]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tbs.edu/mission/ | publisher = Toronto Baptist Seminary and Bible College | title = Mission | access-date = 17 November 2012}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 11:56, 18 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Template:Calvinism Reformed Baptists, also called Particular Baptists, or Calvinist Baptists,[1] are Baptists that hold to a Calvinist soteriology (salvation belief teached by John Calvin).[2] The name "Reformed Baptist" dates from the latter part of the 20th century to denote Baptists who retained a Baptist ecclesiology, and reaffirmed Reformed biblical theology, such as Covenant theology. Calvinist Baptists adhere to varying degrees of Reformed theology, ranging from simply embracing the Five Points of Calvinism, to accepting the Baptist covenant theology; all Reformed Baptists reject the classical Reformed teaching on infant baptism, meaning that they reject infants as the proper subjects of baptism.[3] The first Calvinist Baptist church was formed in the 1630s.[1]

Reformed Baptists have produced two major confessions of faith as summary of their beliefs: The Second London Confession of Faith (1689) and the First London Confession of Faith (1644).[1] Benjamin Keach, John Gill and Charles Spurgeon were some of the most proeminent theologians for the Calvinist Baptist strand in England. Together with the General Baptists, the first strand, they form the Baptist tradition.

Reformed Baptist groups

Particular Baptists

Particular Baptists are Puritans that dissented from the Church of England in the 17th century and adopted credobaptism. They are the original Reformed Baptists, dating from the 1630s. Particular Baptists took their name from the doctrine of particular redemption, distinct from the older General Baptists strand.[4] They adhere to a higher degree of Reformed theology than other Calvinist Baptists groups and usually subscribe to the Second London Confession of Faith of 1689. Significant figures include John Bunyan, John Gill, and Charles Spurgeon.[5] In the last century, Particular Baptists became more popular as more Baptists identified with strong Puritan teachings.[6]

Strict Baptists

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Strict Baptists, also called Strict and Particular Baptists, are Particular Baptists that practice closed communion and generally prefer a more congregationalist polity, differentiating from other Reformed Baptist groups that share the same Calvinist soteriology.Template:Sfn The Strict Baptists arose in England in the 18th century, led by the radical itinerant minister William Gadsby. Their religious beliefs continue in the Gospel Standard Strict Baptist denomination.[7]

Primitive Baptists

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Primitive Baptists adhere to a Reformed soteriology.[8] Primitive Baptists emphasize the teaching that "God alone is the author of salvation and therefore any effort by human beings to make salvation happen or compel others to conversion is simply a form of 'works righteousness' that implies that sinners can affect or effect their own salvation."[9] As such, they have rejected the concept of missions.[9]

Regular Baptists

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Regular Baptists adhere to a Reformed soteriology.[8] Those who are Old Regular Baptists largely hold to the tenets of Calvinism, "but maintain that God never predestined anyone to hell and that only those who do not heed the Word of God will be lost."[10]

United Baptists

Certain denominations of United Baptists teach a Reformed soteriology.[8]

Sovereign Grace Baptists

Sovereign Grace Baptists in the broadest sense are any "Calvinistic" Baptists that accept God's sovereign grace[11] in salvation and predestination. In the narrower sense, certain churches and groups have preferred "Sovereign Grace" in their name, rather than using the terms "Calvinism", "Calvinist", or "Reformed Baptist". This includes some who prefer the 1644 Baptist Confession of Faith to the 1689 Confession, and who are critical of covenant theology.Template:Sfn

All of these groups generally agree with the Five Points of Calvinism – Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and Perseverance of the Saints. Groups calling themselves "Sovereign Grace Baptists" have been particularly influenced by the writings of John Gill in the 18th century.Template:Sfn Among American Baptists who have revived such Calvinist ideas were Rolfe P. Barnard and Henry T. Mahan, who organised the first Sovereign Grace Bible Conference in Ashland, Kentucky, in 1954,[12][13] though groups designated as Sovereign Grace are not necessarily connected to them.

Calvinistic Baptist groups presently using the term Sovereign Grace include the Sovereign Grace Baptist Association,[14] the Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada, and some among the growing Calvinist strand of Independent Baptists,[15] including several hundred Landmark Independent Baptist churches.[16]

By region

United Kingdom

File:Baptistička crkva u Manchesteru.jpg
Particular Baptist Chapel in Manchester

Reformed Baptist churches in the UK go back to the 1630s.[1] Notable early ministers include the author John Bunyan (1628–88),[1] Benjamin Keach (1640–1704), the divine (theologian) John Gill (1697–1771),[1] John Brine (1703–64), Andrew Fuller, and the missionary William Carey (1761–1834).[1] Charles Spurgeon (1834–92), pastor to the New Park Street Chapel (later the Metropolitan Tabernacle) in London, has been called "by far the most famous and influential preacher the Baptists had."[17] The Metropolitan Tabernacle Baptist Church itself has been particularly influential in the Reformed Baptist strand in the UK. Benjamin Keach, John Gill, John Rippon (1751–1836), Charles Spurgeon, and Peter Masters (mentioned below) have all pastored this same church. Their characteristic traits may be the founder (Keach, signer of the Second London), theologian (Gill), hymnist (Rippon), preacher (Spurgeon), and restorer (Masters).

The 1950s saw a renewed interest in Reformed theology among Baptists in the UK.Template:Sfn

Peter Masters, pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle in London, created the London Reformed Baptist Seminary in 1975.Template:Sfn

United States

Baptist churches in the United States continued to operate under the confessional statement, the Second London Confession, but they renamed it according to the local associations in which it was adopted, first the Philadelphia Confession (1742, which includes two new articles),[18] then the Charleston Confession (1761, adopted from the London without changes). When the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary was founded, its governing confession, the abstract of principles, was summarized form of the Second London Confession, and its founding president, James P. Boyce wrote his "Abstract of Systematic Theology" from an evident Calvinist position. The first major shift at the seminary away from Calvinism came at the leadership of E. Y. Mullins, president from 1899 to 1928.[19] Many of the developments in the U.K. mentioned above during the 1950s and following also made an impact on Baptists in America, seen especially in the Founders Movement (which was connected to the so-called "Conservative Resurgence" in the SBC) and in the works of men such as Walter Chantry,[20] Roger Nicole, and Ernest Reisinger.

In March 2009, noting the resurgence of Calvinism in the United States, Time listed several Baptists among current Calvinist leaders.[21] Albert Mohler, president of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, is a strong advocate of Calvinism, although his stand has received opposition from inside the Southern Baptist Convention.[22] John Piper, who was pastor at Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis for 33 years, is one of several Baptists who have written in support of Calvinism.[22]

While the Southern Baptist Convention remains split on Calvinism,[23] there are a number of explicitly Reformed Baptist groups in the United States, including the Confessional Baptist Association,[14] the Continental Baptist Churches,[14] the Sovereign Grace Baptist Association of Churches,[14] and other Sovereign Grace Baptists.Template:Sfn Such groups have had some theological influence from other Reformed denominations, such as the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.Template:Sfn An example of this is the 1995 adaptation of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church's Trinity Hymnal which was published for Reformed Baptist churches in America as the Trinity Hymnal (Baptist Edition).[24]

By 2000, Calvinist Baptist in the United States totaled about 16,000 people in 400 congregations.[25]

Several Reformed Baptist Seminaries currently operate in the US; International Reformed Baptist Seminary (IRBS), Covenant Baptist Theological Seminary, Grace Bible Theological Seminary, & Reformed Baptist Seminary are four that each subscribe to the Second London Confession of Faith in some form.[26][27][28][29]

Sovereign Grace Baptist Association of Churches

The Sovereign Grace Baptist Association of Churches (SGBA), which was organized in 1984,[14] sponsors an annual national conference and churches cooperate in missions, publications, retreats, camps and other activities. The Missionary Committee serves under the Executive Committee to screen candidates and recommend them to the churches for support. They currently (2009) are supporting one missionary endeavour. The Publication Committee reviews and approves submissions, and supplies literature to the churches. Grace News is published quarterly. A Confession of Faith was adopted in 1991. Membership in the SGBA is open to any Baptist church subscribing to the Constitution and Articles of Faith. There are 12 member churches, half of which are located in Michigan.[30] The association is recognised as an endorsing agent for United States military chaplains.[31]

Africa

Notable Reformed Baptist figures in Africa include Conrad Mbewe in Zambia, who has been compared to Spurgeon; Kenneth Mbugua and John Musyimi of Emmanuel Baptist Church Nairobi, Kenya.[32]

In South Africa, the Afrikaanse Baptiste Kerke's 34 churches follow Reformed doctrines, as opposed to the mainly English speaking Baptist Union of Southern Africa, which does not.

Europe

There is a small but growing network of Reformed Baptist churches in Europe. The Italian churches are organized in the Evangelical Reformed Baptist Churches in Italy association; several French speaking churches sprung from the work of English missionary Stuart Olyott at the Église réformée baptiste de Lausanne, VD, CH, started in the 1960s.[33] There is a growing network of Reformed Baptist Churches in Ukraine. There are few small communities churches in Germany, where the largest is in Frankfurt am Main.[34] In March 2023, a new national association of churches formed in the United Kingdom, organized as the "Association of Confessional Baptist Churches in the United Kingdom".[35]

Brazil

In Brazil there is a modest association, the Comunhão Reformada Batista do Brasil (Baptist Reformed Communion of Brazil) sprung mostly from the work of US missionary Richard Denham at São José dos Campos, SP.[36] As it did not correspond to expectations of dynamism and effectiveness, it is being supplanted by a newer Convention, the Template:Ill (Reformed Baptist Convention of Brazil).[37]

Canada

Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada (SGF) is a fellowship of Baptist churches in Canada[38] holding to either the First London Confession of Faith or the Second London.[39] SGF had 10 member churches when it was formally inaugurated, located in New Brunswick and Ontario.[40] As of 2012, there were 14 churches, including the Jarvis Street Baptist Church in Toronto.[41] SGF is one of the Baptist groups associated with the Toronto Baptist Seminary and Bible College.[42]

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..

Template:UK baptist denominations Template:US baptist denominations

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Template:Cite EB1911
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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