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==History== | ==History== | ||
The earliest extant description of what is now often called a cupcake was in 1796, when a recipe for "a light cake to bake in small cups" was written in ''[[American Cookery]]'' by [[Amelia Simmons]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Simmons | first = Amelia | editor-first = Karen | editor-last = Hess | title = American Cookery | edition = 2nd | orig-year = 1796 | location = [[Bedford, Massachusetts]], [[Albany, New York]] | publisher = [[Applewood Books]] | date = 1996| url = {{google books|id=_6CggcPs3iQC|page=48|plainurl=yes}} | page = 48 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Food Timeline|publisher=Lynne Olver|url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcakes.html#cupcakes}}</ref> The earliest extant documentation of the term ''cupcake'' itself was in "Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats" in 1828 in [[Eliza Leslie]]'s ''Receipts'' cookbook.<ref>Leslie, Eliza, ''Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats'' ([[Boston, Massachusetts]]: Munroe and Francis, 1828), [https://archive.org/stream/seventyfiverecei00lesl#page/60/mode/2up p. 61.]</ref><ref name="first">{{cite web |url=http://www.crazyaboutcupcakes.com/learning.htm#history |title=Food Timeline |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202125111/http://www.crazyaboutcupcakes.com/learning.htm#history |archive-date=2 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | The earliest extant description of what is now often called a cupcake was in 1796, when a recipe for "a light cake to bake in small cups" was written in ''[[American Cookery]]'' by [[Amelia Simmons]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Simmons | first = Amelia | editor-first = Karen | editor-last = Hess | title = American Cookery | edition = 2nd | orig-year = 1796 | location = [[Bedford, Massachusetts]], [[Albany, New York]] | publisher = [[Applewood Books]] | date = 1996| url = {{google books|id=_6CggcPs3iQC|page=48|plainurl=yes}} | page = 48 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Food Timeline|publisher=Lynne Olver|url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcakes.html#cupcakes|access-date=8 January 2008|archive-date=6 December 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141206134625/http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcakes.html%23cupcakes#cupcakes|url-status=live}}</ref> The earliest extant documentation of the term ''cupcake'' itself was in "Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats" in 1828 in [[Eliza Leslie]]'s ''Receipts'' cookbook.<ref>Leslie, Eliza, ''Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats'' ([[Boston, Massachusetts]]: Munroe and Francis, 1828), [https://archive.org/stream/seventyfiverecei00lesl#page/60/mode/2up p. 61.]</ref><ref name="first">{{cite web |url=http://www.crazyaboutcupcakes.com/learning.htm#history |title=Food Timeline |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202125111/http://www.crazyaboutcupcakes.com/learning.htm#history |archive-date=2 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
In the early 19th century, there were two different uses for the term ''cup cake'' or ''cupcake''. In previous centuries, before [[muffin tin]]s were widely available, the cakes were often baked in individual pottery cups, [[ramekin]]s, or molds and took their name from the cups they were baked in. This is the use that has remained, and ''cupcake'' now refers to any small, round cake that is about the size of a [[teacup]]. While English fairy cakes vary in size more than American cupcakes, they are traditionally smaller and are rarely topped with elaborate frosting.[[File:Unfrosted Cupcakes.jpg|thumb|left|Unfrosted cupcakes]] | In the early 19th century, there were two different uses for the term ''cup cake'' or ''cupcake''. In previous centuries, before [[muffin tin]]s were widely available, the [[Cake|cakes]] were often baked in individual pottery cups, [[ramekin]]s, or molds and took their name from the cups they were baked in. This is the use that has remained, and ''cupcake'' now refers to any small, round cake that is about the size of a [[teacup]]. While English fairy cakes vary in size more than American cupcakes, they are traditionally smaller and are rarely topped with elaborate frosting.[[File:Unfrosted Cupcakes.jpg|thumb|left|Unfrosted cupcakes]] | ||
The other kind of "cup cake" referred to a cake whose ingredients were measured by volume, using a standard-sized cup, instead of being weighed. Recipes whose ingredients were measured using a standard-sized cup could also be baked in cups; however, they were more commonly baked in tins as layers or loaves. In later years, when the use of volume measurements was firmly established in American home kitchens, these recipes became known as ''1234 cakes'' or ''quarter cakes'', so called because they are made up of four ingredients: one cup of butter, two cups of sugar, three cups of flour, and four eggs.<ref name="Food Timeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcakes.html#1234cake |title=The Food Timeline: cake history notes |access-date=14 March 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcakes.html#cupcakes Cupcakes] - Food Timeline</ref> They are plain yellow cakes, less rich and less expensive than [[pound cake]], due to using about half as much butter and eggs in comparison. | The other kind of "cup cake" referred to a [[cake]] whose ingredients were measured by volume, using a standard-sized cup, instead of being weighed. Recipes whose ingredients were measured using a standard-sized cup could also be baked in cups; however, they were more commonly baked in tins as layers or loaves. In later years, when the use of volume measurements was firmly established in American home kitchens, these recipes became known as ''1234 cakes'' or ''quarter cakes'', so called because they are made up of four ingredients: one cup of [[butter]], two cups of [[sugar]], three cups of [[flour]], and four eggs.<ref name="Food Timeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcakes.html#1234cake |title=The Food Timeline: cake history notes |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-date=6 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141206134625/http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcakes.html%23cupcakes#1234cake |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcakes.html#cupcakes Cupcakes] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20141206134625/http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcakes.html%23cupcakes#cupcakes |date=6 December 2014 }} - Food Timeline</ref> They are plain yellow cakes, less rich and less expensive than [[pound cake]], due to using about half as much butter and eggs in comparison. | ||
The names of these two major classes of cakes were intended to signal the method to the baker; "cup cake" uses a volume measurement, and "pound cake" uses a weight measurement.<ref name="Food Timeline"/> | The names of these two major classes of cakes were intended to signal the method to the baker; "cup cake" uses a volume measurement, and "[[pound cake]]" uses a weight measurement.<ref name="Food Timeline"/> | ||
==Recipes== | ==Recipes== | ||
[[File:Hostess-Cupcake-Whole.jpg|thumb|A [[Mass production|mass-produced]] [[Hostess CupCake]], a typical "[[snack cake]]" style of cupcake]] | [[File:Hostess-Cupcake-Whole.jpg|thumb|A [[Mass production|mass-produced]] [[Hostess CupCake]], a typical "[[snack cake]]" style of cupcake]] | ||
A standard cupcake uses the same basic ingredients as standard-sized cakes: [[butter]], [[sugar]], [[Egg (food)|eggs]], and [[flour]]. Nearly any [[recipe]] that is suitable for a [[layer cake]] can be used to bake cupcakes. The cake batter used for cupcakes may be flavored or have other ingredients stirred in, such as raisins, berries, nuts, or chocolate chips. | A standard cupcake uses the same basic ingredients as standard-sized cakes: [[butter]], [[sugar]], [[Egg (food)|eggs]], and [[flour]]. Nearly any [[recipe]] that is suitable for a [[layer cake]] can be used to bake cupcakes. The cake batter used for cupcakes may be flavored or have other ingredients stirred in, such as [[Raisin|raisins]], [[Berry|berries]], nuts, or [[Chocolate chip|chocolate chips]]. | ||
Because their small size is more efficient for heat conduction, cupcakes bake much faster than a normal layered cake.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sakin|first1=Melike|last2=Kaymak-Ertekin|first2=Figen|last3=Ilicali|first3=Coskan|date=2007-12-01|title=Simultaneous heat and mass transfer simulation applied to convective oven cup cake baking|journal=Journal of Food Engineering |volume=83|issue=3|pages=463–474|doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.04.007}}</ref> | Because their small size is more efficient for heat conduction, cupcakes bake much faster than a normal layered cake.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sakin|first1=Melike|last2=Kaymak-Ertekin|first2=Figen|last3=Ilicali|first3=Coskan|date=2007-12-01|title=Simultaneous heat and mass transfer simulation applied to convective oven cup cake baking|journal=Journal of Food Engineering |volume=83|issue=3|pages=463–474|doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.04.007}}</ref> | ||
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Cupcakes may be topped with frosting or other [[Cake decorating|cake decorations]]. Elaborately decorated cupcakes may be made for special occasions. | Cupcakes may be topped with frosting or other [[Cake decorating|cake decorations]]. Elaborately decorated cupcakes may be made for special occasions. | ||
[[File:Food_Syringe_(8612669736).jpg|thumb|A plastic food syringe can be used to squirt frosting or other fillings inside a cupcake.]] | [[File:Food_Syringe_(8612669736).jpg|thumb|A plastic food syringe can be used to squirt frosting or other fillings inside a cupcake.]] | ||
They may be filled with frosting, fruit, or pastry cream. For bakers making a small number of filled cupcakes, this is usually accomplished by using a spoon or knife to scoop a small hole in the top of the cupcake. Another method is to just insert the pastry bag in the middle of the cupcake. In commercial bakeries, the filling may be injected using a [[syringe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mead |first=Wendy |date=2023-11-12 |title=What Is A Cake Decorating Syringe And How Do You Use One? |url=https://www.thedailymeal.com/1441269/cake-decorating-syringe-how-use/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=The Daily Meal |language=en-US}}</ref> | They may be filled with frosting, fruit, or pastry cream. For bakers making a small number of filled cupcakes, this is usually accomplished by using a spoon or knife to scoop a small hole in the top of the cupcake. Another method is to just insert the pastry bag in the middle of the cupcake. In commercial bakeries, the filling may be injected using a [[syringe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mead |first=Wendy |date=2023-11-12 |title=What Is A Cake Decorating Syringe And How Do You Use One? |url=https://www.thedailymeal.com/1441269/cake-decorating-syringe-how-use/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=The Daily Meal |language=en-US |archive-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114135838/https://www.thedailymeal.com/1441269/cake-decorating-syringe-how-use/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
== Pans and liners == | == Pans and liners == | ||
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Originally, cupcakes were baked in heavy pottery cups. Some bakers still use individual [[ramekin]]s, small [[coffee mugs]], large tea cups, or other small ovenproof pottery-type dishes for baking cupcakes. | Originally, cupcakes were baked in heavy pottery cups. Some bakers still use individual [[ramekin]]s, small [[coffee mugs]], large tea cups, or other small ovenproof pottery-type dishes for baking cupcakes. | ||
Cupcakes are now usually baked in [[muffin tin]]s. These pans are most often made from metal, with or without a [[non-stick surface]], and generally have six or twelve depressions or "cups". They may also be made from [[stoneware]], [[Bakeware#Non-metallic cookware|silicone rubber]], or other materials. A standard size cup is {{convert|3|in|mm}} in diameter and holds about {{convert|4|oz|g}}, although pans for both miniature and jumbo size cupcakes exist.<ref name="Joy">{{cite web |url=http://www.joyofbaking.com/muffins/muffins.html |title=The Joy of Baking }} Scroll down the page to section labeled "PANS".</ref> Specialty pans may offer many different sizes and shapes. | Cupcakes are now usually baked in [[muffin tin]]s. These pans are most often made from metal, with or without a [[non-stick surface]], and generally have six or twelve depressions or "cups". They may also be made from [[stoneware]], [[Bakeware#Non-metallic cookware|silicone rubber]], or other materials. A standard size cup is {{convert|3|in|mm}} in [[diameter]] and holds about {{convert|4|oz|g}}, although pans for both miniature and jumbo size cupcakes exist.<ref name="Joy">{{cite web |url=http://www.joyofbaking.com/muffins/muffins.html |title=The Joy of Baking |access-date=27 August 2008 |archive-date=11 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411160102/http://joyofbaking.com/muffins/muffins.html |url-status=live }} Scroll down the page to section labeled "PANS".</ref> Specialty pans may offer many different sizes and shapes. | ||
[[File:Fairy cakes close up on tray.jpg|thumb|Cupcakes may be plain cakes without any [[Icing (food)|frosting]] or other decoration. These were baked on a flat [[baking sheet]] in a double layer of paper cupcake liners.]] | [[File:Fairy cakes close up on tray.jpg|thumb|Cupcakes may be plain cakes without any [[Icing (food)|frosting]] or other decoration. These were baked on a flat [[baking sheet]] in a double layer of paper cupcake liners.]] | ||
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== Variants == | == Variants == | ||
* A ''mug cake'' (sometimes known as a ''cake in a mug'') is a variant that gained popularity on many Internet cooking forums and mailing lists. The technique uses a mug as its cooking vessel and can be done in a [[microwave oven]]. The recipe often takes fewer than five minutes to prepare. | * A ''mug cake'' (sometimes known as a ''cake in a mug'') is a variant that gained popularity on many Internet cooking forums and mailing lists. The technique uses a [[mug]] as its cooking vessel and can be done in a [[microwave oven]]. The [[recipe]] often takes fewer than five minutes to prepare. | ||
* A ''cake in a jar'' is a variant where a glass jar is used instead of mugs, trays or liners. | * A ''cake in a jar'' is a variant where a glass jar is used instead of mugs, trays or liners. | ||
* A ''butterfly cake'' is a variant of cupcake,<ref name="farrow">{{cite book |last=Farrow |first=Joanna |url=https://archive.org/details/cupcakes0000farr/page/40 |title=Cupcakes |publisher=Whitecap Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-55285-626-0 |location=Vancouver |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cupcakes0000farr/page/40 40–41]}}</ref><ref name="mackley">{{cite book |last=Mackley |first=Lesley |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofafternoont00mack/page/69 |title=The Book of Afternoon Tea |publisher=HP Books |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-55788-046-8 |location=Los Angeles |page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofafternoont00mack/page/69 69]}}</ref><ref name="moskin">{{cite book |last1=Moskin |first1=Julia |url=https://archive.org/details/galegandsjustbit00gale/page/68 |title=Gale Gand's just a bite: 125 luscious little desserts |last2=Gand |first2=Gale |publisher=Clarkson Potter |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-609-60825-8 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/galegandsjustbit00gale/page/68 68–69]}}</ref><ref name="byrn">{{cite book |author=Byrn, Anne |url=https://archive.org/details/cupcakesfromcake0000byrn |title=Cupcakes: From the Cake Mix Doctor |publisher=Workman Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7611-3548-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cupcakesfromcake0000byrn/page/98 98–100] |url-access=registration}}</ref> also called ''fairy cake'' for its fairy-like "wings".<ref name="klivins">{{cite book |last=Klivans |first=Elinor |url=https://archive.org/details/cupcakes0000kliv/page/80 |title=Cupcakes |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8118-4545-8 |location=San Francisco |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cupcakes0000kliv/page/80 80–81]}}</ref> The top of the cake is separated and split in half. A filling (e.g. icing or [[jam]]) is placed into the hole. The two halves are placed onto the filling to resemble wings. Other decorations, such as sprinkles and icing sugar, are often added over the cake. | * A ''butterfly cake'' is a variant of cupcake,<ref name="farrow">{{cite book |last=Farrow |first=Joanna |url=https://archive.org/details/cupcakes0000farr/page/40 |title=Cupcakes |publisher=Whitecap Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-55285-626-0 |location=Vancouver |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cupcakes0000farr/page/40 40–41]}}</ref><ref name="mackley">{{cite book |last=Mackley |first=Lesley |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofafternoont00mack/page/69 |title=The Book of Afternoon Tea |publisher=HP Books |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-55788-046-8 |location=Los Angeles |page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofafternoont00mack/page/69 69]}}</ref><ref name="moskin">{{cite book |last1=Moskin |first1=Julia |url=https://archive.org/details/galegandsjustbit00gale/page/68 |title=Gale Gand's just a bite: 125 luscious little desserts |last2=Gand |first2=Gale |publisher=Clarkson Potter |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-609-60825-8 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/galegandsjustbit00gale/page/68 68–69]}}</ref><ref name="byrn">{{cite book |author=Byrn, Anne |url=https://archive.org/details/cupcakesfromcake0000byrn |title=Cupcakes: From the Cake Mix Doctor |publisher=Workman Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7611-3548-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cupcakesfromcake0000byrn/page/98 98–100] |url-access=registration}}</ref> also called ''fairy cake'' for its fairy-like "wings".<ref name="klivins">{{cite book |last=Klivans |first=Elinor |url=https://archive.org/details/cupcakes0000kliv/page/80 |title=Cupcakes |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8118-4545-8 |location=San Francisco |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cupcakes0000kliv/page/80 80–81]}}</ref> The top of the cake is separated and split in half. A filling (e.g. icing or [[jam]]) is placed into the hole. The two halves are placed onto the filling to resemble wings. Other decorations, such as sprinkles and icing sugar, are often added over the cake. | ||
* Elaborately frosted cupcakes may be made for special occasions such as baby showers, graduations, or holidays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cupcakes {{!}} How To and Instructions {{!}} Martha Stewart |url=http://www.marthastewart.com/275475/fancy-cupcakes/@center/276944/cupcakes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202736/http://www.marthastewart.com/275475/fancy-cupcakes/@center/276944/cupcakes |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> | * Elaborately frosted cupcakes may be made for special occasions such as baby showers, graduations, or holidays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cupcakes {{!}} How To and Instructions {{!}} Martha Stewart |url=http://www.marthastewart.com/275475/fancy-cupcakes/@center/276944/cupcakes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202736/http://www.marthastewart.com/275475/fancy-cupcakes/@center/276944/cupcakes |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> | ||
* A ''[[cake ball]]'' or ''cake pop'' is an individual portion of cake, round like a [[chocolate truffle]], that is coated in chocolate.<ref>[http://guardian.co.tt/business/life/2010/02/07/cool-cakes-2010 "Cool Cakes for 2010" by Simone Sant-Ghuran (7 Feb 2010) at The Guardian Trinidad and Tobago] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214152953/http://guardian.co.tt/business/life/2010/02/07/cool-cakes-2010|date=14 February 2010}}</ref> These are typically formed from crumbled cake mixed with frosting, rather than being baked as a sphere. | * A ''[[cake ball]]'' or ''[[cake pop]]'' is an individual portion of cake, round like a [[chocolate truffle]], that is coated in chocolate.<ref>[http://guardian.co.tt/business/life/2010/02/07/cool-cakes-2010 "Cool Cakes for 2010" by Simone Sant-Ghuran (7 Feb 2010) at The Guardian Trinidad and Tobago] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214152953/http://guardian.co.tt/business/life/2010/02/07/cool-cakes-2010|date=14 February 2010}}</ref> These are typically formed from crumbled cake mixed with frosting, rather than being baked as a sphere. | ||
* A ''gourmet cupcake'' is a recent variant of cupcake. Gourmet cupcakes are large and filled cupcakes, based around a variety of flavor themes, such as [[Tiramisu]] or [[Cappuccino]]. In recent years there has been an increase in stores that sell only gourmet cupcakes.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |date=4 February 2006 |title=New York Cupcakes |url=http://www.littleviews.com/home/newyork/ny_cupcakes.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405113522/http://www.littleviews.com/home/newyork/ny_cupcakes.cfm |archive-date=5 April 2011 |access-date=29 March 2011 |publisher=Little Views}}</ref> | * A ''gourmet cupcake'' is a recent variant of cupcake. Gourmet cupcakes are large and filled cupcakes, based around a variety of flavor themes, such as [[Tiramisu]] or [[Cappuccino]]. In recent years there has been an increase in stores that sell only gourmet cupcakes.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |date=4 February 2006 |title=New York Cupcakes |url=http://www.littleviews.com/home/newyork/ny_cupcakes.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405113522/http://www.littleviews.com/home/newyork/ny_cupcakes.cfm |archive-date=5 April 2011 |access-date=29 March 2011 |publisher=Little Views}}</ref> | ||
* As an alternative to a plate of individual cakes, some bakers place standard cupcakes into a pattern and frost them to create a large design, such as a basket of flowers or a [[turtle]].<ref>See, for example, [http://www.bettycrocker.com/recipes/recipe.aspx?recipeId=40766 this recipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201004207/http://www.bettycrocker.com/recipes/recipe.aspx?recipeId=40766|date=1 December 2008}} for a turtle-shaped cake made from cupcakes, or [https://www.flickr.com/photos/cakewalkbu3/sets/72157606961816911/ these photos].</ref> | * As an alternative to a plate of individual cakes, some bakers place standard cupcakes into a pattern and frost them to create a large design, such as a basket of flowers or a [[turtle]].<ref>See, for example, [http://www.bettycrocker.com/recipes/recipe.aspx?recipeId=40766 this recipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201004207/http://www.bettycrocker.com/recipes/recipe.aspx?recipeId=40766 |date=1 December 2008 }} for a turtle-shaped cake made from cupcakes, or [https://www.flickr.com/photos/cakewalkbu3/sets/72157606961816911/ these photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105051443/https://www.flickr.com/photos/cakewalkbu3/sets/72157606961816911/ |date=5 November 2015 }}.</ref> | ||
* A ''cupcake cone'' or ''cupcone'' is a cupcake baked in an [[ice cream cone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candy-Topped Cupcake Cones |url=https://www.bettycrocker.com/recipes/candy-topped-cupcake-cones/36095491-547e-49eb-9679-155b47eeb217 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=BettyCrocker.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Funfetti® Cupcake Cones - Pillsbury Baking |url=https://www.pillsburybaking.com/recipes/funfetti-cupcake-cones-8554/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=www.pillsburybaking.com |language=en-US}}</ref> After baking, icing or other decorations may be added. | * A ''cupcake cone'' or ''cupcone'' is a cupcake baked in an [[ice cream cone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candy-Topped Cupcake Cones |url=https://www.bettycrocker.com/recipes/candy-topped-cupcake-cones/36095491-547e-49eb-9679-155b47eeb217 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=BettyCrocker.com |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325222130/https://www.bettycrocker.com/recipes/candy-topped-cupcake-cones/36095491-547e-49eb-9679-155b47eeb217 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Funfetti® Cupcake Cones - Pillsbury Baking |url=https://www.pillsburybaking.com/recipes/funfetti-cupcake-cones-8554/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=www.pillsburybaking.com |language=en-US |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325222130/https://www.pillsburybaking.com/recipes/funfetti-cupcake-cones-8554/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After baking, icing or other decorations may be added. | ||
<gallery mode="packed" widths="180" heights="160" caption="Examples of cupcake variations"> | <gallery mode="packed" widths="180" heights="160" caption="Examples of cupcake variations"> | ||
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==Themes== | ==Themes== | ||
[[File:Periodic Table Elements Cupcakes FF2009 10 02 crop.JPG|thumb|right|Periodic Table of Cupcakes]]Cupcakes are sometimes used to celebrate and illustrate specific events or themes. Popular themes include unicorns and mermaids.<ref name=":0">“Little Gems: Why Small Has Become Beautiful.” August 2019. ''British Baker'', 31–33.</ref> Holiday-themed cupcakes, such as reindeer at Christmas, are popular in grocery stores.<ref name=":0" /> | [[File:Periodic Table Elements Cupcakes FF2009 10 02 crop.JPG|thumb|right|Periodic Table of Cupcakes]]Cupcakes are sometimes used to celebrate and illustrate specific events or themes. Popular themes include [[Unicorn|unicorns]] and mermaids.<ref name=":0">“Little Gems: Why Small Has Become Beautiful.” August 2019. ''British Baker'', 31–33.</ref> Holiday-themed cupcakes, such as [[reindeer]] at Christmas, are popular in grocery stores.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
Among educational themes, a periodic table of cupcakes is a collection of decorated cupcakes arranged in order to represent the atomic elements of the [[periodic table]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 2019 |title=The most beautiful table |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0262407919303446 |journal=New Scientist |language=en |volume=241 |issue=3219 |pages=5 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(19)30344-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The cupcakes are usually frosted with the appropriate atomic number and chemical symbol.<ref>{{cite news |title=Periodic Table Cupcakes |work=HuffPost |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/periodic-table-cupcakes |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> The first person to bake and ice a set of cupcakes organized and colored to represent the elements of the periodic table was [[Ida Freund]] in 1908.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lykknes |first1=Annette |author-link=Annette Lykknes |title=Women In Their Element: Selected Women's Contributions To The Periodic System |last2=Tiggelen |first2=Brigitte Van |date=2019-08-05 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-12-0630-6 |pages=457 |language=en |chapter=Cupcakes and Chemical Composition: Ida Freund's Legacy |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZmxDwAAQBAJ&dq=cupcake+%22periodic+table%22&pg=PA457}}</ref> The first woman to hold a post as a university chemistry lecturer in the UK, Freund used the cupcakes as a pedagogical tool to engage and amuse her female students at Cambridge University.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Margaret |last2=Dronsfield |first2=Alan |date=September 2004 |title=Ida Freund – pioneer of women's education in chemistry |url=https://edu.rsc.org/download?ac=133519 |website=Education in Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |quote=We found a very large board with the Table set out. The divisions across and down were made with [[Edinburgh Rock]], numbers were made of chocolate, and the elements were ice cakes each showing its name and atomic weight in icing.}}</ref> | Among educational themes, a periodic table of cupcakes is a collection of decorated cupcakes arranged in order to represent the atomic elements of the [[periodic table]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 2019 |title=The most beautiful table |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0262407919303446 |journal=New Scientist |language=en |volume=241 |issue=3219 |pages=5 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(19)30344-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The cupcakes are usually frosted with the appropriate atomic number and chemical symbol.<ref>{{cite news |title=Periodic Table Cupcakes |work=HuffPost |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/periodic-table-cupcakes |access-date=7 January 2014 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108144745/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/periodic-table-cupcakes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first person to bake and ice a set of cupcakes organized and colored to represent the elements of the periodic table was [[Ida Freund]] in 1908.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lykknes |first1=Annette |author-link=Annette Lykknes |title=Women In Their Element: Selected Women's Contributions To The Periodic System |last2=Tiggelen |first2=Brigitte Van |date=2019-08-05 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-12-0630-6 |pages=457 |language=en |chapter=Cupcakes and Chemical Composition: Ida Freund's Legacy |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZmxDwAAQBAJ&dq=cupcake+%22periodic+table%22&pg=PA457}}</ref> The first woman to hold a post as a university chemistry lecturer in the UK, Freund used the cupcakes as a pedagogical tool to engage and amuse her female students at Cambridge University.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Margaret |last2=Dronsfield |first2=Alan |date=September 2004 |title=Ida Freund – pioneer of women's education in chemistry |url=https://edu.rsc.org/download?ac=133519 |website=Education in Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |quote=We found a very large board with the Table set out. The divisions across and down were made with [[Edinburgh Rock]], numbers were made of chocolate, and the elements were ice cakes each showing its name and atomic weight in icing. |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615210803/https://edu.rsc.org/download?ac=133519 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
<gallery mode="packed" widths="180" caption="Examples of cupcake themes"> | <gallery mode="packed" widths="180" caption="Examples of cupcake themes"> | ||
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In the early 21st century, a trend for cupcake shops, specialized bakeries that sell little or nothing except cupcakes, developed in the United States. This trend played off of the sense of nostalgia evoked by the cakes. In New York City, cupcake shops like [[Magnolia Bakery]] gained publicity in their appearances on popular television shows like HBO's ''[[Sex and the City]]''.<ref name="Trend">{{cite news |date=15 January 2010 |title=Cupcake Passion More Than a Trend |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-23/living/cupcake.craze_1_cupcake-craze-classroom-birthday-parties-chocolate?_s=PM:LIVING |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025172048/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-23/living/cupcake.craze_1_cupcake-craze-classroom-birthday-parties-chocolate?_s=PM:LIVING |archive-date=25 October 2010 |access-date=27 October 2010 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> | In the early 21st century, a trend for cupcake shops, specialized bakeries that sell little or nothing except cupcakes, developed in the United States. This trend played off of the sense of nostalgia evoked by the cakes. In New York City, cupcake shops like [[Magnolia Bakery]] gained publicity in their appearances on popular television shows like HBO's ''[[Sex and the City]]''.<ref name="Trend">{{cite news |date=15 January 2010 |title=Cupcake Passion More Than a Trend |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-23/living/cupcake.craze_1_cupcake-craze-classroom-birthday-parties-chocolate?_s=PM:LIVING |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025172048/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-23/living/cupcake.craze_1_cupcake-craze-classroom-birthday-parties-chocolate?_s=PM:LIVING |archive-date=25 October 2010 |access-date=27 October 2010 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> | ||
[[Crumbs Bake Shop]], a publicly traded business running the largest cupcake shop chain in the U.S., reached its peak stock price in 2011. Declining sales, due to competition from locally owned mom-and-pop specialty stores as well as increased competition from grocery stores, caused a sharp decline in the company's prospects and stock price in 2013.<ref name="Maltby">{{cite news |last1=Maltby |first1=Emily |last2=Needleman |first2=Sarah |date=17 April 2013 |title=Forget Gold, the Gourmet Cupcake Market Is Crashing |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324345804578425291917117814 |access-date=28 April 2013 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> | [[Crumbs Bake Shop]], a publicly traded business running the largest cupcake shop chain in the U.S., reached its peak stock price in 2011. Declining sales, due to competition from locally owned mom-and-pop specialty stores as well as increased competition from grocery stores, caused a sharp decline in the company's prospects and stock price in 2013.<ref name="Maltby">{{cite news |last1=Maltby |first1=Emily |last2=Needleman |first2=Sarah |date=17 April 2013 |title=Forget Gold, the Gourmet Cupcake Market Is Crashing |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324345804578425291917117814 |access-date=28 April 2013 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924225522/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324345804578425291917117814 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
[[Georgetown Cupcake]] was the first cupcakery to open in Washington, D.C. The cupcake shop gained widespread publicity after the 2010 premier of [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]]'s ''[[DC Cupcakes]]'', a six-part reality show about the shop and its owners, sisters Sophie LaMontagne and Katherine Kallinis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Cindy |date=15 July 2010 |title='DC Cupcakes': Washington's purveyors of power pastry |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2010-07-15-dccupcakes15_ST_N.htm |work=USA Today}}</ref> | [[Georgetown Cupcake]] was the first cupcakery to open in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]]. The cupcake shop gained widespread publicity after the 2010 premier of [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]]'s ''[[DC Cupcakes]]'', a six-part reality show about the shop and its owners, sisters Sophie LaMontagne and Katherine Kallinis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Cindy |date=15 July 2010 |title='DC Cupcakes': Washington's purveyors of power pastry |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2010-07-15-dccupcakes15_ST_N.htm |work=USA Today |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=4 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119103950/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2010-07-15-dccupcakes15_ST_N.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
Based in Beverly Hills, California, [[Sprinkles Cupcakes]] is owned by [[Candace Nelson]], who is also a star judge on the [[Food Network]]'s ''[[Cupcake Wars]]'', and her husband, Charles Nelson.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2012 |title=Why We Love The Cupcake |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/14/candace-nelsons-sprinkles-cupcakes_n_2133153.html |work=HuffPost}}</ref> Sprinkles is the first cupcake shop to debut a cupcake ATM, which could hold up to 350 cupcakes at one time.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 January 2014 |title=More cupcakes! Sprinkles shuts down ATM to increase capacity (Video) |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2014/01/17/sprinkles-cupcake-atm-shuts-down-for.html |access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref> | Based in Beverly Hills, California, [[Sprinkles Cupcakes]] is owned by [[Candace Nelson]], who is also a star judge on the [[Food Network]]'s ''[[Cupcake Wars]]'', and her husband, Charles Nelson.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2012 |title=Why We Love The Cupcake |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/14/candace-nelsons-sprinkles-cupcakes_n_2133153.html |work=HuffPost |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=4 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107192912/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/14/candace-nelsons-sprinkles-cupcakes_n_2133153.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sprinkles is the first cupcake shop to debut a cupcake ATM, which could hold up to 350 cupcakes at one time.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 January 2014 |title=More cupcakes! Sprinkles shuts down ATM to increase capacity (Video) |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2014/01/17/sprinkles-cupcake-atm-shuts-down-for.html |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020181015/https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2014/01/17/sprinkles-cupcake-atm-shuts-down-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
Latest revision as of 03:38, 15 December 2025
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A cupcake (AmE, CanE), fairy cake (BrE), or bun (IrE) is a small cake designed to serve one person, which may be baked in a small thin paper or aluminum cup. As with larger cakes, frosting, icing and various other cake decorations such as fruit and candy may be applied.
History
The earliest extant description of what is now often called a cupcake was in 1796, when a recipe for "a light cake to bake in small cups" was written in American Cookery by Amelia Simmons.[1][2] The earliest extant documentation of the term cupcake itself was in "Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats" in 1828 in Eliza Leslie's Receipts cookbook.[3][4]
In the early 19th century, there were two different uses for the term cup cake or cupcake. In previous centuries, before muffin tins were widely available, the cakes were often baked in individual pottery cups, ramekins, or molds and took their name from the cups they were baked in. This is the use that has remained, and cupcake now refers to any small, round cake that is about the size of a teacup. While English fairy cakes vary in size more than American cupcakes, they are traditionally smaller and are rarely topped with elaborate frosting.
The other kind of "cup cake" referred to a cake whose ingredients were measured by volume, using a standard-sized cup, instead of being weighed. Recipes whose ingredients were measured using a standard-sized cup could also be baked in cups; however, they were more commonly baked in tins as layers or loaves. In later years, when the use of volume measurements was firmly established in American home kitchens, these recipes became known as 1234 cakes or quarter cakes, so called because they are made up of four ingredients: one cup of butter, two cups of sugar, three cups of flour, and four eggs.[5][6] They are plain yellow cakes, less rich and less expensive than pound cake, due to using about half as much butter and eggs in comparison.
The names of these two major classes of cakes were intended to signal the method to the baker; "cup cake" uses a volume measurement, and "pound cake" uses a weight measurement.[5]
Recipes
A standard cupcake uses the same basic ingredients as standard-sized cakes: butter, sugar, eggs, and flour. Nearly any recipe that is suitable for a layer cake can be used to bake cupcakes. The cake batter used for cupcakes may be flavored or have other ingredients stirred in, such as raisins, berries, nuts, or chocolate chips.
Because their small size is more efficient for heat conduction, cupcakes bake much faster than a normal layered cake.[7]
Cupcakes may be topped with frosting or other cake decorations. Elaborately decorated cupcakes may be made for special occasions.
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They may be filled with frosting, fruit, or pastry cream. For bakers making a small number of filled cupcakes, this is usually accomplished by using a spoon or knife to scoop a small hole in the top of the cupcake. Another method is to just insert the pastry bag in the middle of the cupcake. In commercial bakeries, the filling may be injected using a syringe.[8]
Pans and liners
Originally, cupcakes were baked in heavy pottery cups. Some bakers still use individual ramekins, small coffee mugs, large tea cups, or other small ovenproof pottery-type dishes for baking cupcakes.
Cupcakes are now usually baked in muffin tins. These pans are most often made from metal, with or without a non-stick surface, and generally have six or twelve depressions or "cups". They may also be made from stoneware, silicone rubber, or other materials. A standard size cup is Script error: No such module "convert". in diameter and holds about Script error: No such module "convert"., although pans for both miniature and jumbo size cupcakes exist.[9] Specialty pans may offer many different sizes and shapes.
Individual patty cases, or cupcake liners, may be used in baking. These are typically round sheets of thin paper pressed into a round, fluted cup shape. Liners can facilitate the easy removal of the cupcake from the tin after baking, keep the cupcake more moist, and reduce the effort needed to clean the pan.[9] The use of liners is also considered a more sanitary option when cupcakes are being passed from hand to hand. Like cupcake pans, several sizes of paper liners are available, from miniature to jumbo.
In addition to paper, cupcake liners may be made from very thin aluminum foil or, in a reusable version, silicone rubber. Because they can stand up on their own, foil and silicone liners can also be used on a flat baking sheet, which makes them popular among people who do not have a specialized muffin tin. Some of the largest paper liners are not fluted and are made out of thicker paper, often rolled at the top edge for additional strength, so that they can also stand independently for baking without a cupcake tin. Some bakers use two or three thin paper liners, nested together, to simulate the strength of a single foil cup.
Liners, which are also called paper cases, come in a variety of sizes. Slightly different sizes are considered "standard" in different countries. Miniature cases are commonly Script error: No such module "convert". in diameter at the base and Script error: No such module "convert". tall. Standard-size cases range from Script error: No such module "convert". in diameter at the base and are Script error: No such module "convert". tall. Australian and Swedish bakers are accustomed to taller paper cases with a larger diameter at the top than American and British bakers.[10]
The cupcone is a cupcake baked directly in an edible, flat-bottomed ice cream cone.
Variants
- A mug cake (sometimes known as a cake in a mug) is a variant that gained popularity on many Internet cooking forums and mailing lists. The technique uses a mug as its cooking vessel and can be done in a microwave oven. The recipe often takes fewer than five minutes to prepare.
- A cake in a jar is a variant where a glass jar is used instead of mugs, trays or liners.
- A butterfly cake is a variant of cupcake,[11][12][13][14] also called fairy cake for its fairy-like "wings".[15] The top of the cake is separated and split in half. A filling (e.g. icing or jam) is placed into the hole. The two halves are placed onto the filling to resemble wings. Other decorations, such as sprinkles and icing sugar, are often added over the cake.
- Elaborately frosted cupcakes may be made for special occasions such as baby showers, graduations, or holidays.[16]
- A cake ball or cake pop is an individual portion of cake, round like a chocolate truffle, that is coated in chocolate.[17] These are typically formed from crumbled cake mixed with frosting, rather than being baked as a sphere.
- A gourmet cupcake is a recent variant of cupcake. Gourmet cupcakes are large and filled cupcakes, based around a variety of flavor themes, such as Tiramisu or Cappuccino. In recent years there has been an increase in stores that sell only gourmet cupcakes.[18]
- As an alternative to a plate of individual cakes, some bakers place standard cupcakes into a pattern and frost them to create a large design, such as a basket of flowers or a turtle.[19]
- A cupcake cone or cupcone is a cupcake baked in an ice cream cone.[20][21] After baking, icing or other decorations may be added.
- Examples of cupcake variations
-
A mug cake
-
Cake in a jar
-
A butterfly cake
-
Elaborately decorated
-
A cake ball
-
Gourmet cupcake (s'mores flavor)
-
Large design
-
Cake batter is poured into an ice cream cone prior to baking.
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Themes
Cupcakes are sometimes used to celebrate and illustrate specific events or themes. Popular themes include unicorns and mermaids.[22] Holiday-themed cupcakes, such as reindeer at Christmas, are popular in grocery stores.[22]
Among educational themes, a periodic table of cupcakes is a collection of decorated cupcakes arranged in order to represent the atomic elements of the periodic table.[23] The cupcakes are usually frosted with the appropriate atomic number and chemical symbol.[24] The first person to bake and ice a set of cupcakes organized and colored to represent the elements of the periodic table was Ida Freund in 1908.[25] The first woman to hold a post as a university chemistry lecturer in the UK, Freund used the cupcakes as a pedagogical tool to engage and amuse her female students at Cambridge University.[26]
- Examples of cupcake themes
-
Graduation-themed cupcakes
-
Christmas-themed cupcakes
-
Unicorn-themed cupcakes
-
Winter-themed cupcakes
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Cupcake kits
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Cupcake kits are kits which provide a set of parts needed to allow an amateur baker to produce a themed batch of cupcakes, often to tie in with themed parties. Examples of themes include princesses, pirates, fairies and dinosaurs. Typically kits include appropriately decorated cupcake cases and cupcake toppers, but some kits are available which also include the ingredients needed for baking.
Cupcake kits were introduced in 2008 by the partyware company Meri Meri[27] and continue to be popular items in kitchenware stores.
Shops
In the early 21st century, a trend for cupcake shops, specialized bakeries that sell little or nothing except cupcakes, developed in the United States. This trend played off of the sense of nostalgia evoked by the cakes. In New York City, cupcake shops like Magnolia Bakery gained publicity in their appearances on popular television shows like HBO's Sex and the City.[28]
Crumbs Bake Shop, a publicly traded business running the largest cupcake shop chain in the U.S., reached its peak stock price in 2011. Declining sales, due to competition from locally owned mom-and-pop specialty stores as well as increased competition from grocery stores, caused a sharp decline in the company's prospects and stock price in 2013.[29]
Georgetown Cupcake was the first cupcakery to open in Washington, D.C. The cupcake shop gained widespread publicity after the 2010 premier of TLC's DC Cupcakes, a six-part reality show about the shop and its owners, sisters Sophie LaMontagne and Katherine Kallinis.[30]
Based in Beverly Hills, California, Sprinkles Cupcakes is owned by Candace Nelson, who is also a star judge on the Food Network's Cupcake Wars, and her husband, Charles Nelson.[31] Sprinkles is the first cupcake shop to debut a cupcake ATM, which could hold up to 350 cupcakes at one time.[32]
See also
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- Petits fours, individual-sized or bite-sized cakes made by cutting a large sheet cake and frosting the pieces
- Muffins, cupcake-sized quickbreads
- Tea cake, a broad class of breads and cakes served with tea
- Embossing mat
- Bun, small pieces of bread or pastry
- Icing (food)
- Kue mangkok, Indonesian traditional cupcake
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Leslie, Eliza, Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats (Boston, Massachusetts: Munroe and Francis, 1828), p. 61.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Cupcakes Template:Webarchive - Food Timeline
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Scroll down the page to section labeled "PANS".
- ↑ Smith, Lindy. Bake me I'm Yours... Cupcake Celebration. David & Charles: Newton Abbot; 2010. Template:ISBN. p. 7.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "Cool Cakes for 2010" by Simone Sant-Ghuran (7 Feb 2010) at The Guardian Trinidad and Tobago Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ See, for example, this recipe Template:Webarchive for a turtle-shaped cake made from cupcakes, or these photos Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b “Little Gems: Why Small Has Become Beautiful.” August 2019. British Baker, 31–33.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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External links
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- Template:Sister-inline
- "The Cupcake Revival" at BBC Magazine (23 October 2009)