First Saudi state: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|1727–1818 state ruled by the House of Saud}} | {{short description|1727–1818 state ruled by the House of Saud}} | ||
{{Expand Arabic|topic=hist|الدولة السعودية الأولى|date=February 2025}} | |||
{{Expand | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox country | {{Infobox country | ||
| conventional_long_name = Emirate of | | conventional_long_name = Emirate of Diriyah | ||
| native_name = {{native name|AR|إِمَارَةُ الدِّرْعِيَّةِ}} | | native_name = {{native name|AR|إِمَارَةُ الدِّرْعِيَّةِ}} | ||
| common_name = First Saudi state | | common_name = First Saudi state | ||
| Line 21: | Line 20: | ||
| p5 = Qasimid State | | p5 = Qasimid State | ||
| p6 = Principality of Abu 'Arish | | p6 = Principality of Abu 'Arish | ||
| s1 = Egypt | | s1 = Ottoman Egypt | ||
| flag_s1 = Flag of Egypt (1844-1867).svg | | flag_s1 = Flag of Egypt (1844-1867).svg | ||
| s2 = Mu'ammarid Imamate | | s2 = Mu'ammarid Imamate | ||
| flag_s2 = | | flag_s2 = | ||
| image_flag = Flag of the First and Second Saudi State (1744-1891).svg | | image_flag = Flag of the First and Second Saudi State (1744-1891).svg | ||
| flag_type = [[Flag of Saudi Arabia#Past flags|Flag | | flag_type = [[Flag of Saudi Arabia#Past flags|Flag]] | ||
| image_map = File:The First Saudi State Greatest Extent.png | | image_map = File:The First Saudi State Greatest Extent.png | ||
| map_width = 250px | | map_width = 250px | ||
| capital = [[Diriyah]] | | capital = [[Diriyah]] | ||
| common_languages = [[Arabic]] | | common_languages = [[Arabic]] | ||
| title_leader = [[List of Saudi rulers|Emir]] | |||
| year_leader1 = 1744–1765 | |||
| leader1 = [[Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin|Muhammad bin Saud]] | |||
| year_leader2 = 1765–1803 | |||
| leader2 = [[Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud|Abdulaziz bin Muhammad]] | |||
| year_leader3 = 1803–1814 | |||
| leader3 = [[Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814)|Saud bin Abdulaziz]] | |||
| year_leader4 = 1814–1818 | |||
| leader4 = [[Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud|Abdullah bin Saud]] | |||
| status = [[Emirate]] | | status = [[Emirate]] | ||
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | ||
| demonym = | | demonym = | ||
| government_type = [[Monarchy]] | |||
| area_km2 = | | area_km2 = | ||
| area_rank = | | area_rank = | ||
| Line 43: | Line 52: | ||
| flag_p1 = Green Flag.svg | | flag_p1 = Green Flag.svg | ||
| currency = [[Diriyah Riyal]] | | currency = [[Diriyah Riyal]] | ||
| map_caption = Map of the first Saudi state in 1810.<br />Legend: | |||
<div style="text-align: left;"> | |||
{{legend|#6b8c57|First Saudi state (mainland)}} | |||
{{legend|#8eb576|[[Autonomous administrative division|Autonomous regions]]}} | |||
{{legend|#c1e1ad|[[Vassal state]]s}} | |||
</div> | |||
| image_map2 = | | image_map2 = | ||
| image_map2_caption = | | image_map2_caption = | ||
| s3 = | | s3 = | ||
| today = {{unbulleted list|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}|{{flag|Qatar}}|{{Flag|Kuwait}}|{{Flag|UAE}}|{{Flag|Bahrain | | today = {{unbulleted list|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}|{{flag|Qatar}}|{{Flag|Kuwait}}|{{Flag|UAE}}|{{Flag|Bahrain}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{History of Saudi Arabia}} | {{History of Saudi Arabia}} | ||
The '''first Saudi state''' ({{Langx|ar|الدَّوْلَةُ السُّعُودِيَّةُ الْأُولَىٰ| | The '''first Saudi state''' ({{Langx|ar|الدَّوْلَةُ السُّعُودِيَّةُ الْأُولَىٰ|ad-dawla as-suʿūdiyya al-ʾūlā}}), officially the '''Emirate of Diriyah''' ({{Langx|ar|إمارة الدرعية|ʾimāra ad-dirʿiyya}}),<ref>James Norman Dalrymple Anderson. ''The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia''. Stacey International, 1983. p. 77.</ref> was a [[polity]] that existed between 1744 and 1818,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anishchenkova |first=Valerie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkrEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%2522First+Saudi+state%2522+1744+&pg=PA40 |title=Modern Saudi Arabia |date=2020-06-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4408-5705-8 |pages=40 |language=en |quote=The first Saudi state was the Emirate of Diriyah, established in 1744}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Almogren |first=Nawaf Bin Ayyaf(Nawaf Bin Abdulaziz Bin Ayyaf) |title=Diriyah narrated by Its built environment : the story of the first Saudi State (1744-1818) |date=2020-01-01 |hdl=1721.1/127856 |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/127856}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kostiner |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7-RZx_QIOsC&dq=%2522First+Saudi+state%2522&pg=PR9 |title=The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916-1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State |date=1993-12-02 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536070-7 |language=en |quote=The first two Saudi states (1744-1818 and 1821-91)}}.</ref> The [[emir]] of a [[Najd|Najdi]] town called [[Diriyah]], [[Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin]] and the religious leader [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] signed a [[Diriyah pact|pact]] to found a socio-religious reform movement to propagate the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] religious doctrine under the political leadership of the [[House of Saud]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Madawi Al Rasheed|author-link=Madawi Al Rasheed|title=A History of Saudi Arabia|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-74754-7 |ref=Ras10}}</ref><ref>[[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab#Met92|Metz 1992]]</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Early establishment=== | ===Early establishment=== | ||
The [[House of Saud]] and its allies quickly rose to become the dominant power in Arabia by first conquering [[Najd]], and then expanding their influence over the eastern coast from [[Kuwait]] down to the northern borders of [[Oman]]. Saud's forces also captured the highlands of [[Asir]], while Muhammad ibn Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to join [[jihad]]. After many military campaigns, Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, leaving the leadership to his son, Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad | The [[House of Saud]] and its allies quickly rose to become the dominant power in Arabia by first conquering [[Najd]], and then expanding their influence over the eastern coast from [[Kuwait]] down to the northern borders of [[Oman]]. Saud's forces also captured the highlands of [[Asir]], while Muhammad ibn Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to join [[jihad]]. After many military campaigns, Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, leaving the leadership to his son, [[Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud|Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad]], whose forces went so far as to [[Wahhabi sack of Karbala|gain command]] of the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[holy city]] of [[Karbala]], [[Ottoman Iraq]], in 1801. Here they destroyed the [[dargah|shrine]] of the saints and monuments and killed over 5,000 civilians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karbala|title=Karbala|website=iranicaonline.org|access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref> In retribution, Abdulaziz was assassinated by a young Shia in 1803, having followed him back to Najd. | ||
Muhammad bin Abd Al Wahhab died in 1792. In 1803, eleven years after his death, the son of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, [[Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814)|Saud bin Abdulaziz]], sent out forces to bring the region of [[Hejaz]] under his rule.<ref>[http://www.islamlife.com/religion2/component/content/article/69-later-scholars/672-biography-of-imam-muhammad-bin-abdul-wahhab Sauds's campaign for Hejaz and the two holy cities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914081717/http://www.islamlife.com/religion2/component/content/article/69-later-scholars/672-biography-of-imam-muhammad-bin-abdul-wahhab|date=14 September 2010}}, ''Islam Life'' online magazine</ref> [[Taif]] was the first city to be captured, and later the two holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. This was seen as a major challenge to the authority of the [[Ottoman Empire]], which had exercised its rule over the holy cities since 1517. | Muhammad bin Abd Al Wahhab died in 1792. In 1803, eleven years after his death, the son of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, [[Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814)|Saud bin Abdulaziz]], sent out forces to bring the region of [[Hejaz]] under his rule.<ref>[http://www.islamlife.com/religion2/component/content/article/69-later-scholars/672-biography-of-imam-muhammad-bin-abdul-wahhab Sauds's campaign for Hejaz and the two holy cities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914081717/http://www.islamlife.com/religion2/component/content/article/69-later-scholars/672-biography-of-imam-muhammad-bin-abdul-wahhab|date=14 September 2010}}, ''Islam Life'' online magazine</ref> [[Taif]] was the first city to be captured, and later the two holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. This was seen as a major challenge to the authority of the [[Ottoman Empire]], which had exercised its rule over the holy cities since 1517. | ||
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The task of weakening the grip of the House of Saud was given to the powerful viceroy of [[Ottoman Egypt|Egypt]], [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]], by the Ottomans. This initiated the [[Wahhabi war|Ottoman–Saudi War]], in which Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the Hejaz region by sea. His son, [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]], then led Ottoman forces into the heart of Najd, capturing town after town. Saud's successor, his son [[Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud|Abdullah I]], was unable to prevent the recapture of the region.<ref name="ibnsaud">[http://www.ibnsaud.info/main/9456.htm Abdullah bin Saud's capture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106111328/http://ibnsaud.info/main/9456.htm|date=6 January 2010}}, King Abdullah Ibn Saud Information Resource</ref> Finally, Ibrahim reached the Saudi capital at Diriyah. He placed it under [[Siege of Diriyah|siege]] for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818. Ibrahim then shipped off many members of the [[House of Saud]] to Egypt and the Ottoman capital, [[Constantinople]] (modern day [[Istanbul]]). Abdullah I was later executed in the Ottoman capital, with his severed head later thrown into the waters of the [[Bosporus]], marking the end of what was known as the first Saudi state.<ref name="ibnsaud"/> However, both the followers of the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi movement]] and the remaining members of the House of Saud stayed committed. They founded the [[Second Saudi state|Second Saudi State]] that lasted until 1891. Before the unification of modern Saudi Arabia, several emirates and kingdoms were established in the region, eventually paving the way for the formation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<ref name="ibnsaud" /> | The task of weakening the grip of the House of Saud was given to the powerful viceroy of [[Ottoman Egypt|Egypt]], [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]], by the Ottomans. This initiated the [[Wahhabi war|Ottoman–Saudi War]], in which Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the Hejaz region by sea. His son, [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]], then led Ottoman forces into the heart of Najd, capturing town after town. Saud's successor, his son [[Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud|Abdullah I]], was unable to prevent the recapture of the region.<ref name="ibnsaud">[http://www.ibnsaud.info/main/9456.htm Abdullah bin Saud's capture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106111328/http://ibnsaud.info/main/9456.htm|date=6 January 2010}}, King Abdullah Ibn Saud Information Resource</ref> Finally, Ibrahim reached the Saudi capital at Diriyah. He placed it under [[Siege of Diriyah|siege]] for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818. Ibrahim then shipped off many members of the [[House of Saud]] to Egypt and the Ottoman capital, [[Constantinople]] (modern day [[Istanbul]]). Abdullah I was later executed in the Ottoman capital, with his severed head later thrown into the waters of the [[Bosporus]], marking the end of what was known as the first Saudi state.<ref name="ibnsaud"/> However, both the followers of the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi movement]] and the remaining members of the House of Saud stayed committed. They founded the [[Second Saudi state|Second Saudi State]] that lasted until 1891. Before the unification of modern Saudi Arabia, several emirates and kingdoms were established in the region, eventually paving the way for the formation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<ref name="ibnsaud" /> | ||
== | ==Legacy== | ||
{{ | In 2022, the Saudi government designated 1727, the year Muhammad I assumed leadership of Diriyah, as the official beginning of the first Saudi state. They also designated February 22 as an annual holiday, [[Saudi Founding Day]], to celebrate its founding.<ref name="Bunzel">{{cite journal |last1=Bunzel |first1=Cole M. |title=Refounding the Kingdom: Saudi Arabia from Islamism and Wahhabism to ‘Moderate’ Islam |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |date=2 November 2025 |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=927–941 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2025.2482632}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |title=Saudi Arabia celebrates 3 centuries of glorious history on Founding Day |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/617365 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=Saudi Gazette |language=English}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Saudi | {{Portal|Saudi Arabia|Asia}} | ||
*[[ | * [[History of Saudi Arabia]] | ||
* [[Unification of Saudi Arabia]] | |||
* [[Sheikhdom of Diriyah]] | |||
* [[Second Saudi state]] | |||
* [[Third Saudi State]] | |||
* [[Emirate of Riyadh]] | |||
* [[Sultanate of Nejd]] | |||
* [[Emirate of Nejd and Hasa]] | |||
* [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 22:59, 19 December 2025
Template:Short description Template:Expand Arabic Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:History of Saudi Arabia The first Saudi state (Template:Langx), officially the Emirate of Diriyah (Template:Langx),[1] was a polity that existed between 1744 and 1818,[2][3][4] The emir of a Najdi town called Diriyah, Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin and the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab signed a pact to found a socio-religious reform movement to propagate the Wahhabi religious doctrine under the political leadership of the House of Saud.[5][6]
History
Early establishment
The House of Saud and its allies quickly rose to become the dominant power in Arabia by first conquering Najd, and then expanding their influence over the eastern coast from Kuwait down to the northern borders of Oman. Saud's forces also captured the highlands of Asir, while Muhammad ibn Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to join jihad. After many military campaigns, Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, leaving the leadership to his son, Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad, whose forces went so far as to gain command of the Shia holy city of Karbala, Ottoman Iraq, in 1801. Here they destroyed the shrine of the saints and monuments and killed over 5,000 civilians.[7] In retribution, Abdulaziz was assassinated by a young Shia in 1803, having followed him back to Najd.
Muhammad bin Abd Al Wahhab died in 1792. In 1803, eleven years after his death, the son of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, Saud bin Abdulaziz, sent out forces to bring the region of Hejaz under his rule.[8] Taif was the first city to be captured, and later the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina. This was seen as a major challenge to the authority of the Ottoman Empire, which had exercised its rule over the holy cities since 1517.
Decline of sovereignty
The task of weakening the grip of the House of Saud was given to the powerful viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, by the Ottomans. This initiated the Ottoman–Saudi War, in which Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the Hejaz region by sea. His son, Ibrahim Pasha, then led Ottoman forces into the heart of Najd, capturing town after town. Saud's successor, his son Abdullah I, was unable to prevent the recapture of the region.[9] Finally, Ibrahim reached the Saudi capital at Diriyah. He placed it under siege for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818. Ibrahim then shipped off many members of the House of Saud to Egypt and the Ottoman capital, Constantinople (modern day Istanbul). Abdullah I was later executed in the Ottoman capital, with his severed head later thrown into the waters of the Bosporus, marking the end of what was known as the first Saudi state.[9] However, both the followers of the Wahhabi movement and the remaining members of the House of Saud stayed committed. They founded the Second Saudi State that lasted until 1891. Before the unification of modern Saudi Arabia, several emirates and kingdoms were established in the region, eventually paving the way for the formation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[9]
Legacy
In 2022, the Saudi government designated 1727, the year Muhammad I assumed leadership of Diriyah, as the official beginning of the first Saudi state. They also designated February 22 as an annual holiday, Saudi Founding Day, to celebrate its founding.[10][11]
See also
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- History of Saudi Arabia
- Unification of Saudi Arabia
- Sheikhdom of Diriyah
- Second Saudi state
- Third Saudi State
- Emirate of Riyadh
- Sultanate of Nejd
- Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
- Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ James Norman Dalrymple Anderson. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Stacey International, 1983. p. 77.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite thesis
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Metz 1992
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Sauds's campaign for Hejaz and the two holy cities Template:Webarchive, Islam Life online magazine
- ↑ a b c Abdullah bin Saud's capture Template:Webarchive, King Abdullah Ibn Saud Information Resource
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Further reading
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Template:Authority controlScript error: No such module "Coordinates". Template:Country topics
Categories:
- Pages with script errors
- Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters
- 18th-century establishments in the Arabian Peninsula
- 19th century in the Arabian Peninsula
- 1744 establishments in Asia
- 1818 disestablishments in Asia
- Anti-Ottomanism
- Diriyah
- Former Arab states
- Former countries in West Asia
- Former emirates
- Former monarchies of West Asia
- History of Saudi Arabia
- History of the Arabian Peninsula
- House of Saud
- Ottoman Arabia
- States and territories established in 1744
- States and territories disestablished in 1818