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'''Gudea''' ([[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]: {{script|Xsux|𒅗𒌤𒀀}}, ''Gu<sub>3</sub>-de<sub>2</sub>-a''; died {{Circa}} 2124 BC) was a [[Sumer|Sumerian]] ruler (''[[Ensí|ensi]]'') of the state of [[Lagash]] in Southern [[Mesopotamia]], who ruled {{Circa|2080}}–2060 BC ([[short chronology]]) or 2144–2124 BC ([[middle chronology]]). He probably did not come from the city, but had married Ninalla, | '''Gudea''' ({{IPAc-en|g|uː|ˈ|d|eɪ|ə}} {{respell|goo|DAY|ə}}; [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]: {{script|Xsux|𒅗𒌤𒀀}}, ''Gu<sub>3</sub>-de<sub>2</sub>-a''; died {{Circa}} 2124 BC) was a [[Sumer|Sumerian]] ruler (''[[Ensí|ensi]]'') of the state of [[Lagash]] in Southern [[Mesopotamia]], who ruled {{Circa|2080}}–2060 BC ([[short chronology]]) or 2144–2124 BC ([[middle chronology]]). He probably did not come from the city, but had married Ninalla, daughter of the ruler [[Ur-Baba]] of Lagash, thus gaining entrance to the royal house of Lagash. He was succeeded by his son [[Ur-Ningirsu|Ur-Ningirsu II]]. Gudea ruled at a time when the center of [[Sumer]] was still ruled by the [[Gutian dynasty]], and when the Akkadian king [[Ishtup-Ilum]] ruled to the north in [[Mari, Syria|Mari]].<ref name="MLD227">{{cite book |last1=Durand |first1=M.L. |title=Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible: TELL HARIRI/MARI: TEXTES |page=227 |date=2008|url=http://pix.archibab.fr/4Dcgi/11710M2807.pdf}}</ref> Under Gudea, Lagash had a golden age, and seemed to enjoy a high level of independence from the [[Gutians]], a [[language isolate]] speaking people who had arrived from regions to the northeast of Mesopotamia.<ref name="MCC">{{cite book |last1=Corporation |first1=Marshall Cavendish |title=Ancient Egypt and the Near East: An Illustrated History |date=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7934-5 |pages=54–56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-kshvab3k4C&pg=PA54 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==Inscriptions== | ==Inscriptions== | ||
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==Religion== | ==Religion== | ||
[[File:Foundation figurines representing gods. Copper alloy. Reign of Gudea, c. 2150 BCE. From the temple of Ningirsu at Girsu, Iraq. The British Museum, London.jpg|thumb|Foundation figurines of gods in copper alloy, reign of Gudea, {{Circa|2150 | [[File:Foundation figurines representing gods. Copper alloy. Reign of Gudea, c. 2150 BCE. From the temple of Ningirsu at Girsu, Iraq. The British Museum, London.jpg|thumb|Foundation figurines of gods in copper alloy, reign of Gudea, {{Circa|2150 BC}}, from the temple of Ningirsu at [[Girsu]] (British Museum, London)]] | ||
[[File:Gudea being led by Ningishzida into the presence of a deity who is seated on a throne.jpg|thumb|Votive stele of Gudea, ruler of Lagash, to the temple of Ningirsu: Gudea being led by [[Ningishzida]] into the presence of a deity who is seated on a throne. From Girsu, Iraq. 2144-2124 | [[File:Gudea being led by Ningishzida into the presence of a deity who is seated on a throne.jpg|thumb|Votive stele of Gudea, ruler of Lagash, to the temple of Ningirsu: Gudea being led by [[Ningishzida]] into the presence of a deity who is seated on a throne. From Girsu, Iraq. 2144-2124 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.]] | ||
[[File:Sacred basin, a gift from Gudea to the temple of Ningirsu. From Girsu, Iraq. 2144-2122 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.jpg|thumb|Sacred basin, a gift from Gudea to the temple of Ningirsu. From Girsu, Iraq. 2144-2122 | [[File:Sacred basin, a gift from Gudea to the temple of Ningirsu. From Girsu, Iraq. 2144-2122 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.jpg|thumb|Sacred basin, a gift from Gudea to the temple of Ningirsu. From Girsu, Iraq. 2144-2122 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.]] | ||
[[File:Diorite mortar, an offering from Gudea to Enlil. From Nippur, Iraq. 2144-2124 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.jpg|thumb|Diorite mortar, an offering from Gudea to Enlil. From Nippur, Iraq. 2144-2124 | [[File:Diorite mortar, an offering from Gudea to Enlil. From Nippur, Iraq. 2144-2124 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.jpg|thumb|Diorite mortar, an offering from Gudea to Enlil. From Nippur, Iraq. 2144-2124 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.]] | ||
The inscription on a statue of Gudea as architect of the [[E-ninnu|House of Ningirsu]],{{sfnp|Edzard|1997| pp=31–38}} warns the reader of doom if the words are altered, but there is a startling difference between the warnings of Sargon or his line and the warnings of Gudea. The one is length; Gudea's curse lasts nearly a quarter of the inscription's considerable length,{{sfnp|Edzard|1997| pp=36–38}} and another is creativity. The gods will not merely reduce the offender's progeny to ash and destroy his foundations, no, they will, "let him sit down in the dust instead of on the seat they set up for him". He will be "slaughtered like a [[bull]]… seized like an [[aurochs]] by his fierce horn".{{sfnp|Edzard|1997| p=38}} | The inscription on a statue of Gudea as architect of the [[E-ninnu|House of Ningirsu]],{{sfnp|Edzard|1997| pp=31–38}} warns the reader of doom if the words are altered, but there is a startling difference between the warnings of Sargon or his line and the warnings of Gudea. The one is length; Gudea's curse lasts nearly a quarter of the inscription's considerable length,{{sfnp|Edzard|1997| pp=36–38}} and another is creativity. The gods will not merely reduce the offender's progeny to ash and destroy his foundations, no, they will, "let him sit down in the dust instead of on the seat they set up for him". He will be "slaughtered like a [[bull]]… seized like an [[aurochs]] by his fierce horn".{{sfnp|Edzard|1997| p=38}} | ||
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In an inscription, Gudea referred to the [[Meluhha]]ns who came to Sumer to sell gold dust, [[carnelian]] etc...<ref name="SCHO"/> In another inscription, he mentioned his victory over the territories of [[Magan (civilization)|Magan]], [[Meluhha]], [[Elam]] and [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]].<ref name="SCHO"/> | In an inscription, Gudea referred to the [[Meluhha]]ns who came to Sumer to sell gold dust, [[carnelian]] etc...<ref name="SCHO"/> In another inscription, he mentioned his victory over the territories of [[Magan (civilization)|Magan]], [[Meluhha]], [[Elam]] and [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]].<ref name="SCHO"/> | ||
In the [[Gudea cylinders]], Gudea mentions that "I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend" (cylinder A, IX).<ref>"J'étendrai sur le monde le respect de mon temple, sous mon nom l'univers depuis l'horizon s'y rassemblera, et [même les pays lointains] Magan et Meluhha, sortant de leurs montagnes, y descendront" (cylindre A, IX)" in {{cite web |title=Louvre Museum |url=https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/cylindres-de-gudea |access-date=2020-04-01 |archive-date=2013-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916014251/https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/cylindres-de-gudea |url-status=dead }}</ref> In cylinder B, XIV, he mentions his procurement of "blocks of [[lapis lazuli]] and bright | In the [[Gudea cylinders]], Gudea mentions that "I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend" (cylinder A, IX).<ref>"J'étendrai sur le monde le respect de mon temple, sous mon nom l'univers depuis l'horizon s'y rassemblera, et [même les pays lointains] Magan et Meluhha, sortant de leurs montagnes, y descendront" (cylindre A, IX)" in {{cite web |title=Louvre Museum |url=https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/cylindres-de-gudea |access-date=2020-04-01 |archive-date=2013-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916014251/https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/cylindres-de-gudea |url-status=dead }}</ref> In cylinder B, XIV, he mentions his procurement of "blocks of [[lapis lazuli]] and bright carnelian from Meluhha."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moorey |first1=Peter Roger Stuart |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence |date=1999 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-042-2 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA87 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
The first known reference to [[History of Goa#The advent of Sumerians 2200 BC|Goa]] in India possibly appears as ''Gubi'' in the records of Gudea.<ref name="TRDS">{{cite book |last1=Souza |first1=Teotonio R. De |author-link=Teotónio de Souza |title=Goa Through the Ages: An economic history |date=1990 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-259-0 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&pg=PA2 |language=en}}</ref> At the time, Sumerians had established [[Indus-Mesopotamia relations|trade contacts with India]].<ref name="TRDS"/> | The first known reference to [[History of Goa#The advent of Sumerians 2200 BC|Goa]] in India possibly appears as ''Gubi'' in the records of Gudea.<ref name="TRDS">{{cite book |last1=Souza |first1=Teotonio R. De |author-link=Teotónio de Souza |title=Goa Through the Ages: An economic history |date=1990 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-259-0 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&pg=PA2 |language=en}}</ref> At the time, Sumerians had established [[Indus-Mesopotamia relations|trade contacts with India]].<ref name="TRDS"/> | ||
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==Important artifacts== | ==Important artifacts== | ||
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"> | <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"> | ||
File:Girsu Gudea libation vase.jpg|The "Libation vase of Gudea" with the dragon [[Mušḫuššu]], dedicated to Ningishzida (21st century BC [[short chronology]]). The [[caduceus]] (right) is interpreted as depicting god [[Ningishzida]]. Inscription; "To the god Ningiszida, his god, Gudea, Ensi (governor) of Lagash, for the prolongation of his life, has dedicated this" | File:Girsu Gudea libation vase.jpg|The "Libation vase of Gudea" with the dragon [[Mušḫuššu]], dedicated to Ningishzida (21st century BC [[short chronology]]). The [[caduceus]] (right) is interpreted as depicting god [[Ningishzida]]. Inscription; "To the god Ningiszida, his god, Gudea, Ensi (governor) of Lagash, for the prolongation of his life, has dedicated this." | ||
Image:GUDEA GOV OF LAGASH - bust.JPG|Head of Gudea in polished diorite, reign of Gudea ([[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Boston Museum of Fine Arts]]) | Image:GUDEA GOV OF LAGASH - bust.JPG|Head of Gudea in polished diorite, reign of Gudea ([[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Boston Museum of Fine Arts]]) | ||
File:Girsu Lion Macehead.jpg|Lion macehead of Gudea, Girsu | File:Girsu Lion Macehead.jpg|Lion macehead of Gudea, Girsu<ref>{{cite book|last1=de Sarzec|first1=Ernest|title=Découvertes en Chaldée|publisher=L. Heuzey|page=229|url=http://1886.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/items/viewer/76267#page/n235/mode/1up|access-date=2020-03-16|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307194455/http://1886.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/items/viewer/76267#page/n235/mode/1up|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
File:Gudea dedication tablet to Ningirsu.jpg|Gudea dedication tablet to God [[Ningirsu]]: "For Ningirsu, [[Enlil]]'s mighty warrior, his Master, Gudea, ensi of Lagash" | File:Gudea dedication tablet to Ningirsu.jpg|Gudea dedication tablet to God [[Ningirsu]]: "For Ningirsu, [[Enlil]]'s mighty warrior, his Master, Gudea, ensi of Lagash" | ||
File:Gudea tablet Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin.jpg|Gudea tablet: "For [[Hendursaga]], his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagash, built his house."<ref>D. O. Edzard, ''The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early periods, vol. 3/1, Gudea and His Dynasty'', Toronto, 1997, p. 117-118</ref> Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin | File:Gudea tablet Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin.jpg|Gudea tablet: "For [[Hendursaga]], his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagash, built his house."<ref>D. O. Edzard, ''The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early periods, vol. 3/1, Gudea and His Dynasty'', Toronto, 1997, p. 117-118</ref> Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. | ||
Foundation Nail of Gudea, about 2100 BC, Neo-Sumerian, Iraq, probably Lagash, copper alloy - Cleveland Museum of Art - DSC08176.JPG|Foundation nail of Gudea, Cleveland Museum of Art | Foundation Nail of Gudea, about 2100 BC, Neo-Sumerian, Iraq, probably Lagash, copper alloy - Cleveland Museum of Art - DSC08176.JPG|Foundation nail of Gudea, Cleveland Museum of Art | ||
File:Cylindres de Gudea - Musée du Louvre Antiquités orientales AO MNB 1511 ; MNB 1512.jpg|The [[Gudea cylinders]] | File:Cylindres de Gudea - Musée du Louvre Antiquités orientales AO MNB 1511 ; MNB 1512.jpg|The [[Gudea cylinders]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Louvre Museum|url=https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/cylindres-de-gudea|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2013-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916014251/https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/cylindres-de-gudea|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
File:GudeaName.jpg|Name and title "Gudea, ensi of Lagash" on [[Statues of Gudea|Statue A of Gudea]] | File:GudeaName.jpg|Name and title "Gudea, ensi of Lagash" on [[Statues of Gudea|Statue A of Gudea]] | ||
File:Clou de fondation du temple de ningirsu.jpg|Foundation nail for the temple of Ningirsu in Lagash. Reign of Gudea. | File:Clou de fondation du temple de ningirsu.jpg|Foundation nail for the temple of Ningirsu in Lagash. Reign of Gudea. | ||
File:Circular clay brick stamped with a cuneiform text mentioning the name of Gudea, ruler of Lagash. From Girsu, Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum.jpg|Mudbrick stamped with a cuneiform text mentioning the name of Gudea, ruler of Lagash. From Girsu, Iraq, {{Circa|2115 | File:Circular clay brick stamped with a cuneiform text mentioning the name of Gudea, ruler of Lagash. From Girsu, Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum.jpg|Mudbrick stamped with a cuneiform text mentioning the name of Gudea, ruler of Lagash. From Girsu, Iraq, {{Circa|2115 BC}}. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin | ||
File:Seal of Gudea, led by Ningishzida.jpg|Seal of Gudea, led by [[Ningishzida]] | File:Seal of Gudea, led by Ningishzida.jpg|Seal of Gudea, led by [[Ningishzida]] | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
Latest revision as of 20:56, 10 September 2025
Template:Short description Template:Infobox royalty Script error: No such module "Location map". Gudea (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Sumerian: Template:Script, Gu3-de2-a; died Template:Circa 2124 BC) was a Sumerian ruler (ensi) of the state of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia, who ruled Template:Circa–2060 BC (short chronology) or 2144–2124 BC (middle chronology). He probably did not come from the city, but had married Ninalla, daughter of the ruler Ur-Baba of Lagash, thus gaining entrance to the royal house of Lagash. He was succeeded by his son Ur-Ningirsu II. Gudea ruled at a time when the center of Sumer was still ruled by the Gutian dynasty, and when the Akkadian king Ishtup-Ilum ruled to the north in Mari.[1] Under Gudea, Lagash had a golden age, and seemed to enjoy a high level of independence from the Gutians, a language isolate speaking people who had arrived from regions to the northeast of Mesopotamia.[2]
Inscriptions
.jpg){kind=link}
Gudea chose the title of énsi (town-king or governor), not the more exalted Script error: No such module "Lang". (Akkadian šarrum). Gudea did not style himself "god of Lagash" as he was not deified during his own lifetime, this title must have been given to him posthumouslyTemplate:Sfnp as in accordance with Mesopotamian traditions for all rulers except Naram-Sin of Akkad and some of the Ur III kings.[4]
The 20 years of his reign are all known by name; the main military exploit seems to have occurred in his Year 6, called the "Year when Anshan was smitten with weapons".[5]
Although Gudea claimed to have conquered Elam and Anshan, most of his inscriptions emphasize the building of irrigation channels and temples, and the creation of precious gifts to the gods.[6]
Materials for his buildings and statues were brought from all parts of western Asia: cedar wood from the Amanus mountains, quarried stones from Lebanon, copper from northern Arabia, gold and precious stones from the desert between Canaan and Egypt, diorite from Magan (Oman), and timber from Dilmun (Bahrain).[7][8][9]
Statues of Gudea
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.JPG){kind=link}
Religion
The inscription on a statue of Gudea as architect of the House of Ningirsu,Template:Sfnp warns the reader of doom if the words are altered, but there is a startling difference between the warnings of Sargon or his line and the warnings of Gudea. The one is length; Gudea's curse lasts nearly a quarter of the inscription's considerable length,Template:Sfnp and another is creativity. The gods will not merely reduce the offender's progeny to ash and destroy his foundations, no, they will, "let him sit down in the dust instead of on the seat they set up for him". He will be "slaughtered like a bull… seized like an aurochs by his fierce horn".Template:Sfnp
Lagash under Gudea had extensive commercial communications with distant realms. According to his own records, Gudea brought cedars from the Amanus and Lebanon mountains in Syria, diorite from eastern Arabia, copper and gold from central and southern Arabia and from Sinai, while his armies were engaged in battles in Elam on the east.[10]
International relations
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In an inscription, Gudea referred to the Meluhhans who came to Sumer to sell gold dust, carnelian etc...[10] In another inscription, he mentioned his victory over the territories of Magan, Meluhha, Elam and Amurru.[10]
In the Gudea cylinders, Gudea mentions that "I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend" (cylinder A, IX).[11] In cylinder B, XIV, he mentions his procurement of "blocks of lapis lazuli and bright carnelian from Meluhha."[12]
The first known reference to Goa in India possibly appears as Gubi in the records of Gudea.[13] At the time, Sumerians had established trade contacts with India.[13]
Important artifacts
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The "Libation vase of Gudea" with the dragon Mušḫuššu, dedicated to Ningishzida (21st century BC short chronology). The caduceus (right) is interpreted as depicting god Ningishzida. Inscription; "To the god Ningiszida, his god, Gudea, Ensi (governor) of Lagash, for the prolongation of his life, has dedicated this."
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Head of Gudea in polished diorite, reign of Gudea (Boston Museum of Fine Arts)
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Lion macehead of Gudea, Girsu[14]
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Gudea tablet: "For Hendursaga, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagash, built his house."[15] Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.
-
Foundation nail of Gudea, Cleveland Museum of Art
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Name and title "Gudea, ensi of Lagash" on Statue A of Gudea
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Foundation nail for the temple of Ningirsu in Lagash. Reign of Gudea.
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Mudbrick stamped with a cuneiform text mentioning the name of Gudea, ruler of Lagash. From Girsu, Iraq, Template:Circa. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
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Seal of Gudea, led by Ningishzida
![Lion macehead of Gudea, Girsu[14]](/wiki143/index.php?title=File:Girsu_Lion_Macehead.jpg){kind=link}
![Gudea tablet: "For Hendursaga, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagash, built his house."[15] Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.](/wiki143/index.php?title=File:Gudea_tablet_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg){kind=link}
![The Gudea cylinders[16]](/wiki143/index.php?title=File:Cylindres_de_Gudea_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Antiquit%C3%A9s_orientales_AO_MNB_1511_;_MNB_1512.jpg){kind=link}
References
Sources
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- F. Johansen, "Statues of Gudea, ancient and modern". Mesopotamia 6, 1978.
- A. Parrot, Tello, vingt campagnes des fouilles (1877-1933). (Paris 1948).
- N.K. Sandars, "Introduction" page 16, The Epic of Gilgamesh, Penguin, 1972.
- H. Steible, "Versuch einer Chronologie der Statuen des Gudea von Lagas". Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 126 (1994), 81–104.
External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
Template:S-endTemplate:Rulers of SumerTemplate:Authority control- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Year-names for Gudea, Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "J'étendrai sur le monde le respect de mon temple, sous mon nom l'univers depuis l'horizon s'y rassemblera, et [même les pays lointains] Magan et Meluhha, sortant de leurs montagnes, y descendront" (cylindre A, IX)" in Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ D. O. Edzard, The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early periods, vol. 3/1, Gudea and His Dynasty, Toronto, 1997, p. 117-118
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".