Colle System: Difference between revisions

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|moves = for White: d4, Nf3, e3, Bd3, c3
|moves = for White: d4, Nf3, e3, Bd3, c3
|ECO = D05
|ECO = D04-D05
|nameorigin =  [[Edgard Colle]]
|nameorigin =  [[Edgard Colle]]
|parentopening = [[Queen's Pawn Game]], <br /> [[Closed Game]], <br /> [[Zukertort Opening]], <br /> or [[Indian Defence]]
|parentopening = [[Queen's Pawn Game]], <br /> [[Closed Game]], <br /> [[Zukertort Opening]], <br /> or [[Indian Defence]]
Line 29: Line 29:
The Colle is characterised by several moves.  White's center pawns are {{chessgloss|developed}} to d4 and e3, the king's knight is developed to f3, the king's bishop is developed to d3, and the queen bishop's pawn (c-pawn) is developed to c3. Common continuations include development of the queen's knight to d2 (Nbd2) and {{chessgloss|kingside}} [[castling]] (0-0).  A major theme of the Colle System is the ambition to play a well-timed e4, where the square is defended by the bishop on d3, the knight on d2 (following Nbd2), and possibly the rook on e1 (following 0-0 and Re1).  Although sometimes described as a specific sequence of moves, the Colle System is not a fixed line of play, but rather a ''system'' for White where the moves may be [[Permutation|permuted]] at the player's discretion.  When a game opens with most or all of the above moves, to the exclusion of moves which typify other openings, the game may be described as "a Colle System".
The Colle is characterised by several moves.  White's center pawns are {{chessgloss|developed}} to d4 and e3, the king's knight is developed to f3, the king's bishop is developed to d3, and the queen bishop's pawn (c-pawn) is developed to c3. Common continuations include development of the queen's knight to d2 (Nbd2) and {{chessgloss|kingside}} [[castling]] (0-0).  A major theme of the Colle System is the ambition to play a well-timed e4, where the square is defended by the bishop on d3, the knight on d2 (following Nbd2), and possibly the rook on e1 (following 0-0 and Re1).  Although sometimes described as a specific sequence of moves, the Colle System is not a fixed line of play, but rather a ''system'' for White where the moves may be [[Permutation|permuted]] at the player's discretion.  When a game opens with most or all of the above moves, to the exclusion of moves which typify other openings, the game may be described as "a Colle System".


{{AN chess|pos=tocleft}}
In the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings]]'', the opening is assigned the codes D04 (without ...e6) and D05 (with ...e6).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sourceforge.net/p/scid/code/ci/master/tree/scid.eco |title=''ECO'' codes |website=sourceforge.net}}</ref> The opening was employed by [[Ding Liren]] in the twelfth game of the [[World Chess Championship 2023]] against [[Ian Nepomniachtchi]], resulting in a win for Ding.
{{AN chess|pos=toc}}


==Definition and assessment==
==Definition and assessment==
The ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings]]'' (''ECO'') identifies the Colle System as an uncommon continuation of the [[Queen's Pawn Game]], assigning it the code D05.{{efn|In the ''ECO'', openings or continuations which are considered [[Irregular chess opening|unorthodox]] are commonly treated in the beginning of a given section, receiving minimal elaboration.  In contrast, common variations of standard openings receive significant theoretical treatment in the middle and latter parts of a given section.  Volume D of the ''ECO'', entailing codes D00–D99, is largely given over to variations of the [[Queen's Gambit]] (1.d4 d5 2.c4), a standard opening covering the range D06–D69.  By contrast, the Colle System is identified under the heading D05 as one possible continuation of the symmetrical Queen's Pawn Game (or [[Closed Game]]) 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 2.e3 e6, receiving no further treatment. }} In the ''ECO'', the Colle System is defined by the line 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.e3 e6 4.Bd3 c5 5.c3.<ref name="ECO">{{cite web |title=D05-Queen's pawn game |url=https://www.365chess.com/eco/D05_Queen's_pawn_game |website=365chess.com}}</ref>  [[Paul van der Sterren]] gives an identical definition, with the same moves played in the same order.<ref name="Sterren">{{cite book |last=van der Sterren |first=Paul |title=Fundamental Chess Openings |publisher=Gambit |year=2009 |pages=54–55 |isbn=9781906454135}}</ref> Other authors clarify that the system refers specifically to White's moves. [[David Vincent Hooper|Hooper]] and [[Ken Whyld|Whyld]] define the Colle as d4, Nf3, e3, Nbd2, c3 and Bd3 (in no particular order), including Nbd2 in their definition rather than noting it as a usual continuation.<ref name="Hooper">{{cite book |last1=Hooper |first1=David |authorlink1=David Vincent Hooper |last2=Whyld |first2=Kenneth |authorlink2=Kenneth Whyld |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |edition=2nd |orig-date=First pub. 1992 |pages=86, 461–480 |isbn=0-19-280049-3 }}</ref>{{efn|In addition to their eponymous entry, Hooper & Whyld also described a specific line as the ''Colle System'' in their appendix of openings (No. 1309): 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.d4 e6 3.Nbd2 d5 4.e3 Nbd7 5.Bd3 c5 6.c3. If the continuation 5...Nbd7 6.Nbd2 is appended to the line given by the ''ECO'' and van der Sterren, the result is equivalent to the line given by Hooper & Whyld by [[Transposition (chess)|transposition]]. }} [[Joel Benjamin|Benjamin]] and [[Eric Schiller|Schiller]] give the broader, less specific definition 1.d4, 2.Nf3, 3.e3, although they also note that the immediate plan involves developing the "f1-bishop".<ref name="Benjamin">{{cite book |last1=Benjamin |first1=Joel |authorlink1=Joel Benjamin |last2=Schiller |first2=Eric |authorlink2=Eric Schiller |title=Unorthodox Openings |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan Publishing Company]] |year=1987 |pages=63–64 |isbn=0-02-016590-0}}</ref>
The ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings]]'' (''ECO'') identifies the Colle System as an uncommon continuation of the [[Queen's Pawn Game]], assigning it the codes D04 and D05.{{efn|In the ''ECO'', openings or continuations which are considered [[Irregular chess opening|unorthodox]] are commonly treated in the beginning of a given section, receiving minimal elaboration.  In contrast, common variations of standard openings receive significant theoretical treatment in the middle and latter parts of a given section.  Volume D of the ''ECO'', entailing codes D00–D99, is largely given over to variations of the [[Queen's Gambit]] (1.d4 d5 2.c4), a standard opening covering the range D06–D69.  By contrast, the Colle System is identified under the headings D04 and D05 as one possible continuation of the symmetrical Queen's Pawn Game (or [[Closed Game]]) 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.e3 without ...e6 (D04) or with ...e6 (D05), receiving no further treatment.}} [[Paul van der Sterren]] gives an definition of 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.e3 e6 4.Bd3 c5 5.c3.<ref name="Sterren">{{cite book |last=van der Sterren |first=Paul |title=Fundamental Chess Openings |publisher=Gambit |year=2009 |pages=54–55 |isbn=9781906454135}}</ref> Other authors clarify that the system refers specifically to White's moves. [[David Vincent Hooper|Hooper]] and [[Ken Whyld|Whyld]] define the Colle as d4, Nf3, e3, Nbd2, c3 and Bd3 (in no particular order), including Nbd2 in their definition rather than noting it as a usual continuation.<ref name="Hooper">{{cite book |last1=Hooper |first1=David |authorlink1=David Vincent Hooper |last2=Whyld |first2=Kenneth |authorlink2=Kenneth Whyld |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |edition=2nd |orig-date=First pub. 1992 |pages=86, 461–480 |isbn=0-19-280049-3 }}</ref>{{efn|In addition to their eponymous entry, Hooper & Whyld also described a specific line as the ''Colle System'' in their appendix of openings (No. 1309): 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.d4 e6 3.Nbd2 d5 4.e3 Nbd7 5.Bd3 c5 6.c3. If the continuation 5...Nbd7 6.Nbd2 is appended to the line given by the ''ECO'' and van der Sterren, the result is equivalent to the line given by Hooper & Whyld by [[Transposition (chess)|transposition]]. }} [[Joel Benjamin|Benjamin]] and [[Eric Schiller|Schiller]] give the broader, less specific definition 1.d4, 2.Nf3, 3.e3, although they also note that the immediate plan involves developing the "f1-bishop".<ref name="Benjamin">{{cite book |last1=Benjamin |first1=Joel |authorlink1=Joel Benjamin |last2=Schiller |first2=Eric |authorlink2=Eric Schiller |title=Unorthodox Openings |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan Publishing Company]] |year=1987 |pages=63–64 |isbn=0-02-016590-0}}</ref>


[[John Nunn]] ''et al.'' regard the Colle as totally innocuous.<ref>[[John Nunn]], [[Graham Burgess]], [[John Emms (chess player)|John Emms]], and [[Joseph Gallagher|Joe Gallagher]]. ''Nunn's Chess Openings''. [[Everyman Chess|Everyman Publishers]], London, 1999.</ref>  While acknowledging the system's "innocuous" reputation and its "slow and solid" plan of development,<ref name="Benjamin" /> Benjamin and Schiller recommended the Colle as a "good"<ref>Benjamin and Schiller, p. 9.</ref> example of an unorthodox opening, as opposed to a "bad"<ref>Benjamin and Schiller, p. 73.</ref> or "ugly"<ref>Benjamin and Schiller, p. 99.</ref> one.  Together with Benjamin and Schiller,<ref name="Benjamin"/> Hooper and Whyld also noted that the Colle is unfashionable in master play.<ref name="Hooper" />  Van der Sterren concurred with Benjamin and Schiller that the Colle is a fine opening "for those who want to keep the opening as simple as possible", and also echoed their remark that White's plan is to play e4 in the near future.<ref name="Sterren" />
[[John Nunn]] ''et al.'' regard the Colle as totally innocuous.<ref>[[John Nunn]], [[Graham Burgess]], [[John Emms (chess player)|John Emms]], and [[Joseph Gallagher|Joe Gallagher]]. ''Nunn's Chess Openings''. [[Everyman Chess|Everyman Publishers]], London, 1999.</ref>  While acknowledging the system's "innocuous" reputation and its "slow and solid" plan of development,<ref name="Benjamin" /> Benjamin and Schiller recommended the Colle as a "good"<ref>Benjamin and Schiller, p. 9.</ref> example of an unorthodox opening, as opposed to a "bad"<ref>Benjamin and Schiller, p. 73.</ref> or "ugly"<ref>Benjamin and Schiller, p. 99.</ref> one.  Together with Benjamin and Schiller,<ref name="Benjamin"/> Hooper and Whyld also noted that the Colle is unfashionable in master play.<ref name="Hooper" />  Van der Sterren concurred with Benjamin and Schiller that the Colle is a fine opening "for those who want to keep the opening as simple as possible", and also echoed their remark that White's plan is to play e4 in the near future.<ref name="Sterren" />

Latest revision as of 04:45, 1 July 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:More citations needed Template:Infobox chess opening

The Colle System, also known as the Colle–Koltanowski System, is a chess opening Template:Chessgloss for White, popularised in the 1920s by the Belgian master Edgard Colle and further developed by George Koltanowski.

The Colle is characterised by several moves. White's center pawns are Template:Chessgloss to d4 and e3, the king's knight is developed to f3, the king's bishop is developed to d3, and the queen bishop's pawn (c-pawn) is developed to c3. Common continuations include development of the queen's knight to d2 (Nbd2) and Template:Chessgloss castling (0-0). A major theme of the Colle System is the ambition to play a well-timed e4, where the square is defended by the bishop on d3, the knight on d2 (following Nbd2), and possibly the rook on e1 (following 0-0 and Re1). Although sometimes described as a specific sequence of moves, the Colle System is not a fixed line of play, but rather a system for White where the moves may be permuted at the player's discretion. When a game opens with most or all of the above moves, to the exclusion of moves which typify other openings, the game may be described as "a Colle System".

In the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings, the opening is assigned the codes D04 (without ...e6) and D05 (with ...e6).[1] The opening was employed by Ding Liren in the twelfth game of the World Chess Championship 2023 against Ian Nepomniachtchi, resulting in a win for Ding. Template:AN chess

Definition and assessment

The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO) identifies the Colle System as an uncommon continuation of the Queen's Pawn Game, assigning it the codes D04 and D05.Template:Efn Paul van der Sterren gives an definition of 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.e3 e6 4.Bd3 c5 5.c3.[2] Other authors clarify that the system refers specifically to White's moves. Hooper and Whyld define the Colle as d4, Nf3, e3, Nbd2, c3 and Bd3 (in no particular order), including Nbd2 in their definition rather than noting it as a usual continuation.[3]Template:Efn Benjamin and Schiller give the broader, less specific definition 1.d4, 2.Nf3, 3.e3, although they also note that the immediate plan involves developing the "f1-bishop".[4]

John Nunn et al. regard the Colle as totally innocuous.[5] While acknowledging the system's "innocuous" reputation and its "slow and solid" plan of development,[4] Benjamin and Schiller recommended the Colle as a "good"[6] example of an unorthodox opening, as opposed to a "bad"[7] or "ugly"[8] one. Together with Benjamin and Schiller,[4] Hooper and Whyld also noted that the Colle is unfashionable in master play.[3] Van der Sterren concurred with Benjamin and Schiller that the Colle is a fine opening "for those who want to keep the opening as simple as possible", and also echoed their remark that White's plan is to play e4 in the near future.[2]

History

Colle and Koltanowski each won several tournaments in the 1920s and 1930s. Colle finished ahead of Tartakower, Euwe, and Rubinstein at various times.[9] The opening had even been referred to as the "dreaded" Colle System.[10] George Koltanowski, in his book The Colle System, said it offered "solid development", combinations, and a decent endgame, giving White "good chances of not losing against a stronger player".[11] Players like Capablanca and Tal found ways to take the sting out of some of its various lines, however. One such line that has been tested is 3...Bf5, sometimes called the "Anti-Colle".[12] Magnus Carlsen lost his only game with the white pieces during his five world championship matches, when he played the Colle-Zukertort System in game 8 of the World Chess Championship 2016 against Sergey Karjakin. The Colle was seen once again in world championship play in 2023, when Ding Liren successfully employed the system against Ian Nepomniachtchi in winning game 12 of the World Chess Championship 2023.[13] Ding's compatriot Wei Yi also successfully used the Colle System in round 13 of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2024, defeating Vidit Gujrathi on route to the playoffs, with Wei Yi eventually winning the Masters section of the tournament.[14]

Colle–Zukertort System

Script error: No such module "Chessboard". One variation of the Colle is the Colle–Zukertort System (named after Johannes Zukertort), characterised by developing the dark-squared bishop on b2. The typical plan is: 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 e6 3.e3 Nf6 4.Bd3 c5 5.b3 Nc6 6.0-0 Bd6 7.Bb2 0-0, where White, despite their apparently innocuous development, will eventually play for a kingside attack. This system has been frequently employed at grandmaster level by Artur Yusupov.

Games

A famous Colle System win featuring a slightly unusual Greek gift sacrifice is Colle–O'Hanlon, 1930.[15] Analysts have debated the theoretical soundness of this sacrifice for many years. Template:Block indent

Black has a variety of approaches to counter the Colle System. One of the most dynamic is to aim for a Queen's Indian Defense setup. White's pawn Template:Chessgloss to e4 slashes at empty space, while Black's pieces are poised to undermine White's Template:Chessgloss and attack the Template:Chessgloss. The technique is well-illustrated in the 1929 game between Colle and José Capablanca:[16] Template:Block indent

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist Bibliography

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Further reading

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Template:Chess Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ John Nunn, Graham Burgess, John Emms, and Joe Gallagher. Nunn's Chess Openings. Everyman Publishers, London, 1999.
  6. ↑ Benjamin and Schiller, p. 9.
  7. ↑ Benjamin and Schiller, p. 73.
  8. ↑ Benjamin and Schiller, p. 99.
  9. ↑ Rudel, David. Koltanowski-Phoenix Attack. Thinker Press. 2011. p. 84 Template:ISBN
  10. ↑ Reinfeld, Fred. The Immortal Games of Capablanca. Dover. 1970 p. 185 Template:ISBN
  11. ↑ Koltanowski, George. Colle System. 1980. Chess Enterprises, Inc. Template:ISBN
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Colle vs. O'Hanlon
  16. ↑ Colle vs. Capablanca
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