Condensation reaction: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined and a small molecule, usually water, is lost}} | {{short description|Chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined and a small molecule, usually water, is lost}} | ||
In [[organic chemistry]], a '''condensation reaction''' is a type of [[chemical reaction]] in which two [[molecule]]s are [[Combination reaction|combined]] to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as [[water]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Book: Introductory Chemistry (CK-12) |date=12 August 2020 |publisher=Chemistry Libre Texts |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/25%3A_Organic_Chemistry/25.18%3A_Condensation_Reactions |access-date=9 January 2021 |chapter=25.18 Condensation Reactions}}</ref> If water is lost, the reaction is also known as a [[dehydration reaction|dehydration synthesis]]. However other molecules can also be lost, such as [[ammonia]], [[ethanol]], [[acetic acid]] and [[hydrogen sulfide]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01238.html|title=Condensation Reaction|website=IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Gold Book)|year=2014|publisher=IUPAC|doi=10.1351/goldbook.C01238|access-date=7 December 2017|doi-access=free}}</ref> | In [[organic chemistry]], a '''condensation reaction''' is a type of [[chemical reaction]] in which two [[molecule]]s are [[Combination reaction|combined]] to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as [[water]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Book: Introductory Chemistry (CK-12) |date=12 August 2020 |publisher=Chemistry Libre Texts |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/25%3A_Organic_Chemistry/25.18%3A_Condensation_Reactions |access-date=9 January 2021 |chapter=25.18 Condensation Reactions}}</ref> If water is lost, the reaction is also known as a [[dehydration reaction|dehydration synthesis]]. However other molecules can also be lost, such as [[ammonia]], [[ethanol]], [[acetic acid]] and [[hydrogen sulfide]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01238.html|title=Condensation Reaction|website=IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Gold Book)|year=2014|publisher=IUPAC|doi=10.1351/goldbook.C01238|access-date=7 December 2017|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
The addition of the two molecules typically proceeds in a step-wise fashion to the addition product, usually in [[Chemical equilibrium|equilibrium]], and with loss of a water molecule (hence the name [[condensation]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fakirov|first=S.|date=2019-02-01|title=Condensation Polymers: Their Chemical Peculiarities Offer Great Opportunities|journal=Progress in Polymer Science|volume=89|pages=1–18|doi=10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.09.003|s2cid=105101288|issn=0079-6700}}</ref> The reaction may otherwise involve the [[functional group]]s of the molecule, and is a versatile class of reactions that can occur in [[acid]]ic or [[Base (chemistry)|basic]] conditions or in the presence of a [[catalyst]]. This class of reactions is a vital part of life as it is essential to the formation of [[peptide bond]]s between [[amino acid]]s and to the [[biosynthesis of fatty acids]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of Biochemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsbioc00voet|url-access=limited|last1=Voet|first1=Donald|last2=Voet|first2=Judith|last3=Pratt|first3=Chriss|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2008|isbn=978-0470-12930-2|location=Hoboken, NJ|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsbioc00voet/page/n118 88]}}</ref> | The addition of the two molecules typically proceeds in a step-wise fashion to the addition product, usually in [[Chemical equilibrium|equilibrium]], and with loss of a water molecule (hence the name [[condensation]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fakirov|first=S.|date=2019-02-01|title=Condensation Polymers: Their Chemical Peculiarities Offer Great Opportunities|journal=Progress in Polymer Science|volume=89|pages=1–18|doi=10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.09.003|s2cid=105101288|issn=0079-6700}}</ref> The reaction may otherwise involve the [[functional group]]s of the molecule, and is a versatile class of reactions that can occur in [[acid]]ic or [[Base (chemistry)|basic]] conditions or in the presence of a [[catalyst]]. This class of reactions is a vital part of life as it is essential to the formation of [[peptide bond]]s between [[amino acid]]s and to the [[biosynthesis of fatty acids]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of Biochemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsbioc00voet|url-access=limited|last1=Voet|first1=Donald|last2=Voet|first2=Judith|last3=Pratt|first3=Chriss|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2008|isbn=978-0470-12930-2|location=Hoboken, NJ|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsbioc00voet/page/n118 88]}}</ref> | ||
Latest revision as of 21:22, 19 June 2025
In organic chemistry, a condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water.[1] If water is lost, the reaction is also known as a dehydration synthesis. However other molecules can also be lost, such as ammonia, ethanol, acetic acid and hydrogen sulfide.[2]
The addition of the two molecules typically proceeds in a step-wise fashion to the addition product, usually in equilibrium, and with loss of a water molecule (hence the name condensation).[3] The reaction may otherwise involve the functional groups of the molecule, and is a versatile class of reactions that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of a catalyst. This class of reactions is a vital part of life as it is essential to the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids and to the biosynthesis of fatty acids.[4]
Many variations of condensation reactions exist. Common examples include the aldol condensation and the Knoevenagel condensation, which both form water as a by-product, as well as the Claisen condensation and the Dieckman condensation (intramolecular Claisen condensation), which form alcohols as by-products.[5]
Synthesis of prebiotic molecules
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Condensation reactions likely played major roles in the synthesis of the first biotic molecules including early peptides and nucleic acids. In fact, condensation reactions would be required at multiple steps in RNA oligomerization: the condensation of nucleobases and sugars, nucleoside phosphorylation, and nucleotide polymerization.[6]
See also
- Anabolism
- Hydrolysis, the opposite of a condensation reaction
- Condensed tannins