Quintillus: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Roman emperor in 270}} | {{short description|Roman emperor in 270 CE}} | ||
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{{for|other people named Quintillus|Quintillus (name)}} | {{for|other people named Quintillus|Quintillus (name)}} | ||
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| caption = [[Aureus]] depicting Quintillus. Inscription reads {{abbreviation|IMP|IMPERATOR}} {{abbreviation|C|CAESAR}} {{abbreviation|M|MARCVS}} {{abbreviation|AVR|AVRELIVS}} QVINTILLVS {{abbreviation|AVG|AVGVSTVS}} | | caption = [[Aureus]] depicting Quintillus. Inscription reads {{abbreviation|IMP|IMPERATOR}} {{abbreviation|C|CAESAR}} {{abbreviation|M|MARCVS}} {{abbreviation|AVR|AVRELIVS}} QVINTILLVS {{abbreviation|AVG|AVGVSTVS}} | ||
| succession = [[Roman emperor]] | | succession = [[Roman emperor]] | ||
| reign = 270 (17–77 days) | | reign = 270 CE (17–77 days) | ||
| predecessor = [[Claudius Gothicus]] | | predecessor = [[Claudius Gothicus]] | ||
| successor = [[Aurelian]] | | successor = [[Aurelian]] | ||
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| regnal name = Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus Augustus<ref>{{cite book |last=Cooley |year=2012 |first=Alison E. |title=The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy|page=500|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84026-2 |url={{googlebooks|VlghAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |author-link=Alison E. Cooley }}</ref> | | regnal name = Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus Augustus<ref>{{cite book |last=Cooley |year=2012 |first=Alison E. |title=The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy|page=500|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84026-2 |url={{googlebooks|VlghAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |author-link=Alison E. Cooley }}</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus''' (died 270) was a short-lived [[Roman emperor]]. He took power after the death of his brother, Emperor [[Claudius Gothicus]], in 270. After reigning for a few weeks Quintillus was overthrown by [[Aurelian]], who had been proclaimed rival emperor by the [[Roman legion|legions]] he commanded. The ancient sources variously report him to have killed himself, to have fallen in battle against Aurelian, or to have been murdered by his own soldiers. | '''Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus''' (died 270) was a short-lived [[Roman emperor]]. He took power after the death of his brother, Emperor [[Claudius Gothicus]], in 270 CE. After reigning for a few weeks Quintillus was overthrown by [[Aurelian]], who had been proclaimed rival emperor by the [[Roman legion|legions]] he commanded. The ancient sources variously report him to have killed himself, to have fallen in battle against Aurelian, or to have been murdered by his own soldiers. | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
| Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
==Reign of Quintillus== | ==Reign of Quintillus== | ||
Quintillus was declared emperor after Claudius died in 270. [[Eutropius (historian)|Eutropius]] reports Quintillus to have been elected by soldiers of the [[Roman army]] immediately following the death of his brother;{{sfn|Eutropius|loc=IX:12}} the choice was reportedly approved by the [[Roman Senate]]. [[Joannes Zonaras]] reports him elected by the Senate itself.{{sfn|Zonaras|loc=12:26}} Records, however, agree that the [[Roman legion|legions]] which had followed Claudius in campaigning along the [[Danube]] were either unaware or disapproving of Quintillus' elevation. They instead elevated their current leader [[Aurelian]] as emperor.{{sfn|Banchich|1999}} | Quintillus was declared emperor after Claudius died in 270 CE. [[Eutropius (historian)|Eutropius]] reports Quintillus to have been elected by soldiers of the [[Roman army]] immediately following the death of his brother;{{sfn|Eutropius|loc=IX:12}} the choice was reportedly approved by the [[Roman Senate]]. [[Joannes Zonaras]] reports him elected by the Senate itself.{{sfn|Zonaras|loc=12:26}} Records, however, agree that the [[Roman legion|legions]] which had followed Claudius in campaigning along the [[Danube]] were either unaware or disapproving of Quintillus' elevation. They instead elevated their current leader [[Aurelian]] as emperor.{{sfn|Banchich|1999}} | ||
The few records of Quintillus' reign are contradictory. It is variously reported to have lasted 17 days ([[Jerome]], [[Eutropius (historian)|Eutropius]] and [[Zonaras]]), 77 days ([[Filocalus]]), or "a few months" ([[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]]). Modern scholars believe "17" to be a misreading of a larger number, since Quintillus had time to produce an abundance of coins.{{sfn|Banchich|1999}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Syvänne|first=Ilkka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nD1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|title=Aurelian and Probus|publisher=[[Pen and Sword]]|year=2020|isbn=9781526767530|pages=65}}</ref> Records also disagree on the cause of his death. The ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' reports him [[murder]]ed by his own soldiers in reaction to his strict [[military discipline]].{{sfn|Historia Augusta|loc=12:5}} [[Jerome]] says that he was slain at [[Aquileia]], without further specifics.{{sfn|Jerome|loc=s.a. 271}} According to Joannes Zonaras, Quintillus [[Suicide methods#Cutting and stabbing|opened his veins and bled himself to death]];{{sfn|Zonaras|loc=12:26}} [[John of Antioch (historian)|John of Antioch]] concurs, adding that the suicide was assisted by a [[physician]].{{sfn|Banchich|1999}} [[Claudius Salmasius]] noted that [[Dexippus]] recorded the death without stating causes.{{sfn|Historia Augusta|loc=12:6}} All records, however, agree in placing the death at [[Aquileia]]. Quintillus was reportedly survived by his two sons.{{sfn|Historia Augusta|loc=13:9}} | The few records of Quintillus' reign are contradictory. It is variously reported to have lasted 17 days ([[Jerome]], [[Eutropius (historian)|Eutropius]] and [[Zonaras]]), 77 days ([[Filocalus]]), or "a few months" ([[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]]). Modern scholars believe "17" to be a misreading of a larger number, since Quintillus had time to produce an abundance of coins.{{sfn|Banchich|1999}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Syvänne|first=Ilkka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nD1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|title=Aurelian and Probus|publisher=[[Pen and Sword]]|year=2020|isbn=9781526767530|pages=65}}</ref> Records also disagree on the cause of his death. The ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' reports him [[murder]]ed by his own soldiers in reaction to his strict [[military discipline]].{{sfn|Historia Augusta|loc=12:5}} [[Jerome]] says that he was slain at [[Aquileia]], without further specifics.{{sfn|Jerome|loc=s.a. 271}} According to Joannes Zonaras, Quintillus [[Suicide methods#Cutting and stabbing|opened his veins and bled himself to death]];{{sfn|Zonaras|loc=12:26}} [[John of Antioch (historian)|John of Antioch]] concurs, adding that the suicide was assisted by a [[physician]].{{sfn|Banchich|1999}} [[Claudius Salmasius]] noted that [[Dexippus]] recorded the death without stating causes.{{sfn|Historia Augusta|loc=12:6}} All records, however, agree in placing the death at [[Aquileia]]. Quintillus was reportedly survived by his two sons.{{sfn|Historia Augusta|loc=13:9}} | ||
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* [[List of Roman emperors]] | * [[List of Roman emperors]] | ||
==References== | == References == | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
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===Ancient sources=== | ===Ancient sources=== | ||
* {{cite book |author=[[Jerome]]|title=Chronicon|date=2005|url=https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_03_part2.htm|ref={{sfnref|Jerome}}|orig-date={{circa}} 380|translator=Roger Pearse}} | * {{cite book |author=[[Jerome]]|title=Chronicon|date=2005|url=https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_03_part2.htm|ref={{sfnref|Jerome}}|orig-date={{circa}} 380|translator=Roger Pearse}} | ||
* {{cite book |author=Aurelius Victor|author-link=Aurelius Victor|title=Epitome de Caesaribus|date=2018|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm|ref={{sfnref|Aurelius Victor}}|orig-date={{circa}} 400|translator=Thomas M. Banchich}} | * {{cite book |author=Aurelius Victor|author-link=Aurelius Victor|title=Epitome de Caesaribus|date=2018|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm|ref={{sfnref|Aurelius Victor}}|orig-date={{circa}} 400|translator=Thomas M. Banchich}} | ||
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===Secondary sources=== | ===Secondary sources=== | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Manders |first1=Erika |title=Coining Images of Power: Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193-284 |date=2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004189706 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeyGeNsb_GoC}} | *{{cite book |last1=Manders |first1=Erika |title=Coining Images of Power: Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193-284 |date=2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004189706 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeyGeNsb_GoC}} | ||
* {{cite web|last1=Banchich|first1=Thomas|title=Quintillus (270 A.D)|date=1999|website=[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]]|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/quintil.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317143116/http://www.roman-emperors.org/quintil.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2022-03-17}} | * {{cite web|last1=Banchich|first1=Thomas|title=Quintillus (270 A.D)|date=1999|website=[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]]|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/quintil.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317143116/http://www.roman-emperors.org/quintil.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2022-03-17}} | ||
* [[A. H. M. Jones|Jones, A.H.M.]]; [[John Robert Martindale|Martindale, J.R.]], [[John Morris (historian)|Morris, J.]] (1971). [https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/759/mode/1up Quintillus 1]. ''[[The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire]]'' '''I'''. [[Cambridge University Press]], p. 759. {{ISBN|0-521-07233-6}} | * [[A. H. M. Jones|Jones, A.H.M.]]; [[John Robert Martindale|Martindale, J.R.]], [[John Morris (historian)|Morris, J.]] (1971). [https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/759/mode/1up Quintillus 1]. ''[[The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire]]'' '''I'''. [[Cambridge University Press]], p. 759. {{ISBN|0-521-07233-6}} | ||
Revision as of 19:42, 14 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "For". Template:Infobox royalty Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus (died 270) was a short-lived Roman emperor. He took power after the death of his brother, Emperor Claudius Gothicus, in 270 CE. After reigning for a few weeks Quintillus was overthrown by Aurelian, who had been proclaimed rival emperor by the legions he commanded. The ancient sources variously report him to have killed himself, to have fallen in battle against Aurelian, or to have been murdered by his own soldiers.
Early life
Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus' exact birthplace is unknown. An Illyrian, he was likely born in Pannonia Inferior, as is indicated by his coinage.Template:Sfn Originating from a low-born family, Quintillus came to prominence with the accession of his brother Claudius Gothicus to the imperial throne in 268 CE. Quintillus was possibly made Procurator of Sardinia during his brother's reign.
Reign of Quintillus
Quintillus was declared emperor after Claudius died in 270 CE. Eutropius reports Quintillus to have been elected by soldiers of the Roman army immediately following the death of his brother;Template:Sfn the choice was reportedly approved by the Roman Senate. Joannes Zonaras reports him elected by the Senate itself.Template:Sfn Records, however, agree that the legions which had followed Claudius in campaigning along the Danube were either unaware or disapproving of Quintillus' elevation. They instead elevated their current leader Aurelian as emperor.Template:Sfn
The few records of Quintillus' reign are contradictory. It is variously reported to have lasted 17 days (Jerome, Eutropius and Zonaras), 77 days (Filocalus), or "a few months" (Zosimus). Modern scholars believe "17" to be a misreading of a larger number, since Quintillus had time to produce an abundance of coins.Template:Sfn[1] Records also disagree on the cause of his death. The Historia Augusta reports him murdered by his own soldiers in reaction to his strict military discipline.Template:Sfn Jerome says that he was slain at Aquileia, without further specifics.Template:Sfn According to Joannes Zonaras, Quintillus opened his veins and bled himself to death;Template:Sfn John of Antioch concurs, adding that the suicide was assisted by a physician.Template:Sfn Claudius Salmasius noted that Dexippus recorded the death without stating causes.Template:Sfn All records, however, agree in placing the death at Aquileia. Quintillus was reportedly survived by his two sons.Template:Sfn
The Historia Augusta reports Claudius and Quintillus having another brother named Crispus and through him a niece, Claudia, who reportedly married Eutropius and was mother to Constantius Chlorus.Template:Sfn Some historians however suspect this account to be a genealogical fabrication to flatter Constantine I.Template:Sfn
Legacy
His reign was very short and he never managed to visit Rome as emperor. Surviving Roman records considered Quintillus a moderate and capable emperor.Template:Sfn He was seen as a champion of the Senate and thus compared to previous emperors Galba and Pertinax. All three were highly regarded by senatorial sources despite their failure to survive a full year of reign.Template:Sfn In his reign the priestly offices held by the emperor were separated and the image of the emperor as pontifex maximus was abandoned.Template:Sfn
See also
References
Sources
Ancient sources
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Secondary sources
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- Jones, A.H.M.; Martindale, J.R., Morris, J. (1971). Quintillus 1. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire I. Cambridge University Press, p. 759. Template:ISBN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Pages with script errors
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- 3rd-century Roman emperors
- Crisis of the Third Century
- Suicides in Ancient Rome
- Suicides by sharp instrument in Italy
- 210s births
- 270 deaths
- Year of birth uncertain
- Year of birth unknown
- Illyrian people
- Aurelii
- Claudii
- Illyrian emperors
- Royalty who died by suicide