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{{Short description|Genus of Old World monkeys}}
{{Short description|Genus of Old World monkeys}}
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'''''Trachypithecus''''' (derived from Greek {{lang|grc|τραχύς}}, {{transliteration|grc|trachýs}} meaning "rough" and {{lang|grc|πίθηκος}}, {{transliteration|grc|píthekos}} meaning "monkey") is a genus of [[Old World monkey]]s containing species known as '''lutungs''', '''langurs''', or '''leaf monkeys'''. Their range is much of [[Southeast Asia]] (northeast [[India]], [[Vietnam]], southern [[China]], [[Borneo]], [[Thailand]], [[Java]], and [[Bali]]).
'''''Trachypithecus''''' is a genus of [[Old World monkey]]s containing species known as '''lutungs''', '''langurs''', or '''leaf monkeys'''. Their range is much of [[Southeast Asia]] (northeast [[India]], [[Vietnam]], southern [[China]], [[Borneo]], [[Thailand]], [[Java]], and [[Bali]]).


The name "lutung" comes from the [[Sundanese language]] meaning "blackness", ultimately from [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]] *''luCuŋ'' (which originally referred to the [[Formosan rock macaque]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/30116#4/8.58/110.89|title=*luCuŋ: the Formosan rock monkey; Macaca cyclopis|last1=Blust|first1=Robert|author-link=Robert Blust|last2=Trussel|first2=Stephen|website=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary|date=2010|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> it is preferred in one paper because the authors wanted the name langurs to only refer to monkeys in the genus ''[[Semnopithecus]]'',<ref name=Harding2010/> although some "lutungs" are now "langurs" again.<ref name=handbook>{{cite book|title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 3: Primates|chapter=Introduction|edition=1st|author=Wilson, Don E. |author2=Mittermeier, Russell A. |author3=Rylands, Anthony B.|chapter-url=https://www.lynxeds.com/hmw/introduction/introduction-hmw-volume-3-primates|access-date=2018-08-30|year=2012|publisher=Lynx Edicions|isbn= 978-84-96553-89-7 }}</ref><ref name=asian>{{cite journal |author=Roos, C. |author2=Boonratana, R. |author3=Supriatna, J. |author4=Fellowes, J.R. |author5=Groves, C.P. |author6=Nash, S.D. |author7=Rylands, A.B. |author8=Mittermeier, R.A. |year=2014 |title=An updated taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates |journal=Asian Primates Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2–38|url=http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/25106535/1403670682630/2014June24_APJ_Vol4_1.pdf?token=EY6Cm%2BAdyf9lSBug8Jv%2BeF%2B%2BPDM%3D|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia (Primates: Colobinae)|author=Karanth, K. Praveen|display-authors=etal|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=46|year=2008|issue=2|pages=683–694|url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2008/theme1_08.pdf|access-date=2018-08-30|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.026|pmid=18191589|bibcode=2008MolPE..46..683K }}</ref>
The name "lutung" comes from the [[Sundanese language]] meaning "blackness", ultimately from [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]] *''luCuŋ'' (which originally referred to the [[Formosan rock macaque]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/30116#4/8.58/110.89|title=*luCuŋ: the Formosan rock monkey; Macaca cyclopis|last1=Blust|first1=Robert|author-link=Robert Blust|last2=Trussel|first2=Stephen|website=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary|date=2010|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> it is preferred in one paper because the authors wanted the name langurs to only refer to monkeys in the genus ''[[Semnopithecus]]'',<ref name=Harding2010/> although some "lutungs" are now "langurs" again.<ref name=handbook>{{cite book|title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 3: Primates|chapter=Introduction|edition=1st|author=Wilson, Don E. |author2=Mittermeier, Russell A. |author3=Rylands, Anthony B.|chapter-url=https://www.lynxeds.com/hmw/introduction/introduction-hmw-volume-3-primates|access-date=2018-08-30|year=2012|publisher=Lynx Edicions|isbn= 978-84-96553-89-7 }}</ref><ref name=asian>{{cite journal |author=Roos, C. |author2=Boonratana, R. |author3=Supriatna, J. |author4=Fellowes, J.R. |author5=Groves, C.P. |author6=Nash, S.D. |author7=Rylands, A.B. |author8=Mittermeier, R.A. |year=2014 |title=An updated taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates |journal=Asian Primates Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2–38|url=http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/25106535/1403670682630/2014June24_APJ_Vol4_1.pdf?token=EY6Cm%2BAdyf9lSBug8Jv%2BeF%2B%2BPDM%3D|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia (Primates: Colobinae)|author=Karanth, K. Praveen|display-authors=etal|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=46|year=2008|issue=2|pages=683–694|url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2008/theme1_08.pdf|access-date=2018-08-30|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.026|pmid=18191589|bibcode=2008MolPE..46..683K }}</ref> The scientific name of the genus comes from the [[Ancient Greek]] τραχύς (''trakhús''), meaning "rough", and πίθηκος (''píthēkos''), meaning "monkey".


== Evolution ==
== Evolution ==
[[File:Trachypithecus cristatus robustus.jpg|thumb|''Trachypithecus cristatus robustus'' skull]]
[[File:Trachypithecus cristatus robustus.jpg|thumb|''Trachypithecus cristatus robustus'' skull]]


Genetic analysis indicates that the ancestors of the modern species of lutung first differentiated from one another a little over 3 million years ago, during the late [[Pliocene]]. The various species alive today then diverged during the [[Pleistocene]], presumably driven by habitat changes during the [[Ice age|Ice Ages]].<ref name=Roos2008>{{cite journal | author = Roos, C.| year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of the silvered langur species group (''Trachypithecus cristatus'') | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 629–636 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.006 | pmid=18406631| bibcode = 2008MolPE..47..629R |display-authors=etal}}{{dead link|date=March 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The oldest fossils clearly identified as belonging to the genus date from the middle [[Pleistocene]] of [[Vietnam]] and [[Laos]]; later fossils are also known from Thailand, Java, and Sumatra. The closest living relatives of the lutungs are probably either the [[gray langur]]s or the surilis, although the exact relationships remain unclear, possibly due to hybridisation between these genera during the course of their recent evolutionary history.<ref name=Harding2010>{{cite journal | author = Harding, L.E. | year = 2010 | title = ''Trachypithecus cristatus'' (Primates: Cercopithecidae) | journal = Mammalian Species | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 149–165 | doi = 10.1644/862.1 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Genetic analysis indicates that the ancestors of the modern species of lutung first differentiated from one another a little over 3 million years ago, during the late [[Pliocene]]. The various species alive today then diverged during the [[Pleistocene]], presumably driven by habitat changes during the [[Ice age|Ice Ages]].<ref name=Roos2008>{{cite journal | author = Roos, C.| year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of the silvered langur species group (''Trachypithecus cristatus'') | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 629–636 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.006 | pmid=18406631| bibcode = 2008MolPE..47..629R |display-authors=etal}}{{dead link|date=March 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The oldest fossils clearly identified as belonging to the genus date from the middle [[Pleistocene]] of [[Vietnam]] and [[Laos]]; later fossils are also known from Thailand, Java, and Sumatra. The closest living relatives of the lutungs are probably either the [[gray langur]]s or the [[surili]]s, although the exact relationships remain unclear, possibly due to hybridisation between these genera during the course of their recent evolutionary history.<ref name=Harding2010>{{cite journal | author = Harding, L.E. | year = 2010 | title = ''Trachypithecus cristatus'' (Primates: Cercopithecidae) | journal = Mammalian Species | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 149–165 | doi = 10.1644/862.1 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
[[File:NILGIRI LANGUR (Trachypithecus johnii).jpg|thumb|400x400px|[[Nilgiri langur]], formerly classified within the genus ''Trachypithecus'' but since moved to the genus ''[[Semnopithecus]]'' ]]
[[File:NILGIRI LANGUR (Trachypithecus johnii).jpg|thumb|[[Nilgiri langur]], formerly classified within the genus ''Trachypithecus'' but since moved to the genus ''[[Semnopithecus]]'' ]]


As of 2005, the authors of ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'' recognize the following ''Trachypithecus'' species:<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=|id=12100703|heading=Genus ''Trachypithecus''}}</ref>
As of 2005, the authors of ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'' recognize the following ''Trachypithecus'' species:<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=|id=12100703|heading=Genus ''Trachypithecus''}}</ref>
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*** [[Indochinese black langur]], ''Trachypithecus ebenus''
*** [[Indochinese black langur]], ''Trachypithecus ebenus''


Since then, the ''T. vetulus'' group (the purple-faced langur and the Nilgiri langur) have been moved the genus ''[[Semnopithecus]]'' based on DNA and other evidence.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=roos>{{cite journal |author=Roos, C. |author2=Boonratana, R. |author3=Supriatna, J. |author4=Fellowes, J.R. |author5=Groves, C.P. |author6=Nash, S.D. |author7=Rylands, A.B. |author8=Mittermeier, R.A. |year=2014 |title=An updated taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates |journal=Asian Primates Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2–38|access-date=2018-08-30|url=http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/25106535/1403670682630/2014June24_APJ_Vol4_1.pdf?token=EY6Cm%2BAdyf9lSBug8Jv%2BeF%2B%2BPDM%3D}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenetic position of the langur genera Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus among Asian colobines, and genus affiliations of their species groups|author1=Osterholz, Martin |author2=Walter, Lutz |author3=Roos, Christian |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-58|pmid=18298809 |year=2008|volume=8|issue=58|page=58|pmc=2268674 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8...58O }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Asian Primate Classification|author=Brandon–Jones, D.|display-authors=etal|year=2004|journal=International Journal of Primatology|volume=25|issue=1|pages=97–164|citeseerx=10.1.1.694.7983|doi=10.1023/B:IJOP.0000014647.18720.32|s2cid=29045930}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenetic Relationships among the Colobine Monkeys Revisited: New Insights from Analyses of Complete mt Genomes and 44 Nuclear Non-Coding Markers|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=4|pages=e36274|author=Xiao Ping Wang|display-authors=etal|publisher=plos.org|date=April 27, 2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0036274|pmid=22558416|pmc=3338693|bibcode=2012PLoSO...736274W |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia (Primates: Colobinae)|author=Karanth, K. Praveen|display-authors=etal|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=46|issue=2|year=2008|pages=683–694|url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2008/theme1_08.pdf|access-date=2018-08-30|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.026|pmid=18191589|bibcode=2008MolPE..46..683K }}</ref>
Since then, the ''T. vetulus'' group (the purple-faced langur and the Nilgiri langur) have been moved the genus ''[[Semnopithecus]]'' based on DNA and other evidence.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=roos>{{cite journal |author=Roos, C. |author2=Boonratana, R. |author3=Supriatna, J. |author4=Fellowes, J.R. |author5=Groves, C.P. |author6=Nash, S.D. |author7=Rylands, A.B. |author8=Mittermeier, R.A. |year=2014 |title=An updated taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates |journal=Asian Primates Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2–38|access-date=2018-08-30|url=http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/25106535/1403670682630/2014June24_APJ_Vol4_1.pdf?token=EY6Cm%2BAdyf9lSBug8Jv%2BeF%2B%2BPDM%3D}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenetic position of the langur genera Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus among Asian colobines, and genus affiliations of their species groups|author1=Osterholz, Martin |author2=Walter, Lutz |author3=Roos, Christian |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-58|pmid=18298809 |year=2008|volume=8|issue=58|page=58|pmc=2268674 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8...58O }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Asian Primate Classification|author=Brandon–Jones, D.|display-authors=etal|year=2004|journal=International Journal of Primatology|volume=25|issue=1|pages=97–164|citeseerx=10.1.1.694.7983|doi=10.1023/B:IJOP.0000014647.18720.32|s2cid=29045930}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenetic Relationships among the Colobine Monkeys Revisited: New Insights from Analyses of Complete mt Genomes and 44 Nuclear Non-Coding Markers|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=4|article-number=e36274|author=Xiao Ping Wang|display-authors=etal|publisher=plos.org|date=April 27, 2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0036274|pmid=22558416|pmc=3338693|bibcode=2012PLoSO...736274W |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia (Primates: Colobinae)|author=Karanth, K. Praveen|display-authors=etal|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=46|issue=2|year=2008|pages=683–694|url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2008/theme1_08.pdf|access-date=2018-08-30|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.026|pmid=18191589|bibcode=2008MolPE..46..683K }}</ref>


In 2008, Roos ''et al.'' described the Malay Peninsula form of the silvery lutung as a separate subspecies and subsequently it has been elevated to a separate species within the ''T. cristatus'' group as the [[Selangor silvered langur]], ''T. selangorensis''.<ref name=roos/><ref name=roos2>{{cite journal | author = Roos, C.| year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of the silvered langur species group (''Trachypithecus cristatus'') | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5445311 | pages = 629–636 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.006 | pmid=18406631| bibcode = 2008MolPE..47..629R |display-authors=etal}}</ref>  Roos ''et al.'' also elevated the [[West Javan Langur]], ''Trachypithecus mauritius'', and  [[Annamese Langur]], ''Trachypithecus margarita'', to species status (formerly subspecies of ''T. auratus'' and ''T. germaini'', respectively).<ref name=roos/><ref name=roos2/> In 2020, Roos ''et al.'' discovered a new species, [[Popa langur]] (''T. popa''), which is found only in Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roos |first1=Christian|last2=Helgen|first2=Kristofer M.|last3=Miguez|first3=Roberto Portela|last4=Thant |first4=Naw May Lay |last5=Lwin |first5=Ngwe |last6=Lin |first6=Aung Ko|last7=Lin|first7=Aung|last8=Yi|first8=Khin Mar|last9=Soe|first9=Paing|last10=Hein|first10=Zin Mar |last11=Myint|first11=Margaret Nyein Nyein|date=2020 |title=Mitogenomic phylogeny of the Asian colobine genus ''Trachypithecus'' with special focus on ''Trachypithecus phayrei'' (Blyth, 1847) and description of a new species |journal=Zoological Research |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=656–669 |doi=10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.254|pmid=33171548|pmc=7671912|issn=2095-8137|doi-access=free}}</ref> Lastly, the [[White-headed langur]] (''T. leucocephalus''), previously thought to be a subspecies of the [[Francois langur]] (''T. Francois'') or [[Cat Ba langur]] (''T. poliocephalus''), is currently recognized as a distinct species by [[IUCN Red List]] assessors and the [[American Society of Mammalogists]], based on a 2007 paper by Groves.<ref name="IUCNWhite-headedlangur"/><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Groves, C. |date=2007 |title=Speciation and biogeography of Vietnam's primates |journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=27–40 |url=http://www.primate-sg.org/vpj11/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{BioRef|asm|genus=Trachypithecus |species=leucocephalus |id=1000707 |version=1.10|access-date=2023-12-29}}</ref>
In 2008, Roos ''et al.'' described the Malay Peninsula form of the silvery lutung as a separate subspecies and subsequently it has been elevated to a separate species within the ''T. cristatus'' group as the [[Selangor silvered langur]], ''T. selangorensis''.<ref name=roos/><ref name=roos2>{{cite journal | author = Roos, C.| year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of the silvered langur species group (''Trachypithecus cristatus'') | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5445311 | pages = 629–636 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.006 | pmid=18406631| bibcode = 2008MolPE..47..629R |display-authors=etal}}</ref>  Roos ''et al.'' also elevated the [[West Javan Langur]], ''Trachypithecus mauritius'', and  [[Annamese Langur]], ''Trachypithecus margarita'', to species status (formerly subspecies of ''T. auratus'' and ''T. germaini'', respectively).<ref name=roos/><ref name=roos2/> In 2020, Roos ''et al.'' discovered a new species, [[Popa langur]] (''T. popa''), which is found only in Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roos |first1=Christian|last2=Helgen|first2=Kristofer M.|last3=Miguez|first3=Roberto Portela|last4=Thant |first4=Naw May Lay |last5=Lwin |first5=Ngwe |last6=Lin |first6=Aung Ko|last7=Lin|first7=Aung|last8=Yi|first8=Khin Mar|last9=Soe|first9=Paing|last10=Hein|first10=Zin Mar |last11=Myint|first11=Margaret Nyein Nyein|date=2020 |title=Mitogenomic phylogeny of the Asian colobine genus ''Trachypithecus'' with special focus on ''Trachypithecus phayrei'' (Blyth, 1847) and description of a new species |journal=Zoological Research |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=656–669 |doi=10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.254|pmid=33171548|pmc=7671912|issn=2095-8137|doi-access=free}}</ref> Lastly, the [[White-headed langur]] (''T. leucocephalus''), previously thought to be a subspecies of the [[Francois langur]] (''T. Francois'') or [[Cat Ba langur]] (''T. poliocephalus''), is currently recognized as a distinct species by [[IUCN Red List]] assessors and the [[American Society of Mammalogists]], based on a 2007 paper by Groves.<ref name="IUCNWhite-headedlangur"/><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Groves, C. |date=2007 |title=Speciation and biogeography of Vietnam's primates |journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=27–40 |url=http://www.primate-sg.org/vpj11/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{BioRef|asm|genus=Trachypithecus |species=leucocephalus |id=1000707 |version=1.10|access-date=2023-12-29}}</ref>
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== Physical description ==
== Physical description ==
[[Image:Trachypithecus francoisi 3398.jpg|thumb|[[Francois' langur]] (''Trachypithecus francoisi'')]]
[[Image:Trachypithecus francoisi 3398.jpg|thumb|[[Francois' langur]] (''Trachypithecus francoisi'')]]
Lutungs have a rather slim build with a long tail. The fur color varies, depending on the species, from black and grey to orange yellow. Many species have skin designs and a brighter lower surface, the hair on the head is often compared to a hood. Their arms are very short in comparison to the feet and their thumbs are also somewhat shorter. The inner surfaces of the hands and feet are hairless so that their fur does not get caught when reaching into branches. These animals reach a length of 40 to 80&nbsp;cm and a weight of 5 to 15&nbsp;kg, with males generally larger than females. A bulge over the eyes and other details, primarily in the head, differentiate it from the [[surili]]s.
Lutungs have a rather slim build with a long tail. The fur color varies, depending on the species, from black and grey to orange yellow. Many species have skin designs and a brighter lower surface, the hair on the head is often compared to a hood. Their arms are very short in comparison to their hind legs, and their thumbs are also somewhat shorter than in other primates. The inner surfaces of the hands and feet are hairless so that their fur does not get caught when reaching into branches. These animals reach a length of 40 to 80&nbsp;cm and a weight of 5 to 15&nbsp;kg, with males being generally larger than females. A ridge over the eyes and other details, primarily related to the head, differentiate the lutungs from the [[surili]]s.


== Habitat and distribution ==
== Habitat and distribution ==


Lutungs live in the forests, often preferring rain forests, although occasionally they are also found in secluded mountain forests. Lutungs are found in South-east Asia and parts of South Asia from India in the west to China in the east.<ref name="Fleagle2013">{{Cite book |title=Primate adaptation and evolution |chapter=Asian Colobines |last=Fleagle |first=John G. |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-378632-6 |edition=3rd |location=Amsterdam |pages=139–144 |oclc=820107187}}</ref>
Lutungs live in forests. They often prefer rainforests, although they are occasionally also found in secluded mountain forests and limestone karst forests. Lutungs are found in South-east Asia and parts of South Asia, from India in the west to China in the east.<ref name="Fleagle2013">{{Cite book |title=Primate adaptation and evolution |chapter=Asian Colobines |last=Fleagle |first=John G. |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-378632-6 |edition=3rd |location=Amsterdam |pages=139–144 |oclc=820107187}}</ref>


== Behaviour ==
== Behaviour ==


They spend the largest part of the day in the trees, where they crawl along the branches on all fours, although they can also jump well from tree to tree. They are [[diurnal animal|diurnal]], although more active in the early mornings and the afternoon.
Lutungs spend the largest part of the day in the trees, where they walk along the branches on all fours.They also jump from tree to tree, often covering long distances between trees; those long jumps are referred to as leaping. Lutungs are [[diurnal animal|diurnal]], although more active in the early mornings and the afternoon.


They live in groups of five to 20 animals, mostly in [[Harem (zoology)|harem]]s, i.e. a single male with several females. Young males must leave their birth group when fully mature, often forming bachelor groups. If a new male takes over a harem, defeating and scaring off the harem leader, he often kills the children of the group. Lutungs are territorial, with loud shouting to defend their territories from other lutung interlopers, resorting to force if the outsiders are not scared off. They have a common repertoire of sounds with which they warn group members. Also, mutual grooming plays an important role.
They live in groups of five to 20 animals, mostly in [[Harem (zoology)|harem]]s, i.e. a single male with several females. Young males must leave their birth group when fully mature, often forming bachelor groups. If a new male takes over a harem, defeating or scaring off the former harem leader, he often kills the infants in the group. This behavior is also known as [[Infanticide (zoology)|infanticide]]. Lutungs are territorial, and emit loud calls to defend their territories from rival males, resorting to force if the outsiders are not scared off. They have a common repertoire of sounds with which they warn group members. Mutual grooming also plays an important role in maintaining the bonds between individuals.


Lutungs are [[herbivore]]s, primarily eating leaves, fruits, and buds. To digest the tough leaves, they developed a multichambered stomach.
Lutungs are [[herbivore]]s, primarily eating leaves, fruits, and buds. To digest the tough leaves, they developed a multichambered stomach.
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=== Reproduction ===
=== Reproduction ===


Rarely twins, a typical single birth comes after a seven-month gestation period. Newborns usually have a golden-yellow fur. The mother shares responsibilities of rearing the young with the other females ("aunties") of the harem. They hand the young around, play with it, carry it, and cuddle it, while the mother searches for food. If the mother dies, another female adopts the young animal. Lutungs are weaned in the latter half of their first year, and reach full maturity at 4 to 5 years. The life expectancy is estimated at 20 years.
Lutungs typically give birth to a single young, after a seven-month gestation period. Twins occur, but are rare. Newborns usually have golden-yellow or orange fur. The mother shares responsibilities of rearing the young with the other females ("aunties") of the harem. Females within a group hand the young around, play with them, carry them, and cuddle them, allowing the mother to forage or spend time alone. If the mother dies, another female adopts the young animal. Lutungs are weaned in the latter half of their first year, and reach full maturity at 4 to 5 years. The life expectancy is estimated at 20 years.


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="MamWorld602">[[#CITEREF MamWorld|Nowak 1999]], p. 602</ref>
<ref name="MamWorld602">{{cite book |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |volume=1 |last=Nowak |first=Ronald M. |date=1999 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8 |page=602}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNEastJavanlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Nijman |first1=V. |title=''Trachypithecus auratus'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T39848A17988500 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39848A17988500.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNEastJavanlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Nijman |first1=V. |title=''Trachypithecus auratus'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T39848A17988500 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39848A17988500.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWEastJavanlangur">{{cite web |first1=William |last1=Cannon |first2=Abby |last2=Vos |title=''Trachypithecus auratus'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_auratus/ |date=2009 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724210736/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_auratus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="ADWEastJavanlangur">{{cite web |first1=William |last1=Cannon |first2=Abby |last2=Vos |title=''Trachypithecus auratus'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_auratus/ |date=2009 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724210736/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_auratus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNTenasserimlutung">{{cite iucn |last1=Nadler |first1=T. |title=''Trachypithecus barbei'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T41554A17960144 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41554A17960144.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNTenasserimlutung">{{cite iucn |last1=Nadler |first1=T. |title=''Trachypithecus barbei'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T41554A17960144 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41554A17960144.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNWestJavanlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Setiawan |first1=A. |last2=Traeholt |first2=C. |last3=Nijman |first3=V. |last4=Supriatna |first4=J. |title=''Trachypithecus mauritius'' |amends=2020 |volume=2021 |page=e.T39849A196325582 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39849A196325582.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNWestJavanlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Setiawan |first1=A. |last2=Traeholt |first2=C. |last3=Nijman |first3=V. |last4=Supriatna |first4=J. |title=''Trachypithecus mauritius'' |amends=2020 |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T39849A196325582 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39849A196325582.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNSelangorsilveredlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Ang |first1=A. |last2=Nijman |first2=V. |last3=Traeholt |first3=C. |title=''Trachypithecus selangorensis'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T205911038A205911065 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T205911038A205911065.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNSelangorsilveredlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Ang |first1=A. |last2=Nijman |first2=V. |last3=Traeholt |first3=C. |title=''Trachypithecus selangorensis'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T205911038A205911065 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T205911038A205911065.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNSilverylutung">{{cite iucn |last1=Meijaard |first1=E. |last2=Nijman |first2=V. |title=''Trachypithecus cristatus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22035A17959977 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22035A17959977.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNSilverylutung">{{cite iucn |last1=Meijaard |first1=E. |last2=Nijman |first2=V. |title=''Trachypithecus cristatus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22035A17959977 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22035A17959977.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWSilverylutung">{{cite web |first1=Christine |last1=Bedore |title=''Trachypithecus cristatus'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_cristatus/ |date=2005 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812151146/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_cristatus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="ADWSilverylutung">{{cite web |first1=Christine |last1=Bedore |title=''Trachypithecus cristatus'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_cristatus/ |date=2005 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812151146/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_cristatus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNDelacourslangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Nadler |first1=T. |last2=Quyet |first2=L. K. |last3=Rawson |first3=B. M. |last4=Coudrat |first4=C. N. Z. |title=''Trachypithecus delacouri'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22043A17958988 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22043A17958988.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNDelacourslangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Nadler |first1=T. |last2=Quyet |first2=L. K. |last3=Rawson |first3=B. M. |last4=Coudrat |first4=C. N. Z. |title=''Trachypithecus delacouri'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22043A17958988 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22043A17958988.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNIndochineseblacklangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Quyet |first1=L. K. |last2=Coudrat |first2=C. N. Z. |last3=Phiaphalath |first3=P. |last4=Nadler |first4=T. |last5=Covert |first5=H. |title=''Trachypithecus hatinhensis'' |amends=2020 |volume=2021 |page=e.T40789A196139355 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40789A196139355.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNIndochineseblacklangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Quyet |first1=L. K. |last2=Coudrat |first2=C. N. Z. |last3=Phiaphalath |first3=P. |last4=Nadler |first4=T. |last5=Covert |first5=H. |title=''Trachypithecus hatinhensis'' |amends=2020 |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T40789A196139355 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40789A196139355.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNIndochinesegreylangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Yongcheng |first1=L. |last2=Nadler |first2=T. |last3=Quyet |first3=L. K. |title=''Trachypithecus crepusculus'' |amends=2020 |volume=2021 |page=e.T136920A204397334 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T136920A204397334.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNIndochinesegreylangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Yongcheng |first1=L. |last2=Nadler |first2=T. |last3=Quyet |first3=L. K. |title=''Trachypithecus crepusculus'' |amends=2020 |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T136920A204397334 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T136920A204397334.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNFrançoislangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Nadler |first1=T. |last2=Quyet |first2=L. K. |last3=Covert |first3=H. |last4=Long |first4=Y. |title=''Trachypithecus francoisi'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T39853A17958817 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39853A17958817.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNFrançoislangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Nadler |first1=T. |last2=Quyet |first2=L. K. |last3=Covert |first3=H. |last4=Long |first4=Y. |title=''Trachypithecus francoisi'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T39853A17958817 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39853A17958817.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWFrançoislangur">{{cite web |first1=Lauren |last1=Ris |title=''Trachypithecus francoisi'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_francoisi/ |date=2004 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812152253/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_francoisi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="ADWFrançoislangur">{{cite web |first1=Lauren |last1=Ris |title=''Trachypithecus francoisi'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_francoisi/ |date=2004 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812152253/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_francoisi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNGeesgoldenlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Das |first1=J. |last2=Chetry |first2=D. |last3=Medhi |first3=R. |last4=Choudhury |first4=A. |title=''Trachypithecus geei'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22037A17960997 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22037A17960997.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNGeesgoldenlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Das |first1=J. |last2=Chetry |first2=D. |last3=Medhi |first3=R. |last4=Choudhury |first4=A. |title=''Trachypithecus geei'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22037A17960997 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22037A17960997.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWGeesgoldenlangur">{{cite web |first1=Shivani |last1=Raval |title=''Trachypithecus geei'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_geei/ |date=2004 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407190734/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_geei/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="ADWGeesgoldenlangur">{{cite web |first1=Shivani |last1=Raval |title=''Trachypithecus geei'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_geei/ |date=2004 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407190734/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_geei/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNGermainslangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Duc |first1=H. |last2=Covert |first2=H. |last3=Ang |first3=A. |last4=Moody |first4=J. |title=''Trachypithecus germaini'' |amends=2021 |volume=2022 |page=e.T39874A217754957 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39874A217754957.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNGermainslangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Duc |first1=H. |last2=Covert |first2=H. |last3=Ang |first3=A. |last4=Moody |first4=J. |title=''Trachypithecus germaini'' |amends=2021 |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T39874A217754957 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39874A217754957.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNLaotianlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Coudrat |first1=C. N. Z. |last2=Nadler |first2=T. |last3=Phiaphalath |first3=P. |last4=Duckworth |first4=J. W. |title=''Trachypithecus laotum'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22044A17959133 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22044A17959133.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNLaotianlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Coudrat |first1=C. N. Z. |last2=Nadler |first2=T. |last3=Phiaphalath |first3=P. |last4=Duckworth |first4=J. W. |title=''Trachypithecus laotum'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22044A17959133 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22044A17959133.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNDuskyleafmonkey">{{cite iucn |last1=Boonratana |first1=R. |last2=Ang |first2=A. |last3=Traeholt |first3=C. |last4=Thant |first4=N. M. L. |title=''Trachypithecus obscurus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22039A17960562 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22039A17960562.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNDuskyleafmonkey">{{cite iucn |last1=Boonratana |first1=R. |last2=Ang |first2=A. |last3=Traeholt |first3=C. |last4=Thant |first4=N. M. L. |title=''Trachypithecus obscurus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22039A17960562 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22039A17960562.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWDuskyleafmonkey">{{cite web |first1=Lata |last1=Viswanathan |title=''Trachypithecus obscurus'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_obscurus/ |date=2002 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709130441/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_obscurus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="ADWDuskyleafmonkey">{{cite web |first1=Lata |last1=Viswanathan |title=''Trachypithecus obscurus'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_obscurus/ |date=2002 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709130441/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_obscurus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNPhayresleafmonkey">{{cite iucn |last1=Chetry |first1=D. |last2=Ahmed |first2=T. |title=''Trachypithecus phayrei'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T175862145A175862149 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T175862145A175862149.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNPhayresleafmonkey">{{cite iucn |last1=Chetry |first1=D. |last2=Ahmed |first2=T. |title=''Trachypithecus phayrei'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T175862145A175862149 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T175862145A175862149.en}}</ref>
<ref name="ADWPhayresleafmonkey">{{cite web |first1=wayne |last1=cantwell |title=''Trachypithecus phayrei'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_phayrei/ |date=2011 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812172749/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_phayrei/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="ADWPhayresleafmonkey">{{cite web |first1=wayne |last1=cantwell |title=''Trachypithecus phayrei'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_phayrei/ |date=2011 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812172749/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trachypithecus_phayrei/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNAnnameselangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Hoang Minh Duc |first1=Nadler |last2=T. |first2=Coudrat |last3=C. N. Z. |first3=Rawson |last4=B. M. |first4=Covert |last5=H. |first5=Moody |last6=J. |first6=Ang |last7=A. |title=''Trachypithecus margarita'' |amends=2021 |volume=2022 |page=e.T39875A210372003 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39875A210372003.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNAnnameselangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Hoang Minh Duc |first1=Nadler |last2=T. |first2=Coudrat |last3=C. N. Z. |first3=Rawson |last4=B. M. |first4=Covert |last5=H. |first5=Moody |last6=J. |first6=Ang |last7=A. |title=''Trachypithecus margarita'' |amends=2021 |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T39875A210372003 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39875A210372003.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNCappedlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Das |first1=J. |last2=Chetry |first2=D. |last3=Choudhury |first3=A. |last4=Bleisch |first4=W. |title=''Trachypithecus pileatus'' |errata=2021 |volume=2020 |page=e.T22041A196580469 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22041A196580469.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNCappedlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Das |first1=J. |last2=Chetry |first2=D. |last3=Choudhury |first3=A. |last4=Bleisch |first4=W. |title=''Trachypithecus pileatus'' |errata=2021 |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22041A196580469 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22041A196580469.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNCatBalangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Rawson |first1=B. M. |last2=Leonard |first2=N. |last3=Covert |first3=H. |last4=Nadler |first4=T. |title=''Trachypithecus poliocephalus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T39871A17959804 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39871A17959804.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNCatBalangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Rawson |first1=B. M. |last2=Leonard |first2=N. |last3=Covert |first3=H. |last4=Nadler |first4=T. |title=''Trachypithecus poliocephalus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T39871A17959804 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39871A17959804.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNShortridgeslangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Long |first1=Y. |last2=Htun |first2=S. |title=''Trachypithecus shortridgei'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T39869A17961202 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39869A17961202.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNShortridgeslangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Long |first1=Y. |last2=Htun |first2=S. |title=''Trachypithecus shortridgei'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T39869A17961202 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39869A17961202.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNPopalangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Matauschek |first1=C. |last2=Meyer |first2=D. |last3=Lwin |first3=N. |last4=Ko Lin |first4=A. |last5=Lin |first5=A. |last6=Momberg |first6=F. |last7=Roos |first7=C. |title=''Trachypithecus popa'' |volume=2022 |page=e.T196344474A196344962 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T196344474A196344962.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNPopalangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Matauschek |first1=C. |last2=Meyer |first2=D. |last3=Lwin |first3=N. |last4=Ko Lin |first4=A. |last5=Lin |first5=A. |last6=Momberg |first6=F. |last7=Roos |first7=C. |title=''Trachypithecus popa'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T196344474A196344962 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T196344474A196344962.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNWhite-headedlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Bleisch |first1=B. |last2=Long |first2=Y. |title=''Trachypithecus leucocephalus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T39872A17988378 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39872A17988378.en}}</ref>
<ref name="IUCNWhite-headedlangur">{{cite iucn |last1=Bleisch |first1=B. |last2=Long |first2=Y. |title=''Trachypithecus leucocephalus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T39872A17988378 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39872A17988378.en}}</ref>
}}
}}
==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |volume=1 |last=Nowak |first=Ronald M. |date=1999 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8 |ref=CITEREF_MamWorld}}
{{Refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Wikispecies|Trachypithecus|Lutung}}
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/trachypithecus Primate Info Net ''Trachypithecus'' factsheets]
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/trachypithecus Primate Info Net ''Trachypithecus'' factsheets]


Latest revision as of 14:43, 22 October 2025

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Trachypithecus is a genus of Old World monkeys containing species known as lutungs, langurs, or leaf monkeys. Their range is much of Southeast Asia (northeast India, Vietnam, southern China, Borneo, Thailand, Java, and Bali).

The name "lutung" comes from the Sundanese language meaning "blackness", ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *luCuŋ (which originally referred to the Formosan rock macaque);[1] it is preferred in one paper because the authors wanted the name langurs to only refer to monkeys in the genus Semnopithecus,[2] although some "lutungs" are now "langurs" again.[3][4][5] The scientific name of the genus comes from the Ancient Greek τραχύς (trakhús), meaning "rough", and πίθηκος (píthēkos), meaning "monkey".

Evolution

File:Trachypithecus cristatus robustus.jpg
Trachypithecus cristatus robustus skull

Genetic analysis indicates that the ancestors of the modern species of lutung first differentiated from one another a little over 3 million years ago, during the late Pliocene. The various species alive today then diverged during the Pleistocene, presumably driven by habitat changes during the Ice Ages.[6] The oldest fossils clearly identified as belonging to the genus date from the middle Pleistocene of Vietnam and Laos; later fossils are also known from Thailand, Java, and Sumatra. The closest living relatives of the lutungs are probably either the gray langurs or the surilis, although the exact relationships remain unclear, possibly due to hybridisation between these genera during the course of their recent evolutionary history.[2]

Taxonomy

File:NILGIRI LANGUR (Trachypithecus johnii).jpg
Nilgiri langur, formerly classified within the genus Trachypithecus but since moved to the genus Semnopithecus

As of 2005, the authors of Mammal Species of the World recognize the following Trachypithecus species:[7]

Since then, the T. vetulus group (the purple-faced langur and the Nilgiri langur) have been moved the genus Semnopithecus based on DNA and other evidence.[3][9][10][11][12][13]

In 2008, Roos et al. described the Malay Peninsula form of the silvery lutung as a separate subspecies and subsequently it has been elevated to a separate species within the T. cristatus group as the Selangor silvered langur, T. selangorensis.[9][14] Roos et al. also elevated the West Javan Langur, Trachypithecus mauritius, and Annamese Langur, Trachypithecus margarita, to species status (formerly subspecies of T. auratus and T. germaini, respectively).[9][14] In 2020, Roos et al. discovered a new species, Popa langur (T. popa), which is found only in Myanmar.[15] Lastly, the White-headed langur (T. leucocephalus), previously thought to be a subspecies of the Francois langur (T. Francois) or Cat Ba langur (T. poliocephalus), is currently recognized as a distinct species by IUCN Red List assessors and the American Society of Mammalogists, based on a 2007 paper by Groves.[16][17][18]

This leaves the current understanding of the genus Trachypithecus to be: Template:Species table Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/end

Physical description

File:Trachypithecus francoisi 3398.jpg
Francois' langur (Trachypithecus francoisi)

Lutungs have a rather slim build with a long tail. The fur color varies, depending on the species, from black and grey to orange yellow. Many species have skin designs and a brighter lower surface, the hair on the head is often compared to a hood. Their arms are very short in comparison to their hind legs, and their thumbs are also somewhat shorter than in other primates. The inner surfaces of the hands and feet are hairless so that their fur does not get caught when reaching into branches. These animals reach a length of 40 to 80 cm and a weight of 5 to 15 kg, with males being generally larger than females. A ridge over the eyes and other details, primarily related to the head, differentiate the lutungs from the surilis.

Habitat and distribution

Lutungs live in forests. They often prefer rainforests, although they are occasionally also found in secluded mountain forests and limestone karst forests. Lutungs are found in South-east Asia and parts of South Asia, from India in the west to China in the east.[19]

Behaviour

Lutungs spend the largest part of the day in the trees, where they walk along the branches on all fours.They also jump from tree to tree, often covering long distances between trees; those long jumps are referred to as leaping. Lutungs are diurnal, although more active in the early mornings and the afternoon.

They live in groups of five to 20 animals, mostly in harems, i.e. a single male with several females. Young males must leave their birth group when fully mature, often forming bachelor groups. If a new male takes over a harem, defeating or scaring off the former harem leader, he often kills the infants in the group. This behavior is also known as infanticide. Lutungs are territorial, and emit loud calls to defend their territories from rival males, resorting to force if the outsiders are not scared off. They have a common repertoire of sounds with which they warn group members. Mutual grooming also plays an important role in maintaining the bonds between individuals.

Lutungs are herbivores, primarily eating leaves, fruits, and buds. To digest the tough leaves, they developed a multichambered stomach.

Reproduction

Lutungs typically give birth to a single young, after a seven-month gestation period. Twins occur, but are rare. Newborns usually have golden-yellow or orange fur. The mother shares responsibilities of rearing the young with the other females ("aunties") of the harem. Females within a group hand the young around, play with them, carry them, and cuddle them, allowing the mother to forage or spend time alone. If the mother dies, another female adopts the young animal. Lutungs are weaned in the latter half of their first year, and reach full maturity at 4 to 5 years. The life expectancy is estimated at 20 years.

References

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External links

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