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[[File:An Oberoi Hotel employee doing Namaste, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|upright|Pressing hands together with a smile to greet ''namaste'' – a common cultural gesture in India]]
[[File:An Oberoi Hotel employee doing Namaste, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|upright|Pressing hands together with a smile to greet ''namaste'' – a common cultural gesture in India]]


'''''Namaste''''' ({{IPA|sa|nɐmɐste:}},<ref>{{Cite OED|namaste}}. The British pronunciation is either {{IPA|/ˈnaməsteɪ/}} or {{IPA|/naməˈsteɪ/}}, and the American is {{IPA|/ˈˌnɑməˈˌsteɪ/}}.</ref> [[Devanagari]]: नमस्ते), sometimes called '''''namaskār''''' and '''''namaskāram''''', is a customary [[Hindus|Hindu]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=How 'Namaste' Entered The English Language|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/the-history-of-namaste|access-date=2021-08-18|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Why 'namaste' has become the perfect pandemic greeting|url=https://religionnews.com/2020/10/01/why-namaste-has-become-the-perfect-pandemic-greeting/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Religion News Service|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-23|title=Here's the history behind these no-touch greetings|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/ways-people-around-world-say-hello-without-touching-coronavirus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413010919/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/ways-people-around-world-say-hello-without-touching-coronavirus|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 13, 2021|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Travel|language=en}}</ref>  manner of respectfully [[greeting]] and honouring a person or group, used at any time of day.<ref name=kvsingh>{{cite book|author=K V Singh|title=Hindu Rites and Rituals: Origins and Meanings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzoHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|year=2015|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0143425106|pages=123–124|access-date=2017-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217193907/https://books.google.com/books?id=uzoHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|archive-date=2019-12-17|url-status=live}}</ref> It is used worldwide among the Hindu, Buddhist and Jain traditions. ''Namaste'' is usually spoken with a slight bow and hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointing upwards, thumbs close to the chest. This gesture is called '''''añjali mudrā'''''; the standing posture incorporating it is '''''pranāmāsana'''''.<ref>{{Citation | last = Chatterjee | first = Gautam | year = 2001 | publisher = Abhinav Publications | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ0XQHEkuIcC | title = Sacred Hindu Symbols | pages = 47–48 | isbn = 9788170173977 | access-date = 2017-12-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170111165355/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ0XQHEkuIcC | archive-date = 2017-01-11 | url-status = live }}.</ref>
'''''Namaste''''' ({{IPA|sa|nɐmɐsteː}},<ref>{{Cite OED|namaste}}. The British pronunciation is either {{IPA|/ˈnaməsteɪ/}} or {{IPA|/naməˈsteɪ/}}, and the American is {{IPA|/ˈˌnɑməˈˌsteɪ/}}.</ref> [[Devanagari]]: नमस्ते), sometimes called '''''namaskār''''' and '''''namaskāram''''', is a customary [[Hindus|Hindu]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=How 'Namaste' Entered The English Language|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/the-history-of-namaste|access-date=2021-08-18|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Why 'namaste' has become the perfect pandemic greeting|url=https://religionnews.com/2020/10/01/why-namaste-has-become-the-perfect-pandemic-greeting/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Religion News Service|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-23|title=Here's the history behind these no-touch greetings|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/ways-people-around-world-say-hello-without-touching-coronavirus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413010919/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/ways-people-around-world-say-hello-without-touching-coronavirus|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 13, 2021|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Travel|language=en}}</ref>  manner of respectfully [[greeting]] and honouring a person or group, used at any time of day.<ref name=kvsingh>{{cite book|author=K V Singh|title=Hindu Rites and Rituals: Origins and Meanings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzoHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|year=2015|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0143425106|pages=123–124|access-date=2017-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217193907/https://books.google.com/books?id=uzoHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|archive-date=2019-12-17|url-status=live}}</ref> It is used worldwide among the Hindu, Buddhist and Jain traditions. ''Namaste'' is usually spoken with a slight bow and hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointing upwards, thumbs close to the chest. This gesture is called '''''añjali mudrā'''''; the standing posture incorporating it is '''''pranāmāsana'''''.<ref>{{Citation | last = Chatterjee | first = Gautam | year = 2001 | publisher = Abhinav Publications | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ0XQHEkuIcC | title = Sacred Hindu Symbols | pages = 47–48 | isbn = 9788170173977 | access-date = 2017-12-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170111165355/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ0XQHEkuIcC | archive-date = 2017-01-11 | url-status = live }}.</ref>


== Etymology, meaning and origins ==
== Etymology, meaning and origins ==

Latest revision as of 17:17, 20 June 2025

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File:An Oberoi Hotel employee doing Namaste, New Delhi.jpg
Pressing hands together with a smile to greet namaste – a common cultural gesture in India

Namaste (Script error: No such module "IPA".,[1] Devanagari: नमस्ते), sometimes called namaskār and namaskāram, is a customary Hindu[2][3][4] manner of respectfully greeting and honouring a person or group, used at any time of day.[5] It is used worldwide among the Hindu, Buddhist and Jain traditions. Namaste is usually spoken with a slight bow and hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointing upwards, thumbs close to the chest. This gesture is called añjali mudrā; the standing posture incorporating it is pranāmāsana.[6]

Etymology, meaning and origins

Template:Multiple image

Namaste (Namas + te) is derived from Sanskrit and is a combination of the word namas and the second person dative pronoun in its enclitic form, te.[7] The word namaḥ takes the sandhi form namas before the sound te.[8][9]

It is found in the Vedic literature. Namas-krita and related terms appear in the Hindu scripture Rigveda such as in the Vivaha Sukta, verse 10.85.22[10] in the sense of "worship, adore", while Namaskara appears in the sense of "exclamatory adoration, homage, salutation and worship" in the Atharvaveda, the Taittiriya Samhita, and the Aitareya Brahmana. It is an expression of veneration, worship, reverence, an "offering of homage" and "adoration" in the Vedic literature and post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata.[11][12] The phrase Namas-te appears with this meaning in Rigveda 8.75.10,[13] Atharvaveda verse 6.13.2, Taittirya Samhita 2.6.11.2 and in numerous other instances in many early Hindu texts.[14] It is also found in numerous ancient and medieval era sculpture and mandapa relief artwork in Hindu temples.[15] Template:Multiple image According to the Indologist Stephen Phillips, the terms "te and tvam" are an informal, familiar form of "you" in Sanskrit, and it is typically not used for unfamiliar adults. It is reserved for someone familiar, intimate, divine or a child.[16][17] By using the dative form of tvam in the greeting Namas-te, there is an embedded secondary, metaphorical sense in the word. This is the basis of the pragmatic meaning of Namas-te, that is "salutations to the (divine) child (in your heart)", states Phillips.[16]

In the contemporary era, namaḥ means 'bow', 'obeisance', 'reverential salutation' or 'adoration'[18] and te means 'to you' (singular dative case of 'tvam'). Therefore, namaste literally means "bowing to you".[19] In Hinduism, it also has a spiritual import reflecting the belief that "the divine and self (atman, Self) is same in you and me", and connotes "I bow to the divine in you".[20][5][21] According to sociologist Holly Oxhandler, it is a Hindu term which means "the sacred in me recognizes the sacred in you".[22]

A less common variant is used in the case of three or more people being addressed namely Namo vaḥ which is a combination of namaḥ and the enclitic second person plural pronoun vaḥ.[7] The word namaḥ takes the sandhi form namo before the sound v.[8] An even less common variant is used in the case of two people being addressed, namely, Namo vām, which is a combination of namaḥ and the enclitic second person dual pronoun vām.[7]

History

Excavations at various Indus Valley Civilisation have revealed some male and female terracotta figures in namaste posture.[23][24] These archaeological findings are dated to the Mature Harappan.[25][26]

File:6th to 7th century Rajivalochan Vishnu Temple namaste 2, Rajim, Chhattisgarh artwork - 9.jpg
A namaste gesture in the artwork of the 6th to 7th century CE Rajivalochan Vishnu Temple, Rajim, Chhattisgarh

Anjali Mudra

The gesture of folding hands during a namaste is called the Añjali Mudrā.[27] In addition to namaste, this mudra is one of the postures found in Indian classical dance such as Bharatanatyam,[28] and in yoga practice.[29] It is widely found in Indian temple reliefs and sculpture in mandapam, at entrances and iconography such as the Lingobhavamurti of Shaivism.[30][31] The Anjali mudra differs from namaste by being a non-verbal gesture, while namaste can be said with or without any gesture. According to Bhaumik and Govil, the Anjali mudra and Namaskara mudra are very similar but have a subtle difference. The back of the thumbs in Anjali mudra face the chest and are perpendicular to other fingers, while the thumbs in Namaskara mudra are aligned with the other fingers.[32]

Anjali mudra is described in Sanskrit texts such as in verse 9.127–128 of the Natya Shastra (200 BCE – 200 CE), in temple architecture texts dated after the sixth-century CE such as in verse 5.67 of the Devata murti prakarana and those on painting called the Citrasutras. The Natya Shastra, a classical Indian dance text, describes it to be a posture where the two hands are folded together in a reverential state and that this is used to pray before a deity, receive any person one reveres and also to greet friends. The Natya Shastra further states that for prayers inside a temple, the Anjali mudra should be placed near one's head or above, while meeting someone venerable it is placed in front of one's face or chin, and for friends near one's chest.[33][34]

Uses

The gesture is widely used throughout the Indian subcontinent, parts of Asia and beyond where people of South and Southeast Asian origins have migrated.[20] Namaste is used as a respectful form of greeting, acknowledging and welcoming a relative, guest or stranger.[35] In some contexts, namaste is used by one person to express gratitude for assistance offered or given, and to thank the other person for his or her generous kindness.[36]

Namaskara is one of the 16 upacharas (veneration practices) used inside temples or any place of formal puja (worship).[37] Namaste in the context of deity worship, scholars conclude,[38][39] has the same function as in greeting a guest or anyone else. It expresses politeness, courtesy, honor, and hospitality from one person to the other. It is used in goodbyes as well. This is sometimes expressed, in ancient Hindu scriptures such as Taittiriya Upanishad, as Atithi Devo Bhava (literally, treat the guest like a god).[40][41]

Namaste is one of the six forms of pranama, and in parts of India these terms are used synonymously.[42][43]

Since namaste is a non-contact form of greeting, some world leaders adopted the gesture as an alternative to hand shaking during the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic as a means to prevent the spread of the virus.[44][45]

Gallery

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper". Template:OEDsub. The British pronunciation is either Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"., and the American is Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
  7. ↑ a b c Thomas Burrow, The Sanskrit Language, pp. 263–268
  8. ↑ a b Thomas Burrow, The Sanskrit Language, pp. 100–102
  9. ↑ Namah Template:Webarchive Sanskrit Dictionary
  10. ↑ "उदीर्ष्वातो विश्वावसो नमसेळा महे त्वा । अन्यामिच्छ प्रफर्व्यं सं जायां पत्या सृज ॥२२॥, Griffith translates it as, "Rise up from hence, Visvavasu, with reverence we worship thee. Seek thou another willing maid, and with her husband leave the bride; RV, Griffith, Wikisource Template:Webarchive; other instances include RV 9.11.6 and many other Vedic texts; for a detailed list, see Maurice Bloomfield, Vedic Concordance Template:Webarchive, Harvard University Press
  11. ↑ Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology Namas Template:Webarchive, Oxford University Press, p. 528
  12. ↑ namas Template:Webarchive, Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary 1899 edition], Harvard University update (2008)
  13. ↑ RV 8.75.10, Wikisource:
    नमस्ते अग्न ओजसे गृणन्ति देव कृष्टयः ।
    Translation: "Homage to your power, Agni! The separate peoples hymn you, o god."
    Translators: Stephanie Jamison & Joel Brereton (2014), The Rigveda, Volume 2 of three, Oxford University Press, Template:ISBN, p. 1172
  14. ↑ Maurice Bloomfield, Vedic Concordance Template:Webarchive, Harvard University Press, pp. 532–533
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ This is similar to tu / vous of French and Romance languages in Europe, states the Indologist Patrick Olivelle, see: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
  19. ↑ Namaste Template:Webarchive Douglas Harper, Etymology Dictionary
  20. ↑ a b Ying, Y. W., Coombs, M., & Lee, P. A. (1999), "Family intergenerational relationship of Asian American adolescents", Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5(4), pp. 350–363
  21. ↑ Lawrence, J. D. (2007), "The Boundaries of Faith: A Journey in India", Homily Service, 41(2), pp. 1–3
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Sharma & Sharma (2004), Panorama of Harappan Civilization, Template:ISBN, Kaveri Books, p. 129
  24. ↑ "Origins of Hinduism" Template:Webarchive. Hinduism Today, Volume 7, Issue 2 (April/May/June), Chapter 1, p. 3
  25. ↑ Seated Male in Namaskar pose Template:Webarchive National Museum, New Delhi, India (2012)
  26. ↑ S Kalyanaraman, Indus Script Cipher: Hieroglyphs of Indian Linguistic Area, Template:ISBN, pp. 234–236
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Constance Jones and James D. Ryan, Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Template:ISBN, p. 302
  36. ↑ Joseph Shaules (2007), Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living, Template:ISBN, pp. 68–70
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ James Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, Template:ISBN, 720 pp.
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Kelkar (2010), A Vedic approach to measurement of service quality , Services Marketing Quarterly, 31(4), 420–433
  41. ↑ Roberto De Nobili, Preaching Wisdom to the Wise: Three Treatises, Template:ISBN, p. 132
  42. ↑ R.R. Mehrotra (1995), How to be polite in Indian English, International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 116, Issue 1, pp. 99–110
  43. ↑ G. Chatterjee (2003), Sacred Hindu Symbols, Template:ISBN, pp. 47–49
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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