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In 1843, [[John Lawes|John Bennet Lawes]] and [[Joseph Henry Gilbert]] began a set of long-term field experiments at [[Rothamsted Research Station|Rothamsted Research]] in England, some of which are still running as of 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Long Term Experiments |publisher=Rothamsted Research |url=https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments |access-date=26 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084207/https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments |archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fertilizer History: The Haber-Bosch Process |date=2014-11-19 |website=tfi.org |language=en |url=https://www.tfi.org/the-feed/fertilizer-history-haber-bosch-process |access-date=2022-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801233037/https://www.tfi.org/the-feed/fertilizer-history-haber-bosch-process |archive-date=1 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lawes and Gilbert: an unlikely Victorian agricultural partnership |website=Harpenden History |language=en |url=https://www.harpenden-history.org.uk/harpenden-history/topics-cms/farms-and-farming/lawes_and_gilbert_an_unlikely_victorian_agricultural_partnership |access-date=2022-12-14}}</ref> | In 1843, [[John Lawes|John Bennet Lawes]] and [[Joseph Henry Gilbert]] began a set of long-term field experiments at [[Rothamsted Research Station|Rothamsted Research]] in England, some of which are still running as of 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Long Term Experiments |publisher=Rothamsted Research |url=https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments |access-date=26 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084207/https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments |archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fertilizer History: The Haber-Bosch Process |date=2014-11-19 |website=tfi.org |language=en |url=https://www.tfi.org/the-feed/fertilizer-history-haber-bosch-process |access-date=2022-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801233037/https://www.tfi.org/the-feed/fertilizer-history-haber-bosch-process |archive-date=1 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lawes and Gilbert: an unlikely Victorian agricultural partnership |website=Harpenden History |language=en |url=https://www.harpenden-history.org.uk/harpenden-history/topics-cms/farms-and-farming/lawes_and_gilbert_an_unlikely_victorian_agricultural_partnership |access-date=2022-12-14}}</ref> | ||
In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the [[Hatch Act of 1887]], which used the term "agricultural science".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hatch Act of 1887 |website=National Institute of Food and Agriculture |language=en |url=https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/programs/capacity-grants/hatch-act-1887 |access-date=2022-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hatch Act of 1887 |date=2020-11-23 |website=College of Life Sciences and Agriculture |language=en |url=https://colsa.unh.edu/nhaes/hatch-act-1887 |access-date=2022-12-14}}</ref> The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The [[Smith–Hughes Act]] of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built.<ref>Hillison J. (1996). [http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol37/37-04-08.pdf The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002140821/http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol37/37-04-08.pdf |date=2 October 2008}}. ''Journal of Agricultural Education''.</ref> For the next 44 years after 1906, federal expenditures on agricultural research in the United States outpaced private expenditures.<ref name=ScienceForAg>Huffman WE, Evenson RE. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWcolrGftT0C Science for Agriculture]''. [[Blackwell Publishing]].</ref>{{rp|xxi}} | In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the [[Hatch Act of 1887]], which used the term "agricultural science".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hatch Act of 1887 |website=National Institute of Food and Agriculture |language=en |url=https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/programs/capacity-grants/hatch-act-1887 |access-date=2022-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hatch Act of 1887 |date=2020-11-23 |website=College of Life Sciences and Agriculture |language=en |url=https://colsa.unh.edu/nhaes/hatch-act-1887 |access-date=2022-12-14 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214182410/https://colsa.unh.edu/nhaes/hatch-act-1887 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The [[Smith–Hughes Act]] of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built.<ref>Hillison J. (1996). [http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol37/37-04-08.pdf The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002140821/http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol37/37-04-08.pdf |date=2 October 2008}}. ''Journal of Agricultural Education''.</ref> For the next 44 years after 1906, federal expenditures on agricultural research in the United States outpaced private expenditures.<ref name=ScienceForAg>Huffman WE, Evenson RE. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWcolrGftT0C Science for Agriculture]''. [[Blackwell Publishing]].</ref>{{rp|xxi}} | ||
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Intensification of agriculture since the 1960s in developed and [[developing country|developing countries]], often referred to as the [[Green Revolution]], was closely tied to progress made in selecting and improving crops and animals for high productivity, as well as to developing additional inputs such as artificial [[fertilizer]]s and [[pesticide]]s. | Intensification of agriculture since the 1960s in developed and [[developing country|developing countries]], often referred to as the [[Green Revolution]], was closely tied to progress made in selecting and improving crops and animals for high productivity, as well as to developing additional inputs such as artificial [[fertilizer]]s and [[pesticide]]s. | ||
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* [[Agricultural engineering]] | * [[Agricultural engineering]] | ||
* [[Agricultural geography]] | * [[Agricultural geography]] | ||
* [[Agricultural marketing]] | * [[Agricultural marketing]] | ||
* [[Agricultural soil science]] | * [[Agricultural soil science]] | ||
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Agricultural sciences include research and development on:<ref name="Bosso 2015">{{cite book |last=Bosso |first=Thelma |title=Agricultural Science |publisher=Callisto Reference |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-63239-058-5}}</ref><ref name="Boucher 2018">{{cite book |last=Boucher |first=Jude |title=Agricultural Science and Management |publisher=Callisto Reference |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-63239-965-6}}</ref> | Agricultural sciences include research and development on:<ref name="Bosso 2015">{{cite book |last=Bosso |first=Thelma |title=Agricultural Science |publisher=Callisto Reference |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-63239-058-5}}</ref><ref name="Boucher 2018">{{cite book |last=Boucher |first=Jude |title=Agricultural Science and Management |publisher=Callisto Reference |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-63239-965-6}}</ref> | ||
* Improving [[agricultural productivity]] in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of [[drought tolerance|drought-resistant]] crops and animals, development of new [[pesticide]]s, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro [[cell culture]] techniques) | * Improving [[agricultural productivity]] in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of [[drought tolerance|drought-resistant]] crops and animals, development of new [[pesticide]]s, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro [[cell culture]] techniques) | ||
* Minimizing the effects of pests ([[weed]]s, [[insect]]s, [[pathogen]]s, [[mollusk]]s, [[nematode]]s) on crop or animal production systems. | * Minimizing the effects of pests ([[weed]]s, [[insect]]s, [[pathogen]]s, [[mollusk]]s, [[nematode]]s) on crop or [[animal production]] systems. | ||
* Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of [[dairy product]]s) | * Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of [[dairy product]]s) | ||
* Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., [[soil retrogression and degradation|soil degradation]], [[waste management]], [[bioremediation]]) | * Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., [[soil retrogression and degradation|soil degradation]], [[waste management]], [[bioremediation]]) | ||
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* [[Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research]] (CGIAR) | * [[Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research]] (CGIAR) | ||
* [[Crop Science Society of America]] | * [[Crop Science Society of America]] | ||
* [[Farm management]] | |||
* [[Genomics of domestication]] | * [[Genomics of domestication]] | ||
* [[History of agricultural science]] | * [[History of agricultural science]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:04, 30 October 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Agriculture
Agricultural science (or agriscience for short[1]) is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or agriculturists.
History
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In the 18th century, Johann Friedrich Mayer conducted experiments on the use of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate) as a fertilizer.[2]
In 1843, John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert began a set of long-term field experiments at Rothamsted Research in England, some of which are still running as of 2018.[3][4][5]
In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term "agricultural science".[6][7] The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The Smith–Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built.[8] For the next 44 years after 1906, federal expenditures on agricultural research in the United States outpaced private expenditures.[9]Template:Rp
Prominent agricultural scientists
- Wilbur Olin Atwater
- Robert Bakewell
- Norman Borlaug
- Luther Burbank
- George Washington Carver
- Carl Henry Clerk
- George C. Clerk
- René Dumont
- Sir Albert Howard
- Kailas Nath Kaul
- Thomas Lecky
- Justus von Liebig
- Jay Laurence Lush
- Gregor Mendel
- Louis Pasteur
- M. S. Swaminathan
- Jethro Tull
- Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
- Sewall Wright
Scope
Agriculture, agricultural science, and agronomy are closely related. However, they cover different concepts:
- Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research.
- Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based crops.
- Template:Visible anchor is the science of cultivating the earth.[10]
- Hydroponics involves growing plants without soil, by using water-based mineral nutrient solutions in an artificial environment.
Research topics
Agricultural sciences include research and development on:[11][12]
- Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of drought-resistant crops and animals, development of new pesticides, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro cell culture techniques)
- Minimizing the effects of pests (weeds, insects, pathogens, mollusks, nematodes) on crop or animal production systems.
- Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products)
- Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., soil degradation, waste management, bioremediation)
- Theoretical production ecology, relating to crop production modeling
- Traditional agricultural systems, sometimes termed subsistence agriculture, which feed most of the poorest people in the world. These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than that of industrial agriculture, which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems.
- Food production and demand globally, with particular attention paid to the primary producers, such as China, India, Brazil, the US, and the EU.
- Various sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment (e.g. soil science, agroclimatology); biology of agricultural crops and animals (e.g. crop science, animal science and their included sciences, e.g. ruminant nutrition, farm animal welfare); such fields as agricultural economics and rural sociology; various disciplines encompassed in agricultural engineering.
See also
- Agricultural Research Council
- Agricultural sciences basic topics
- Agriculture ministry
- Agroecology
- American Society of Agronomy
- Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
- Crop Science Society of America
- Farm management
- Genomics of domestication
- History of agricultural science
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
- International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development
- International Food Policy Research Institute, IFPRI
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
- International Livestock Research Institute
- List of agriculture topics
- National Agricultural Library (NAL)
- National FFA Organization
- Research Institute of Crop Production (RICP) (in the Czech Republic)
- Soil Science Society of America
- USDA Agricultural Research Service
- University of Agricultural Sciences
References
Further reading
- Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries Edited by Michelle Adato and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2007), Johns Hopkins University Press Food Policy Report[13]
- Claude Bourguignon, Regenerating the Soil: From Agronomy to Agrology, Other India Press, 2005
- Pimentel David, Pimentel Marcia, Computer les kilocalories, Cérès, n. 59, sept-oct. 1977
- Russell E. Walter, Soil conditions and plant growth, Longman group, London, New York 1973
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- Saltini Antonio, Storia delle scienze agrarie, 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN
- Vavilov Nicolai I. (Starr Chester K. editor), The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Selected Writings, in Chronica botanica, 13: 1–6, Waltham, Mass., 1949–50
- Vavilov Nicolai I., World Resources of Cereals, Leguminous Seed Crops and Flax, Academy of Sciences of Urss, National Science Foundation, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1960
- Winogradsky Serge, Microbiologie du sol. Problèmes et methodes. Cinquante ans de recherches, Masson & c.ie, Paris 1949
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ John Armstrong, Jesse Buel. A Treatise on Agriculture, The Present Condition of the Art Abroad and at Home, and the Theory and Practice of Husbandry. To which is Added, a Dissertation on the Kitchen and Garden. 1840. p. 45.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Hillison J. (1996). The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From? Template:Webarchive. Journal of Agricultural Education.
- ↑ Huffman WE, Evenson RE. (2006). Science for Agriculture. Blackwell Publishing.
- ↑ “Geoponics.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geoponics. Accessed 17 Nov. 2024.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Agricultural research, livelihoods, and poverty | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Template:Webarchive