Mopane: Difference between revisions

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'''''Colophospermum mopane''''', commonly called '''mopane''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN |id=11181 |access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref> '''mopani''',<ref name="database">{{cite web |title=Mopane {{!}} The Wood Database – Lumber Identification (Hardwood) |url=https://www.wood-database.com/mopane/ |access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> '''butterfly tree''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> '''turpentine tree''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> or '''balsam tree''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> is a tree in the [[legume]] family ([[Fabaceae]]), that grows in hot, dry, low-lying areas, {{convert|200|to|1200|m|ft}} in elevation,{{sfnp|Timberlake|1995|p=7}} in parts of [[Southern Africa]]. The tree only occurs in Africa and is the only [[species]] in [[genus]] '''''Colophospermum'''''. Its distinctive [[butterfly]]-shaped (bifoliate) leaf and thin kidney-shaped/nearly semi-circular [[legume|seed pod]]<ref name="CABI2013"/>  make it easy to identify.
'''''Colophospermum mopane''''', commonly called '''mopane''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN |id=11181 |access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref> '''mopani''',<ref name="database">{{cite web |title=Mopane {{!}} The Wood Database – Lumber Identification (Hardwood) |url=https://www.wood-database.com/mopane/ |access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> '''butterfly tree''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> '''turpentine tree''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> or '''balsam tree''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> is a tree in the [[legume]] family ([[Fabaceae]]), that grows in hot, dry, low-lying areas, {{convert|200|to|1200|m|ft}} in elevation,{{sfnp|Timberlake|1995|p=7}} in parts of [[Southern Africa]]. The tree only occurs in Africa and is the only [[species]] in [[genus]] '''''Colophospermum'''''. Its distinctive [[butterfly]]-shaped (bifoliate) leaf and thin kidney-shaped/nearly semi-circular [[legume|seed pod]]<ref name="CABI2013"/>  make it easy to identify.


Though hard and dense and difficult to work with, it is valued timber in all sorts of construction due to its termite tolerance.{{Refn|name="seely1992-apud"}}<ref name="flower-etal2004"/><ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/> Together with [[Acacia erioloba|camel thorn]] and [[Combretum imberbe|leadwood]], one of the three regionally important [[firewood]] trees, due to the enduring heat,<ref name="mendelsohn&el_obeid2005"/> and these woods are also some of the preferred use culinarily for [[braai]].<ref name="biller2012"/>
Though hard and dense and difficult to work with, it is valued timber in all sorts of construction due to its termite tolerance.{{Refn|name="seely1992-apud"}}<ref name="flower-etal2004"/><ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/> Together with [[Acacia erioloba|camel thorn]] and [[Combretum imberbe|leadwood]], it is one of the three regionally important [[firewood]] trees, due to the enduring heat,<ref name="mendelsohn&el_obeid2005"/>{{clarify|what is due to the enduring heat?|date=November 2025}} and these woods are also some of the preferred use culinarily for [[braai]].<ref name="biller2012"/>


==Range and habitat==
==Range and habitat==
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| caption2 = A large multi-stemmed tree with [[sociable weaver]] nests, and a shrub browsed on by goats, both in Namibia
| caption2 = A large multi-stemmed tree with [[sociable weaver]] nests, and a shrub browsed on by goats, both in Namibia
}}
}}
Mopane wood is one of southern Africa's heaviest, with an average [[density]] range of {{convert|0.990|to|1.230|g/cm3|lb/cuft|abbr=on}} at 12% moisture.{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=212}}{{Refn|Various sources quote variuos figures. Meier's ''Wood Database'' gives "average dried weight" as 1075 kg/m<sup>3</sup> or 67.11 lb/cu.ft., close to the lower end of the range. A different source gives 1,200 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, citing Goldsmith & Carter (1981).<ref name="flower-etal2004"/> which is about 75 lb./cu. ft., which (after [[rounding|rounding down]]) matches  the "76 (73–84) lb./cu. ft" air dry quoted elsewhere,<ref name="kromhout1967"/> and these are close to the high end of the range.}} and is difficult to work because of its hardness.<ref name="kromhout1967"/><ref name="meier2016">Meier, Eric (2016) ''[http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mopane/ The Wood Database]''{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715173223/http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mopane/ |date=15 July 2016 }} Mopane. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref> However it is also [[termite]] resistant making it one of the most preferred local timbers for construction,{{Refn|name="seely1992-apud"|Seely [et al.](1992), p. 33<ref name="cunningham&hubbard&kinahan&kreike&seely&stuart-williams&marsh"/> apud {{harvp|Hangula|1998|p=13}}}} and for this reason it has long been used for building houses and fences, as railway sleepers and as [[mining|pit props]].<ref name="flower-etal2004"/><ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/> The termite-resistance and rich, reddish colouring<ref name="kromhout1967"/> also make it popular for [[parquet]] flooring.<ref name="flower-etal2004"/> Outside Africa, mopane is gaining popularity as a heavy, decorative wood, its uses including [[aquarium]] bogwood ornaments,<ref name="verhoef-verhallen2001"/> similarly as [[driftwood]] decor for [[terrarium]]s or gardens,<ref name="newell2024"/> or  bases for lamps or sculptures.
Mopane wood is one of southern Africa's heaviest, with an average [[density]] range of {{convert|0.990|to|1.230|g/cm3|lb/cuft|abbr=on}} at 12% moisture.{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=212}}{{Refn|Various sources quote various figures. Meier's ''Wood Database'' gives "average dried weight" as 1075 kg/m<sup>3</sup> or 67.11 lb/cu.ft., close to the lower end of the range. A different source gives 1,200 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, citing Goldsmith & Carter (1981).<ref name="flower-etal2004"/> which is about 75 lb./cu. ft., which (after [[rounding|rounding down]]) matches  the "76 (73–84) lb./cu. ft" air dry quoted elsewhere,<ref name="kromhout1967"/> and these are close to the high end of the range.}} and is difficult to work because of its hardness.<ref name="kromhout1967"/><ref name="meier2016">Meier, Eric (2016) ''[http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mopane/ The Wood Database]''{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715173223/http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mopane/ |date=15 July 2016 }} Mopane. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref> However it is also [[termite]] resistant making it one of the most preferred local timbers for construction,{{Refn|name="seely1992-apud"|Seely [et al.](1992), p. 33<ref name="cunningham&hubbard&kinahan&kreike&seely&stuart-williams&marsh"/> apud {{harvp|Hangula|1998|p=13}}}} and for this reason it has long been used for building houses and fences, as railway sleepers and as [[mining|pit props]].<ref name="flower-etal2004"/><ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/> The termite-resistance and rich, reddish colouring<ref name="kromhout1967"/> also make it popular for [[parquet]] flooring.<ref name="flower-etal2004"/> Outside Africa, mopane is gaining popularity as a heavy, decorative wood, its uses including [[aquarium]] bogwood ornaments,<ref name="verhoef-verhallen2001"/> similarly as [[driftwood]] decor for [[terrarium]]s or gardens,<ref name="newell2024"/> or  bases for lamps or sculptures.


It is also increasingly being used in the construction of musical instruments, particularly [[woodwind instruments|woodwind]]. Suitable quality African blackwood (''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''), traditionally used for [[clarinet]]s, is becoming harder to find. Mopane is fairly oily, seasons very well with few splits or shakes, and produces instruments of a warm, rich tone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prosono.co.za/en/woods-for-woodwinds.shtml |url-status=dead |title=Woods for woodwinds |website=Prosono International |date=22 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122003424/http://www.prosono.co.za/en/woods-for-woodwinds.shtml |archive-date=2009-11-22 |accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref> Clarinets made of mopane are offered by the manufacturers [[Schwenk & Seggelke]], [[Herbert Wurlitzer|Wurlitzer]], [[F. Arthur Uebel]] and [[Buffet Crampon]].
It is also increasingly being used in the construction of musical instruments, particularly [[woodwind instruments|woodwind]]. Suitable quality African blackwood (''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''), traditionally used for [[clarinet]]s, is becoming harder to find. Mopane is fairly oily, seasons very well with few splits or shakes, and produces instruments of a warm, rich tone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prosono.co.za/en/woods-for-woodwinds.shtml |url-status=dead |title=Woods for woodwinds |website=Prosono International |date=22 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122003424/http://www.prosono.co.za/en/woods-for-woodwinds.shtml |archive-date=2009-11-22 |accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref> Clarinets made of mopane are offered by the manufacturers [[Schwenk & Seggelke]], [[Herbert Wurlitzer|Wurlitzer]], [[F. Arthur Uebel]] and [[Buffet Crampon]].
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<ref name="biller2012">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Biller |first=Hilary |author-link=<!--Hilary Biller--> |chapter=Cook's notes |title=Fuss-free Braais |location= |publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa |year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQlbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 |page=PT7 |isbn=<!--1432301187, -->9781432301187 }}</ref>
<ref name="biller2012">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Biller |first=Hilary |author-link=<!--Hilary Biller--> |chapter=Cook's notes |title=Fuss-free Braais |location= |publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa |year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQlbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 |page=PT7 |isbn=<!--1432301187, -->9781432301187 }}</ref>


<ref name="CABI2013">{{cite encyclopedia|author=CABI |author-link=<!--CABI -> ||editor-last=Praciak |editor-first=Andrew |editor-link=<!--Andrew Praciak-->|chapter=Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) J. Leonard / Mopane |title=The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees |location= |publisher=CABI |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBf4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |pages=127–128|isbn=<!--1780642369, -->9781780642369 }}</ref>
<ref name="CABI2013">{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=<!--CABI --> |editor-last=Praciak |editor-first=Andrew |editor-link=<!--Andrew Praciak-->|chapter=Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) J. Leonard / Mopane |title=The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees |location= |publisher=CABI |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBf4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |pages=127–128|isbn=<!--1780642369, -->9781780642369 }}</ref>


<ref name="cheikhyoussef&mumbengegwi&maroyi2023">{{Cite book |last1=Cheikhyoussef |first1=Ahmad |author1-link=<!--Ahmad Cheikhyoussef--> |last2=Mumbengegwi |first2=David |author2-link=<!--David Mumbengegwi--> |last3=Maroyi |first3=Alfred |author3-link=<!--Alfred Maroyi--> |chapter=Chapter 9. Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Mopane (''Colophospermum mopane'') in Southern African Countries |editor1-last=Martinez |editor1-first=José L. |editor1-link=<!--José L. Martinez--> |editor2-last=Maroyi|editor2-first=Alfred |editor2-link=<!--Alfred Maroyi--> |editor3-last=Wagner |editor3-first=Marcelo L. |editor3-link=<!--Marcelo L. Wagner--> |title=Ethnobotany: From the Traditional to Ethnopharmacology|location= |publisher=CRC Press |year=2023 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AAqmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT266  |page=<!--unpaginated--> |isbn=<!--1000839583, -->9781000839586}}</ref>
<ref name="cheikhyoussef&mumbengegwi&maroyi2023">{{Cite book |last1=Cheikhyoussef |first1=Ahmad |author1-link=<!--Ahmad Cheikhyoussef--> |last2=Mumbengegwi |first2=David |author2-link=<!--David Mumbengegwi--> |last3=Maroyi |first3=Alfred |author3-link=<!--Alfred Maroyi--> |chapter=Chapter 9. Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Mopane (''Colophospermum mopane'') in Southern African Countries |editor1-last=Martinez |editor1-first=José L. |editor1-link=<!--José L. Martinez--> |editor2-last=Maroyi|editor2-first=Alfred |editor2-link=<!--Alfred Maroyi--> |editor3-last=Wagner |editor3-first=Marcelo L. |editor3-link=<!--Marcelo L. Wagner--> |title=Ethnobotany: From the Traditional to Ethnopharmacology|location= |publisher=CRC Press |year=2023 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AAqmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT266  |page=<!--unpaginated--> |isbn=<!--1000839583, -->9781000839586}}</ref>
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<ref name="jackson1990">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Jackson |first=William Peter Uprichard |author-link=<!--William Peter Uprichard Jackson--> |chapter=Colophospermum |title=Origins and Meanings of Names of South African Plant Genera |location= |publisher=University of Cape Town |year=1990 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=154_AAAAYAAJ&q=Colophospermum |page=73 |isbn=<!--0799212849, -->9780799212846}}</ref>
<ref name="jackson1990">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Jackson |first=William Peter Uprichard |author-link=<!--William Peter Uprichard Jackson--> |chapter=Colophospermum |title=Origins and Meanings of Names of South African Plant Genera |location= |publisher=University of Cape Town |year=1990 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=154_AAAAYAAJ&q=Colophospermum |page=73 |isbn=<!--0799212849, -->9780799212846}}</ref>


<ref name="kromhout1967">{{cite journal|last=Kromhout |first=C. P. |author-link=<!--C. P. Kromhout--> |title=Twintig Transvaalse Houtsoorte |trans-title=Twenty Kinds of Transvaal Timbers |journal=Fauna and flora |number=18 |date=1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fVJAAAAYAAJ&q=mopane |pages=15–17<!--3–30--> |lang=af,en}}</ref>
<ref name="kromhout1967">{{cite journal|last=Kromhout |first=C. P. |author-link=<!--C. P. Kromhout--> |title=Twintig Transvaalse Houtsoorte |trans-title=Twenty Kinds of Transvaal Timbers |journal=Fauna and Flora |number=18 |date=1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fVJAAAAYAAJ&q=mopane |pages=15–17<!--3–30--> |lang=af,en}}</ref>


<ref name="lemmens-etal2012">{{Cite dictionary|last1=Lemmens|first1=R.H.M.J.|author1-link=<!--Ruijter H.M.J. Lemmens--> |last2=Louppe |first2=D. |author2-link=<!--Dominique Louppe-->|last3=Oteng-Amoako |first3=A.A. |author3-link=<!--Andrew Akwasi Oteng-Amoako--> |chapter=''Colophospermum mopane'' (Benth.) J. Léonard |title=Timbers 2 |location=Wageningen, Netherlands |publisher=PROTA |year=2012|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MpmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 |page=211|isbn=<!--9290814950, -->9789290814955}}</ref>
<ref name="lemmens-etal2012">{{Cite dictionary|last1=Lemmens|first1=R.H.M.J.|author1-link=<!--Ruijter H.M.J. Lemmens--> |last2=Louppe |first2=D. |author2-link=<!--Dominique Louppe-->|last3=Oteng-Amoako |first3=A.A. |author3-link=<!--Andrew Akwasi Oteng-Amoako--> |chapter=''Colophospermum mopane'' (Benth.) J. Léonard |title=Timbers 2 |location=Wageningen, Netherlands |publisher=PROTA |year=2012|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MpmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 |page=211|isbn=<!--9290814950, -->9789290814955}}</ref>


<ref name="makhado-etal2014">{{citation|last1=Makhado |first1=Rudzani A. |author1-link=<!--Rudzani A. Makhado--> |collaboration=Mapaure, Isaac; Potgieter, Martin J.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Saidi, Amani T. |title=Factors influencing the adaptation and distribution of Colophospermum mopane in southern Africa's mopane savannas - A review |journal=Bothalia (Online) |volume=44 |number=1 |date=2014 |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0006-82412014000100002&lng=en&nrm=iso |pages=1–9 |doi=10.4102/ABC.V44I1.152|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="makhado-etal2014">{{citation|last1=Makhado |first1=Rudzani A. |author1-link=<!--Rudzani A. Makhado--> |collaboration=Mapaure, Isaac; Potgieter, Martin J.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Saidi, Amani T. |title=Factors influencing the adaptation and distribution of Colophospermum mopane in southern Africa's mopane savannas - A review |journal=Bothalia (Online) |volume=44 |number=1 |date=2014 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.4102/ABC.V44I1.152|doi-access=free }}</ref>


<ref name="mapaure1994">{{cite journal|last=Mapaure |first=I. |author-link=<!--Isaac Mapaure--> |title=The distribution of Colophospermum mopane (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) in Africa. |journal=Kirkia |volume=15 |number=1 |date=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pljUU0E0g5gC&q=mutiati |pages=1<!--1–5--> |lang=af,en}}</ref>
<ref name="mapaure1994">{{cite journal|last=Mapaure |first=I. |author-link=<!--Isaac Mapaure--> |title=The distribution of Colophospermum mopane (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) in Africa. |journal=Kirkia |volume=15 |number=1 |date=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pljUU0E0g5gC&q=mutiati |pages=1<!--1–5--> |lang=af,en}}</ref>
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<ref name="thomas&shaw1991">{{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |author1-link=David Thomas (geographer) |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A.  |author2-link=Paul A. Shaw |chapter=4. Climate, soils and vegetation of the Kalahari |title=The Kalahari Environment |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgNfYvgEtUC&pg=PA105 |page=105 |isbn=<!--0521370809, -->9780521370806}}</ref>
<ref name="thomas&shaw1991">{{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |author1-link=David Thomas (geographer) |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A.  |author2-link=Paul A. Shaw |chapter=4. Climate, soils and vegetation of the Kalahari |title=The Kalahari Environment |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgNfYvgEtUC&pg=PA105 |page=105 |isbn=<!--0521370809, -->9780521370806}}</ref>


<ref name="van_wyck&gericke2000">{{Cite dictionary|last1=van Wyk |first1=Ben-Erik |author1-link=Ben-Erik van Wyk|last2=Gericke |first2=Nigel |author2-link=<!--Nigel Gericke--> |chapter=''Colophospermum mopane'' (Fabaceae) -- MOPANE |title=People's Plants: A Guide to Useful Plants of Southern Africa |location=Pretoria, South Africa |publisher=Briza Publications |year=2000 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPUfAQAAIAAJ&q=mopane+tooth |page=206 |isbn=<!--1875093192, -->9781875093199}}</ref>
<ref name="van_wyck&gericke2000">{{Cite dictionary|last1=van Wyk |first1=Ben-Erik |author1-link=Ben-Erik van Wyk|last2=Gericke |first2=Nigel |author2-link=<!--Nigel Gericke--> |chapter=''Colophospermum mopane'' (Fabaceae) -- Mopane |title=People's Plants: A Guide to Useful Plants of Southern Africa |location=Pretoria, South Africa |publisher=Briza Publications |year=2000 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPUfAQAAIAAJ&q=mopane+tooth |page=206 |isbn=<!--1875093192, -->9781875093199}}</ref>


<ref name="van_wyk_p.1984">{{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Piet |author1-link=<!--Piet van Wyk--> |title=Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park |edition=5|location=Cape Town |publisher=Struik |date=2008 |orig-date=1984url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SBFAQAAIAAJ&mirror |pages=83–84 |isbn=<!--1770077596, -->9781770077591}}</ref>
<ref name="van_wyk_p.1984">{{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Piet |author1-link=<!--Piet van Wyk--> |title=Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park |edition=5|location=Cape Town |publisher=Struik |date=2008 |orig-date=1984url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SBFAQAAIAAJ&mirror |pages=83–84 |isbn=<!--1770077596, -->9781770077591}}</ref>
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* {{cite book|last=Hangula |first=Lazarus |author-link=Lazarus Hangula |title=Economy, Ecology, Aesthetics: A Study of Indigenous Trees Use in Former Owamboland |location= |publisher=University of Namibia, Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre, Social Sciences Division |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYIwAQAAIAAJ&q=mopane |page=}}
* {{cite book|last=Hangula |first=Lazarus |author-link=Lazarus Hangula |title=Economy, Ecology, Aesthetics: A Study of Indigenous Trees Use in Former Owamboland |location= |publisher=University of Namibia, Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre, Social Sciences Division |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYIwAQAAIAAJ&q=mopane |page=}}


* {{cite book|last=Timberlake |first=Jonathan |author-link=<!--Jonathan Timberlake--> |title=Colophospermum Mopane: Annotated Bibliography and Review |location=Harare, Zinbabwe |publisher=(Zimbabwe) Forestry Commission Centre |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG12AzmiYs0C&q= |page= |isbn=<!--0797414207, -->9780797414204}}
* {{cite book|last=Timberlake |first=Jonathan |author-link=<!--Jonathan Timberlake--> |title=Colophospermum Mopane: Annotated Bibliography and Review |location=Harare, Zinbabwe |publisher=(Zimbabwe) Forestry Commission Centre |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG12AzmiYs0C |page= |isbn=<!--0797414207, -->9780797414204}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Latest revision as of 13:10, 16 November 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Speciesbox Colophospermum mopane, commonly called mopane,[1] mopani,[2] butterfly tree,[1][3] turpentine tree,[1][3] or balsam tree,[1][3] is a tree in the legume family (Fabaceae), that grows in hot, dry, low-lying areas, Script error: No such module "convert". in elevation,Template:Sfnp in parts of Southern Africa. The tree only occurs in Africa and is the only species in genus Colophospermum. Its distinctive butterfly-shaped (bifoliate) leaf and thin kidney-shaped/nearly semi-circular seed pod[4] make it easy to identify.

Though hard and dense and difficult to work with, it is valued timber in all sorts of construction due to its termite tolerance.Template:Refn[5][6] Together with camel thorn and leadwood, it is one of the three regionally important firewood trees, due to the enduring heat,[7]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". and these woods are also some of the preferred use culinarily for braai.[8]

Range and habitat

File:Colophospermum mopane feuilles MHNT.jpg
The two papilionaceous leaflets are mirror images of one another, and are borne on a common petiole.[9]

The mopane is found on low-lying ground from Script error: No such module "convert". (Mozambique) to Script error: No such module "convert". (Zimbabwe). Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn

Mopane ecoregions

Native to Southern Africa, its habitat is divided crudely into two regions: the "Angola region", i.e., Angolan mopane woodlands ecoregion, which includes Southern Angola and northwestern Namibia, and the "Zambezian region", i.e. the Zambezian and mopane woodlands ecoregion extending over the lowlands of the Zambezi River and its tributaries across the countries of Zambia, Southern Malawi, other parts of Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Eswatini/Swaziland and northern South Africa.[6][10][11]

Soil and morphology

While it prefers slightly acidic deep clay soil that are Template:Linktext and Template:Linktext,Template:Sfnp it also grows in alkaline (high lime content) soils which are shallow and not well drained.Template:Sfnp It also grows in alluvial soils (soil deposited by rivers).Template:Sfnp Where it occurs, it is often the dominant tree species, frequently forming homogeneous stands.Template:Refn

Within the Zambezian region described above, the trees' height varying considerably, and larger, single-stemmed trees of Script error: No such module "convert". are found in open savannah woodlands on the (sandy) alluvial soil, forming canopy woodlands, and even reaching 18m in height for the so-called "cathedral mopane" of Zambia.[10][12] The same tree is also found stunted as (multi-stemmed[13][10]) shrubbery about Script error: No such module "convert". in clayey soil[12]Template:Refn or impermeable alkaline soil.[10] Thus water or drainage seems to be a cause factor for stunting, though other causes have been hypothesized.[13] These stunted growths are sometimes called "mopane scrub" (for shrub).[14][4] The shrubs will not transition into tall woods.[14]

This tree will not grow well outside hot, mostly frost-free areasTemplate:Refn with low to moderate rainfall (as low as 100mm per year,[4] or averaging 400–500mm per year[12]).Template:Refn[15][4]

Uses

Script error: No such module "Multiple image". Mopane wood is one of southern Africa's heaviest, with an average density range of Script error: No such module "convert". at 12% moisture.Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn and is difficult to work because of its hardness.[16][17] However it is also termite resistant making it one of the most preferred local timbers for construction,Template:Refn and for this reason it has long been used for building houses and fences, as railway sleepers and as pit props.[5][6] The termite-resistance and rich, reddish colouring[16] also make it popular for parquet flooring.[5] Outside Africa, mopane is gaining popularity as a heavy, decorative wood, its uses including aquarium bogwood ornaments,[18] similarly as driftwood decor for terrariums or gardens,[19] or bases for lamps or sculptures.

It is also increasingly being used in the construction of musical instruments, particularly woodwind. Suitable quality African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon), traditionally used for clarinets, is becoming harder to find. Mopane is fairly oily, seasons very well with few splits or shakes, and produces instruments of a warm, rich tone.[20] Clarinets made of mopane are offered by the manufacturers Schwenk & Seggelke, Wurlitzer, F. Arthur Uebel and Buffet Crampon.

Mopane twigs been traditionally used as a sort of tooth brush (chewing stick to clean teeth[21]Template:Refn), and the leaves for folk remedy in healing the wound after ritual extraction of teeth.Template:Refn Various parts of the tree (seed, leaf, bark, root) are used in the traditional medicine of Southern African for a wide range of symptoms.[22][4]

The bark to make twine or ropeTemplate:Refn and for tanning leather,Template:RefnTemplate:Refn The wood is also used to make charcoalTemplate:Refn and for braai wood.[8]

Food source

The tree is a major food source for the mopane worm, the caterpillar of the moth Gonimbrasia belina. The caterpillars are rich in protein and are eaten by people. The mopane worm is rich in crude fats and contains vitamins and minerals, such as iron, calcium and phosphorus.[23][24][6] Another edible caterpillar is that of Gynanisa maja (speckled emperor moth; Script error: No such module "Lang". in BembaTemplate:Refn[25]) which also uses mopane as host tree.[24][6]

And when infested with the "mopane fly"[24] or "mopane psyllid" (Retroacizzia mopani <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>syn. Arytaina mopaniTemplate:Refn ) that feeds on the tree, the tree produces edible wax-like gums on its leaves called "mopane manna" which are collected and eaten by humans and monkeys.[6][26][27]

The tree also acts as a foodplant for the wild silk moth, Gonometa rufobrunnea. Cocoons of the moth are harvested as wild silk, to make cloth.[24]Template:Sfnp

The Mopane worm creates employment and serves as a source of income for the majority of rural women. Harvesters sell it in villages, towns or to the trader.[23]

The tree is also considered an important food resource for animal husbandry (goat herding), as goats can be allowed to browse on the tree's leaves (cf. fig. above).[13] They are also browsed by cattle and by game animals such as elephants, giraffes, water buffalos and antelopes in game farms and nature reserves.Template:Refn

Etymology

The genus name Colophospermum is a compound from Greek Template:TranslitTemplate:Refn "resin" + Latin spermum "seed". The former derives from Colophon", which was the birthplace of Homer in Ionia, famous for its rosin, and is a reference to the seed's aromatic (turpentine-smelling) component.[28][3]

The species name mopane is from its common name in Bantu languages for the tree throughout most of its range.[3][11] Thus the nomenclature, starting with areas in or around South Africa are: Script error: No such module "Lang". in Northern Sotho/Sepedi (northern Transvaal, current Limpopo province), Script error: No such module "Lang". in Tsuwana (western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana) but Script error: No such module "Lang". in Tsonga (eastern Transvaal). It is known as Script error: No such module "Lang". in Chichewa (Malawi), Script error: No such module "Lang". in Lozi (fmr. Barotseland, western Zambia), Script error: No such module "Lang". in Thimbukushu (Namibia), Script error: No such module "Lang". in Herero (Namibia, Botswana), Script error: No such module "Lang". in Ovambo (southern Angola, northern Namibia).[29][3]

Also spelt mupani, mopani.[11][30] In Afrikaans it goes by Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". "mopanie wood" or Script error: No such module "Lang". "turpentine tree".[3] It is called Script error: No such module "Lang". in Shona (Sabi valley, Zimbabwe), chanate in southern Mozambique,[30] and Script error: No such module "Lang". in Umbundu (Angola).[11][30]

Gallery

See also

Explanatory notes

Template:Notelist

References

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  1. ↑ a b c d Template:GRIN
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Meier, Eric (2016) The Wood DatabaseTemplate:Webarchive Mopane. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Template:Harvp: Table 2. Traditional uses of Colophospermum mopane in Southern Africa
  23. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Template:Harvp: Table 1. Vernacular names of Colophospermum mopame
  30. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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