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[[File:Gallipoli peninsula from space.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Satellite image of the Gallipoli peninsula and surrounding area]] | [[File:Gallipoli peninsula from space.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Satellite image of the Gallipoli peninsula and surrounding area]] | ||
[[File:View of Anzac Cove - Gallipoli Peninsula - Dardanelles - Turkey - 01 (5734713946).jpg|upright=1.4|thumb|[[ANZAC Cove]] in Gallipoli]] | [[File:View of Anzac Cove - Gallipoli Peninsula - Dardanelles - Turkey - 01 (5734713946).jpg|upright=1.4|thumb|[[ANZAC Cove]] in Gallipoli]] | ||
The '''Gallipoli | The '''Gallipoli Peninsula''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|l|ɪ|p|əl|i|,_|ɡ|æ|-|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Gallipoli.wav}}){{refn|{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |year=2003 |editor=Peter Roach |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=3-12-539683-2 |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |orig-year=1917}}. {{langx|tr|Gelibolu Yarımadası}}; {{langx|el|Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης|Chersónisos tis Kallípolis}})}} is located in the southern part of [[East Thrace]], the [[Europe]]an part of [[Turkey]], with the [[Aegean Sea]] to the west and the [[Dardanelles]] strait to the east. | ||
Gallipoli is the Italian form of the [[Greek language|Greek]] name {{lang|grc|Καλλίπολις}} ({{Transliteration|grc|Kallípolis}}), meaning 'beautiful city',<ref name="lid">{{cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkalli%2Fpolis | | Gallipoli is the Italian form of the [[Greek language|Greek]] name {{lang|grc|Καλλίπολις}} ({{Transliteration|grc|Kallípolis}}), meaning 'beautiful city',<ref name="lid">{{cite book |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George |author1-link=Henry Liddell |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkalli%2Fpolis |title=A Greek–English Lexicon |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |author2-link=Robert Scott (philologist) |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Revised and augmented throughout by Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie |year=1940 |location=Oxford |chapter=Καλλίπολις |access-date=2020-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407051701/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkalli%2Fpolis |archive-date=7 April 2022 |url-status=live |via=Perseus Digital Library Project}}</ref> the original name of the modern town of [[Gelibolu]]. In [[classical antiquity|antiquity]], the [[peninsula]] was known as the '''Thracian Chersonese''' ({{langx|grc|Θρακικὴ Χερσόνησος|Thrakiké Chersónesos}}; {{langx|la|Chersonesus Thracica}}). | ||
The peninsula runs in a south-westerly direction into the Aegean Sea, between the [[Dardanelles]] (formerly known as the Hellespont), and the [[Gulf of Saros]] (formerly the bay of Melas). In [[ancient Greece|antiquity]], it was protected by the [[Long Wall (Thracian Chersonese)|Long Wall]],<ref name="Brownson1921">{{cite book | The peninsula runs in a south-westerly direction into the Aegean Sea, between the [[Dardanelles]] (formerly known as the Hellespont), and the [[Gulf of Saros]] (formerly the bay of Melas). In [[ancient Greece|antiquity]], it was protected by the [[Long Wall (Thracian Chersonese)|Long Wall]],<ref name="Brownson1921">{{cite book |author=Xenophon |author-link=Xenophon |url=https://archive.org/details/xenophonmemorabi00xeno |title=Hellenica, Volume II |date=January 1921 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=9780674990999 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |translator-last=Brownson |translator-first=Carleton L. |translator-link=Carleton Lewis Brownson |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Oldfather1933">{{cite book |author=Diodorus Siculus |author-link=Diodorus Siculus |url=https://archive.org/details/diodorussiculus09diod |title=Library of History, Volume I |date=January 1933 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=9780674993075 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |translator-last=Oldfather |translator-first=Charles H. |translator-link=Charles Henry Oldfather |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Pliny1855">{{cite book |author-last=Plinius Secundus |author-first=Gaius |author-link=Pliny the Elder |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&redirect=true |title=The Natural History |date=1855 |publisher=H. G. Bohn |editor-last1=Bostock |editor-first1=John |editor-link1=John Bostock (physician) |location=London |access-date=20 February 2021 |editor-last2=Riley |editor-first2=Henry Thomas |editor-link2=Henry Thomas Riley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224102938/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137&redirect=true |archive-date=24 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Plutarch1919">{{cite book |author=Plutarch |author-link=Plutarch |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0072%3Achapter%3D19%3Asection%3D1 |title=Lives |date=January 1919 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=9780674991101 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |language=grc |translator-last=Perrin |translator-first=Bernadotte |access-date=25 December 2021 |translator-link=Bernadotte Perrin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225185610/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0072:chapter%3D19:section%3D1 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> a defensive structure built across the narrowest part of the peninsula near the ancient city of [[Agora (Thrace)|Agora]]. The [[isthmus]] traversed by the wall was only 36 [[stadia (length)|stadia]] in breadth<ref name="herod_6.36_xen_3.2_scy_67">[[Herodotus]], ''The Histories'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&loc=6.36 vi. 36]; Xenophon, ibid.; Pseudo-Scylax, ''[[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]'', 67 ([http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/gjs/skylax_for_www_02214.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612100745/http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/gjs/skylax_for_www_02214.pdf |date=12 June 2009 }})</ref> or about {{cvt|6.5|km}}, but the length of the peninsula from this wall to its southern extremity, Cape Mastusia, was 420 stadia<ref name="herod_6.36_xen_3.2_scy_67"/> or about {{cvt|77.5|km}}. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
{{more citations needed|section|date=March 2026}} | |||
===Antiquity and Middle Ages=== | ===Antiquity and Middle Ages=== | ||
[[File:Thracian Chersonese.svg|thumb|left|Map of the Thracian Chersonese]] | [[File:Thracian Chersonese.svg|thumb|left|Map of the Thracian Chersonese]] | ||
In ancient times, the Gallipoli Peninsula was known as the [[Thracian Chersonese]] (from [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|χερσόνησος}}, 'peninsula'<ref name="lid" />) to the Greeks and later the Romans. It was the location of several prominent towns, including [[Cardia (Thrace)|Cardia]], [[Pactya]], Callipolis (Gallipoli), Alopeconnesus ({{lang|grc|Ἀλωπεκόννησος}}), [[Sestos]], [[Madytos (Thrace)|Madytos]], and [[Elaeus]]. The peninsula was renowned for its [[wheat]]. It also benefited from its strategic importance on the main route between [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], as well as from its control of the shipping route from [[Crimea]]. The city of Sestos was the main crossing-point on the [[Hellespont]]. | In ancient times, the Gallipoli Peninsula was known as the [[Thracian Chersonese]] (from [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|χερσόνησος}}, 'peninsula'<ref name="lid" />) to the Greeks and later the Romans. It was the location of several prominent towns, including [[Cardia (Thrace)|Cardia]], [[Pactya]], Callipolis (Gallipoli), Alopeconnesus ({{lang|grc|Ἀλωπεκόννησος}}), [[Sestos]], [[Madytos (Thrace)|Madytos]], and [[Elaeus]]. The peninsula was renowned for its [[wheat]]. It also benefited from its strategic importance on the main route between [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], as well as from its control of the shipping route from [[Crimea]]. The city of Sestos was the main crossing-point on the [[Hellespont]].{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
According to [[Herodotus]], the Thracian tribe of [[Dolonci]] ({{lang|grc|Δόλογκοι}}) (or 'barbarians' according to [[Cornelius Nepos]]) held possession of the peninsula before Greek colonizers arrived. Then, settlers from [[Ancient Greece]], mainly of [[Ionia]]n and [[Aeolians|Aeolian]] stock, founded about 12 cities on the peninsula in the 7th century BC.<ref name="herod_6.34_nepos_1">Herodotus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&loc=6.34.1 vi. 34] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062722/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&redirect=true |date=25 April 2023 }}; [[Cornelius Nepos|Nepos, Cornelius]], ''Lives of Eminent Commanders'', "Miltiades", [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nepos.htm#Miltiades 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107233658/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nepos.htm#Miltiades |date=7 November 2017 }}</ref> The [[Classical Athens|Athenian]] statesman [[Miltiades the Elder]] founded a major Athenian colony there around 560 BC. He took authority over the entire peninsula, augmenting its defences against incursions from the mainland. It eventually passed to his nephew, the more famous [[Miltiades the Younger]], about 524 BC. The peninsula was abandoned to the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] in 493 BC after the beginning of the [[Greco-Persian Wars]] (499–478 BC). | According to [[Herodotus]], the Thracian tribe of [[Dolonci]] ({{lang|grc|Δόλογκοι}}) (or 'barbarians' according to [[Cornelius Nepos]]) held possession of the peninsula before Greek colonizers arrived. Then, settlers from [[Ancient Greece]], mainly of [[Ionia]]n and [[Aeolians|Aeolian]] stock, founded about 12 cities on the peninsula in the 7th century BC.<ref name="herod_6.34_nepos_1">Herodotus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&loc=6.34.1 vi. 34] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062722/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&redirect=true |date=25 April 2023 }}; [[Cornelius Nepos|Nepos, Cornelius]], ''Lives of Eminent Commanders'', "Miltiades", [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nepos.htm#Miltiades 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107233658/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nepos.htm#Miltiades |date=7 November 2017 }}</ref> The [[Classical Athens|Athenian]] statesman [[Miltiades the Elder]] founded a major Athenian colony there around 560 BC. He took authority over the entire peninsula, augmenting its defences against incursions from the mainland. It eventually passed to his nephew, the more famous [[Miltiades the Younger]], about 524 BC. The peninsula was abandoned to the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] in 493 BC after the beginning of the [[Greco-Persian Wars]] (499–478 BC).{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
The Persians were eventually expelled, after which the peninsula was for a time ruled by Athens, which enrolled it into the [[Delian League]] in 478 BC. The Athenians established a number of [[cleruchy|cleruchies]] on the Thracian Chersonese and sent an additional 1,000 settlers around 448 BC. [[Sparta]] gained control after the decisive [[Battle of Aegospotami]] in 404 BC, but the peninsula subsequently reverted to the Athenians. During the 4th century BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the focus of a bitter territorial dispute between Athens and [[Macedon]], whose king [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] sought its possession. It was eventually ceded to Philip in 338 BC. | The Persians were eventually expelled, after which the peninsula was for a time ruled by Athens, which enrolled it into the [[Delian League]] in 478 BC. The Athenians established a number of [[cleruchy|cleruchies]] on the Thracian Chersonese and sent an additional 1,000 settlers around 448 BC. [[Sparta]] gained control after the decisive [[Battle of Aegospotami]] in 404 BC, but the peninsula subsequently reverted to the Athenians. During the 4th century BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the focus of a bitter territorial dispute between Athens and [[Macedon]], whose king [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] sought its possession. It was eventually ceded to Philip in 338 BC.{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
After the death of Philip's son [[Alexander the Great]] in 323 BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the object of contention among [[Diadochi|Alexander's successors]]. [[Lysimachus]] established his capital [[Lysimachia (Thrace)|Lysimachia]] here. In 278 BC, [[List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes|Celtic tribes]] from [[Galatia]] in Asia Minor settled in the area. In 196 BC, the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] king [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]] seized the peninsula. This alarmed the Greeks and prompted them to seek the aid of the [[Roman Republic|Romans]], who conquered the Thracian Chersonese, which they gave to their ally [[Eumenes II]] of [[Pergamon]] in 188 BC. At the extinction of the [[Attalid dynasty]] in 133 BC it passed again to the Romans, who from 129 BC administered it in the [[Roman province]] of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]]. It was subsequently made a state-owned territory ({{lang|la|[[ager publicus]]}}) and during the reign of the emperor [[Augustus]] it was imperial property. | After the death of Philip's son [[Alexander the Great]] in 323 BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the object of contention among [[Diadochi|Alexander's successors]]. [[Lysimachus]] established his capital [[Lysimachia (Thrace)|Lysimachia]] here. In 278 BC, [[List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes|Celtic tribes]] from [[Galatia]] in Asia Minor settled in the area. In 196 BC, the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] king [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]] seized the peninsula. This alarmed the Greeks and prompted them to seek the aid of the [[Roman Republic|Romans]], who conquered the Thracian Chersonese, which they gave to their ally [[Eumenes II]] of [[Pergamon]] in 188 BC. At the extinction of the [[Attalid dynasty]] in 133 BC it passed again to the Romans, who from 129 BC administered it in the [[Roman province]] of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]]. It was subsequently made a state-owned territory ({{lang|la|[[ager publicus]]}}) and during the reign of the emperor [[Augustus]] it was imperial property.{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
[[File:Gallipolimap2.png|thumb|Map of the peninsula and its surroundings]] | [[File:Gallipolimap2.png|thumb|Map of the peninsula and its surroundings]] | ||
The Thracian Chersonese was part of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] from its foundation in 395 AD. In 443 AD, [[Attila the Hun]] invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula during one of the last stages of his grand campaign that year. He captured both Callipolis and Sestus.<ref>{{cite book | The Thracian Chersonese was part of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] from its foundation in 395 AD. In 443 AD, [[Attila the Hun]] invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula during one of the last stages of his grand campaign that year. He captured both Callipolis and Sestus.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-YN6NwHqq4C |title=Attila the Hun: Barbarian Terror and the Fall of the Roman Empire |date=2011 |publisher=Vintage |isbn=978-1844139156 |page=105 |access-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-YN6NwHqq4C |archive-date=25 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Aside from a brief period from 1204 to 1235, when it was controlled by the [[Republic of Venice]], the [[Byzantine Empire]] ruled the territory until 1356. During the night between 1 and 2 March 1354, a strong earthquake destroyed the city of Gallipoli and its city walls, weakening its defenses.{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
===Ottoman era=== | ===Ottoman era=== | ||
| Line 29: | Line 30: | ||
====Ottoman conquest==== | ====Ottoman conquest==== | ||
Within a month after the devastating 1354 earthquake the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] [[Fall of Gallipoli|besieged and captured]] the town of Gallipoli, making it the first Ottoman stronghold in Europe and the staging area for Ottoman expansion across the [[Balkans]].<ref>Crowley, Roger. 1453: ''The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West''. New York: Hyperion, 2005. p 31 {{ISBN|1-4013-0850-3}}.</ref> The [[Savoyard Crusade]] recaptured Gallipoli for Byzantium in 1366, but the beleaguered Byzantines were forced to hand it back in September 1376. The [[Greeks]] living there were allowed to continue their everyday activities. In the 19th century, Gallipoli ({{langx|ota|گلیبولو}}, {{lang|tr|Gelibolu}}) was a district ({{lang|tr|[[kaymakamlik]]}}) in the [[Vilayet of Adrianople]], with about thirty thousand inhabitants: comprising Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews.<ref>{{Catholic | | Within a month after the devastating 1354 earthquake the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] [[Fall of Gallipoli|besieged and captured]] the town of Gallipoli, making it the first Ottoman stronghold in Europe and the staging area for Ottoman expansion across the [[Balkans]].<ref>Crowley, Roger. 1453: ''The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West''. New York: Hyperion, 2005. p 31 {{ISBN|1-4013-0850-3}}.</ref> The [[Savoyard Crusade]] recaptured Gallipoli for Byzantium in 1366, but the beleaguered Byzantines were forced to hand it back in September 1376. The [[Greeks]] living there were allowed to continue their everyday activities. In the 19th century, Gallipoli ({{langx|ota|گلیبولو}}, {{lang|tr|Gelibolu}}) was a district ({{lang|tr|[[kaymakamlik]]}}) in the [[Vilayet of Adrianople]], with about thirty thousand inhabitants: comprising Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews.<ref>{{Catholic|wstitle=Callipolis|inline=yes}}</ref> | ||
====Crimean War (1853–1856)==== | ====Crimean War (1853–1856)==== | ||
[[File:Port de Gallipoli.JPG|thumb|The port of Gallipoli, {{circa|1880}}]] | [[File:Port de Gallipoli.JPG|thumb|The port of Gallipoli, {{circa|1880}}]] | ||
Gallipoli became a major [[military camp|encampment]] for British and French forces in 1854 during the [[Crimean War]], and the harbour was also a stopping-off point between the western Mediterranean and [[Istanbul]] (formerly [[Constantinople]]).<ref name="Plus">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Crimea/Black_Sea_1854/04_28.html | | Gallipoli became a major [[military camp|encampment]] for British and French forces in 1854 during the [[Crimean War]], and the harbour was also a stopping-off point between the western Mediterranean and [[Istanbul]] (formerly [[Constantinople]]).<ref name="Plus">{{Cite web |title=Crimea |url=http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Crimea/Black_Sea_1854/04_28.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222234538/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Crimea/Black_Sea_1854/04_28.html |archive-date=22 February 2006 |access-date=11 October 2006}}</ref><ref name="Victorian">{{cite web |title=Charles Usherwood's Service Journal, 1852–1856: despatch |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/usher/despatch.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128225126/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/usher/despatch.html |archive-date=28 November 2002 |access-date=2 July 2006 |work=victorianweb.org}}</ref> | ||
In March 1854 British and French engineers constructed an {{cvt|11.5|km}} line of defence to protect the peninsula from a possible Russian attack and secure control of the route to the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Maj Gen Whitworth |title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I | In March 1854 British and French engineers constructed an {{cvt|11.5|km}} line of defence to protect the peninsula from a possible Russian attack and secure control of the route to the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Maj Gen Whitworth |title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |year=1889 |location=Chatham}}</ref>{{rp|414}} | ||
====First Balkan War (1912–1913)==== | ====First Balkan War (1912–1913)==== | ||
During the [[First Balkan War]], the 1913 [[Battle of Bulair]] and several minor skirmishes took place where the Ottoman army fought in the Greek villages near Gallipoli".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirinian |first1=George N. |title=Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923 |date=2017 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1785334320 |page=42 | During the [[First Balkan War]], the 1913 [[Battle of Bulair]] and several minor skirmishes took place where the Ottoman army fought in the Greek villages near Gallipoli".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirinian |first1=George N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlwEDQAAQBAJ |title=Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923 |date=2017 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1785334320 |page=42 |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=SlwEDQAAQBAJ |archive-date=25 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Astourian |first1=Stephan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ3UDwAAQBAJ |title=Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State |date=2020 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-450-6 |page=192 |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062719/https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ3UDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=25 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey before the European war">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Carroll N |url=https://archive.org/details/persecutionsofgr00papa |title=Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey before the European war |last2=Papadopoulos |first2=Alexander |date=1919 |publisher=Oxford university press |page=52}}</ref> The [[Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars]] mention destruction and massacres in the area by the Ottoman army against Greek and Bulgarian population.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/reportofinternat00inteuoft/page/132/mode/2up |title=Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War |date=1914 |publisher=Washington, D.C. |page=132}}</ref> | ||
The Ottoman Government, under the pretext that a village was within the firing line, ordered its evacuation within three hours. The residents abandoned everything they possessed, left their village and went to [[Gelibolu|Gallipoli]]. Seven of the Greek villagers who stayed two minutes later than the three-hour limit allowed for the evacuation were shot by the soldiers. After the end of the Balkan War the exiles were allowed to return. But as the Government allowed only the Turks to rebuild their houses and furnish them, the exiled Greeks were compelled to remain in Gallipoli.<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918"/> | The Ottoman Government, under the pretext that a village was within the firing line, ordered its evacuation within three hours. The residents abandoned everything they possessed, left their village and went to [[Gelibolu|Gallipoli]]. Seven of the Greek villagers who stayed two minutes later than the three-hour limit allowed for the evacuation were shot by the soldiers. After the end of the Balkan War the exiles were allowed to return. But as the Government allowed only the Turks to rebuild their houses and furnish them, the exiled Greeks were compelled to remain in Gallipoli.<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918"/> | ||
====World War I: Gallipoli | ====World War I: Gallipoli campaign (1914–1918)==== | ||
{{Main|Gallipoli | {{Main|Gallipoli campaign|Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site}} | ||
[[File:Landing at Gallipoli (13901951593).jpg|thumb|Landing at Gallipoli in April 1915]] | [[File:Landing at Gallipoli (13901951593).jpg|thumb|Landing at Gallipoli in April 1915]] | ||
[[File:Gallipoli ANZAC Cove Sphinx 2.JPG|thumb|The Sphinx overlooking Anzac Cove]] | [[File:Gallipoli ANZAC Cove Sphinx 2.JPG|thumb|The Sphinx overlooking Anzac Cove]] | ||
During World War I (1914–1918), French, British, and allied forces (Australian, New Zealand, Newfoundland, Irish and Indian) fought the [[Gallipoli campaign]] (1915–1916) in and near the peninsula, seeking to secure a sea route to relieve their eastern ally, [[Imperial Russia|Russia]]. The Ottomans set up defensive fortifications along the peninsula and contained the invading forces. | During World War I (1914–1918), French, British, and allied forces (Australian, New Zealand, Newfoundland, Irish and Indian) fought the [[Gallipoli campaign]] (1915–1916) in and near the peninsula, seeking to secure a sea route to relieve their eastern ally, [[Imperial Russia|Russia]]. The Ottomans set up defensive fortifications along the peninsula and contained the invading forces.{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
In early 1915, attempting to seize a strategic advantage in World War I by capturing the [[Bosporus Strait]] at [[Istanbul]] (formerly [[Constantinople]]), the British authorised an attack on the peninsula by French, British, and British Empire forces. The first Australian troops landed at [[ANZAC Cove]] early in the morning of 25 April 1915. After eight months of heavy fighting the last Allied soldiers withdrew by 9 January 1916. | In early 1915, attempting to seize a strategic advantage in World War I by capturing the [[Bosporus Strait]] at [[Istanbul]] (formerly [[Constantinople]]), the British authorised an attack on the peninsula by French, British, and British Empire forces. The first Australian troops landed at [[ANZAC Cove]] early in the morning of 25 April 1915. After eight months of heavy fighting the last Allied soldiers withdrew by 9 January 1916.{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
The campaign, one of the greatest [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] victories during the war, is considered by historians as a humiliating [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] failure. [[Turkey|Turks]] regard it as a defining moment in their nation's history and national identity,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallipoli: a Turkish view {{!}} Australian War Memorial |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/gallipoli#:~:text=The%20events%20of%201915%20created,status%20within%20Turkey's%20national%20identity |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.awm.gov.au}}</ref> contributing to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey eight years later under President [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli. | The campaign, one of the greatest [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] victories during the war, is considered by historians as a humiliating [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] failure. [[Turkey|Turks]] regard it as a defining moment in their nation's history and national identity,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallipoli: a Turkish view {{!}} Australian War Memorial |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/gallipoli#:~:text=The%20events%20of%201915%20created,status%20within%20Turkey's%20national%20identity |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.awm.gov.au}}</ref> contributing to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey eight years later under President [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli. | ||
The Ottoman Empire instituted the [[Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire)|Gallipoli Star]] as a military decoration in 1915 and awarded it throughout the rest of World War I. | The Ottoman Empire instituted the [[Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire)|Gallipoli Star]] as a military decoration in 1915 and awarded it throughout the rest of World War I.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallipoli Star badge, 1915 |url=https://www.lbi.org/griffinger/record/415074 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=www.lbi.org |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
The campaign was the first major military action of [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] (or [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps|ANZACs]]) as independent [[dominion]]s, setting a foundation for Australian and New Zealand military history, and contributing to their developing national identities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2024 |title=Chapter 1 - The Significance of the Gallipoli Peninsula |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2004-07/gallipoli/report/d01b#:~:text=The%20national%20significance%20of%20the,and%20remembrance%2C%20into%20iconic%20status. |website=Parliament of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallipoli in brief {{!}} NZ History |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/the-gallipoli-campaign/gallipoli-in-brief#:~:text=In%20New%20Zealand%20(and%20Australia,grew%20out%20of%20this%20pride. |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=nzhistory.govt.nz}}</ref> The date of the landing, 25 April, is known as "[[Anzac Day|ANZAC Day]]". It remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and [[veteran|"returned soldiers"]] in Australia and New Zealand. | The campaign was the first major military action of [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] (or [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps|ANZACs]]) as independent [[dominion]]s, setting a foundation for Australian and New Zealand military history, and contributing to their developing national identities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2024 |title=Chapter 1 - The Significance of the Gallipoli Peninsula |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2004-07/gallipoli/report/d01b#:~:text=The%20national%20significance%20of%20the,and%20remembrance%2C%20into%20iconic%20status. |website=Parliament of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallipoli in brief {{!}} NZ History |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/the-gallipoli-campaign/gallipoli-in-brief#:~:text=In%20New%20Zealand%20(and%20Australia,grew%20out%20of%20this%20pride. |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=nzhistory.govt.nz}}</ref> The date of the landing, 25 April, is known as "[[Anzac Day|ANZAC Day]]". It remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and [[veteran|"returned soldiers"]] in Australia and New Zealand.{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
On the Allied side, one of the promoters of the expedition was Britain's [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], [[Winston Churchill]], whose bullish optimism caused damage to his reputation that took years to repair. | On the Allied side, one of the promoters of the expedition was Britain's [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], [[Winston Churchill]], whose bullish optimism caused damage to his reputation that took years to repair.{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
Prior to the Allied landings in April 1915,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6k5HzkboGvcC |title=The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power | Prior to the Allied landings in April 1915,<ref>{{Cite book |last=McMeekin |first=Sean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6k5HzkboGvcC |title=The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power |date=7 May 2012 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674058538 |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062721/https://books.google.com/books?id=6k5HzkboGvcC |archive-date=25 April 2023 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref> the Ottoman Empire deported [[Ottoman Greeks|Greek residents]] from Gallipoli and the surrounding region and from the islands in the [[sea of Marmara]], to the interior where they were at the mercy of hostile Turks.<ref name="Terrible Fate">{{cite book |last=Lieberman |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlfAgAAQBAJ |title=Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe |date=December 2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1442223196 |pages=96–97 |access-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062722/https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlfAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=25 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Greeks had little time to pack and the Ottoman authorities permitted them to take only some bedding and the rest was handed over to the Government.<ref name="Terrible Fate"/> The Turks then plundered the houses and properties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Meaning of Gallipoli to Hellenism |url=https://www.thenationalherald.com/128395/the-meaning-of-gallipoli-to-hellenism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202301/https://www.thenationalherald.com/128395/the-meaning-of-gallipoli-to-hellenism/ |archive-date=15 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> A testimony of a deportee described how the deportees were forced onto crowded steamers, standing-room only, then on disembarking, men of military age were removed (for forced labour in the [[labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)|labour battalions]] of the Ottoman army).{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
The [[Metropolitan bishop]] of Gallipoli wrote on 17 July 1915 that the extermination of the Christian refugees was methodical.<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/persecutionofgre00consrich |title=Persecution of the Greeks in Turkey, 1914–1918 |date=1919 |publisher=Constantinople [London, Printed by the Hesperia Press]}}</ref> He also mentions that "The Turks, like beasts of prey, immediately plundered all the Christians' property and carried it off. The inhabitants and refugees of my district are entirely without shelter, awaiting to be sent no one knows where ...".<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918"/> Many Greeks died from hunger and there were frequent cases of rape of women and young girls, as well as their forced conversion to [[Islam]].<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918"/> In some cases, [[Muhacirs]] appeared in the villages even before the Greek inhabitants were deported and stoned the houses and threatened the inhabitants that they would kill them if they did not leave.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Benny | The [[Metropolitan bishop]] of Gallipoli wrote on 17 July 1915 that the extermination of the Christian refugees was methodical.<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/persecutionofgre00consrich |title=Persecution of the Greeks in Turkey, 1914–1918 |date=1919 |publisher=Constantinople [London, Printed by the Hesperia Press]}}</ref> He also mentions that "The Turks, like beasts of prey, immediately plundered all the Christians' property and carried it off. The inhabitants and refugees of my district are entirely without shelter, awaiting to be sent no one knows where ...".<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918"/> Many Greeks died from hunger and there were frequent cases of rape of women and young girls, as well as their forced conversion to [[Islam]].<ref name="Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918"/> In some cases, [[Muhacirs]] appeared in the villages even before the Greek inhabitants were deported and stoned the houses and threatened the inhabitants that they would kill them if they did not leave.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Benny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THSPDwAAQBAJ&q=greek%2BGallipoli%2Bdeportee |title=The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924 |last2=Ze'evi |first2=Dror |date=April 2019 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674916456 |page=338 |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=THSPDwAAQBAJ&q=greek%2BGallipoli%2Bdeportee |archive-date=25 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
====Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)==== | ====Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)==== | ||
Greek troops occupied Gallipoli on 4 August 1920 during the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)|Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22]], considered part of the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. After the [[Armistice of Mudros]] of 30 October 1918 it became a Greek prefecture centre as ''Kallipolis''. However, Greece was forced to cede Eastern Thrace after the [[Armistice of Mudanya]] of October 1922. Gallipoli was briefly handed over to British troops on 20 October 1922, but finally returned to Turkish rule on 26 November 1922. | Greek troops occupied Gallipoli on 4 August 1920 during the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)|Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22]], considered part of the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. After the [[Armistice of Mudros]] of 30 October 1918 it became a Greek prefecture centre as ''Kallipolis''. However, Greece was forced to cede Eastern Thrace after the [[Armistice of Mudanya]] of October 1922. Gallipoli was briefly handed over to British troops on 20 October 1922, but finally returned to Turkish rule on 26 November 1922.{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
In 1920, after the defeat of the [[White movement|Russian White army]] of General [[Pyotr Wrangel]], a significant number of [[White émigré|émigré soldiers]] and their families evacuated to Gallipoli from the [[Crimean Peninsula]]. From there, many went to European countries, such as [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], where they found refuge. | In 1920, after the defeat of the [[White movement|Russian White army]] of General [[Pyotr Wrangel]], a significant number of [[White émigré|émigré soldiers]] and their families evacuated to Gallipoli from the [[Crimean Peninsula]]. From there, many went to European countries, such as [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], where they found refuge.{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
There are now many [[list of war cemeteries and memorials on the Gallipoli Peninsula|cemeteries and war memorials]] on the Gallipoli peninsula. | There are now many [[list of war cemeteries and memorials on the Gallipoli Peninsula|cemeteries and war memorials]] on the Gallipoli peninsula.{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
===Turkish Republic=== | ===Turkish Republic=== | ||
Between 1923 and 1926 Gallipoli became the centre of Gelibolu Province, comprising the districts of Gelibolu, [[Eceabat]], [[Keşan]] and [[Şarköy]]. After the dissolution of the province, it became a district centre in [[Çanakkale Province]]. | Between 1923 and 1926 Gallipoli became the centre of Gelibolu Province, comprising the districts of Gelibolu, [[Eceabat]], [[Keşan]] and [[Şarköy]]. After the dissolution of the province, it became a district centre in [[Çanakkale Province]].{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
=== Tourism significance === | |||
Today, the Gallipoli Peninsula is one of Turkey's most visited historical destinations, attracting hundreds of thousands of domestic and international visitors every year. The Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park preserves battlefields, cemeteries, and memorials of the Gallipoli Campaign, and ANZAC Day (25 April) ceremonies draw large numbers of Australians and New Zealanders. Various tour operators offer guided tours of the battlefields, memorials, and museums to help visitors understand the significance of the campaign. | |||
<ref>{{cite web |title=Visiting Gallipoli |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/turkey/gallipoli |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> | |||
==Notable people== | ==Notable people== | ||
*[[Ahmed Bican]] (1398 – {{circa|1466}}), author | * [[Ahmed Bican]] (1398 – {{circa|1466}}), author{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
*[[Piri Reis]] (1465/70 – 1553<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206015913/http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-06 | * [[Piri Reis]] (1465/70 – 1553<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ana Sayfa |url=http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206015913/http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-06}}</ref>), admiral, geographer and cartographer | ||
*[[Mustafa Âlî]] (1541–1600), Ottoman historian, politician and writer | * [[Mustafa Âlî]] (1541–1600), Ottoman historian, politician and writer{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
*[[Sofia Vembo]] (1910–1978), Greek singer and actress | * [[Sofia Vembo]] (1910–1978), Greek singer and actress{{cn|date=January 2026}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 85: | Line 90: | ||
{{Commons category|Gallipoli (Turkey)}} | {{Commons category|Gallipoli (Turkey)}} | ||
{{Wiktionary|Gallipoli}} | {{Wiktionary|Gallipoli}} | ||
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Gallipoli}} | |||
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Gallipoli}} | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524001248/http://e-turkey.net/v/canakkale_gallipoli/ Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park photos with info] | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110524001248/http://e-turkey.net/v/canakkale_gallipoli/ Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park photos with info] | * [https://rsltours.com/ Tours of Gallipoli] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817172634/https://rsltours.com/ |date=17 August 2020 }} | ||
*[https://rsltours.com/ Tours of Gallipoli] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817172634/https://rsltours.com/ |date=17 August 2020 }} | * [http://www.abc.net.au/ww1-anzac/gallipoli/ Australia's role in the Gallipoli Campaign – Website (ABC and Dept of Veteran's Affairs)] | ||
*[http://www.abc.net.au/ww1-anzac/gallipoli/ Australia's role in the Gallipoli Campaign – Website (ABC and Dept of Veteran's Affairs)] | * [https://www.gallipolitour.com/ Gallipoli Tour – Information and Guided Tours] | ||
{{Peninsulas of Turkey}} | {{Peninsulas of Turkey}} | ||
Latest revision as of 10:20, 23 March 2026
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
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The Gallipoli Peninsula (Template:IPAc-en)Template:Refn is located in the southern part of East Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles strait to the east.
Gallipoli is the Italian form of the Greek name Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".), meaning 'beautiful city',[1] the original name of the modern town of Gelibolu. In antiquity, the peninsula was known as the Thracian Chersonese (Template:Langx; Template:Langx).
The peninsula runs in a south-westerly direction into the Aegean Sea, between the Dardanelles (formerly known as the Hellespont), and the Gulf of Saros (formerly the bay of Melas). In antiquity, it was protected by the Long Wall,[2][3][4][5] a defensive structure built across the narrowest part of the peninsula near the ancient city of Agora. The isthmus traversed by the wall was only 36 stadia in breadth[6] or about Template:Cvt, but the length of the peninsula from this wall to its southern extremity, Cape Mastusia, was 420 stadia[6] or about Template:Cvt.
History
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Antiquity and Middle Ages
In ancient times, the Gallipoli Peninsula was known as the Thracian Chersonese (from Greek Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'peninsula'[1]) to the Greeks and later the Romans. It was the location of several prominent towns, including Cardia, Pactya, Callipolis (Gallipoli), Alopeconnesus (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Sestos, Madytos, and Elaeus. The peninsula was renowned for its wheat. It also benefited from its strategic importance on the main route between Europe and Asia, as well as from its control of the shipping route from Crimea. The city of Sestos was the main crossing-point on the Hellespont.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
According to Herodotus, the Thracian tribe of Dolonci (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (or 'barbarians' according to Cornelius Nepos) held possession of the peninsula before Greek colonizers arrived. Then, settlers from Ancient Greece, mainly of Ionian and Aeolian stock, founded about 12 cities on the peninsula in the 7th century BC.[7] The Athenian statesman Miltiades the Elder founded a major Athenian colony there around 560 BC. He took authority over the entire peninsula, augmenting its defences against incursions from the mainland. It eventually passed to his nephew, the more famous Miltiades the Younger, about 524 BC. The peninsula was abandoned to the Persians in 493 BC after the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars (499–478 BC).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The Persians were eventually expelled, after which the peninsula was for a time ruled by Athens, which enrolled it into the Delian League in 478 BC. The Athenians established a number of cleruchies on the Thracian Chersonese and sent an additional 1,000 settlers around 448 BC. Sparta gained control after the decisive Battle of Aegospotami in 404 BC, but the peninsula subsequently reverted to the Athenians. During the 4th century BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the focus of a bitter territorial dispute between Athens and Macedon, whose king Philip II sought its possession. It was eventually ceded to Philip in 338 BC.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
After the death of Philip's son Alexander the Great in 323 BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the object of contention among Alexander's successors. Lysimachus established his capital Lysimachia here. In 278 BC, Celtic tribes from Galatia in Asia Minor settled in the area. In 196 BC, the Seleucid king Antiochus III seized the peninsula. This alarmed the Greeks and prompted them to seek the aid of the Romans, who conquered the Thracian Chersonese, which they gave to their ally Eumenes II of Pergamon in 188 BC. At the extinction of the Attalid dynasty in 133 BC it passed again to the Romans, who from 129 BC administered it in the Roman province of Asia. It was subsequently made a state-owned territory (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and during the reign of the emperor Augustus it was imperial property.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The Thracian Chersonese was part of the Eastern Roman Empire from its foundation in 395 AD. In 443 AD, Attila the Hun invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula during one of the last stages of his grand campaign that year. He captured both Callipolis and Sestus.[8] Aside from a brief period from 1204 to 1235, when it was controlled by the Republic of Venice, the Byzantine Empire ruled the territory until 1356. During the night between 1 and 2 March 1354, a strong earthquake destroyed the city of Gallipoli and its city walls, weakening its defenses.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Ottoman era
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Ottoman conquest
Within a month after the devastating 1354 earthquake the Ottomans besieged and captured the town of Gallipoli, making it the first Ottoman stronghold in Europe and the staging area for Ottoman expansion across the Balkans.[9] The Savoyard Crusade recaptured Gallipoli for Byzantium in 1366, but the beleaguered Byzantines were forced to hand it back in September 1376. The Greeks living there were allowed to continue their everyday activities. In the 19th century, Gallipoli (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "Lang".) was a district (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in the Vilayet of Adrianople, with about thirty thousand inhabitants: comprising Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews.[10]
Crimean War (1853–1856)
Gallipoli became a major encampment for British and French forces in 1854 during the Crimean War, and the harbour was also a stopping-off point between the western Mediterranean and Istanbul (formerly Constantinople).[11][12]
In March 1854 British and French engineers constructed an Template:Cvt line of defence to protect the peninsula from a possible Russian attack and secure control of the route to the Mediterranean Sea.[13]Template:Rp
First Balkan War (1912–1913)
During the First Balkan War, the 1913 Battle of Bulair and several minor skirmishes took place where the Ottoman army fought in the Greek villages near Gallipoli".[14][15][16] The Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars mention destruction and massacres in the area by the Ottoman army against Greek and Bulgarian population.[17]
The Ottoman Government, under the pretext that a village was within the firing line, ordered its evacuation within three hours. The residents abandoned everything they possessed, left their village and went to Gallipoli. Seven of the Greek villagers who stayed two minutes later than the three-hour limit allowed for the evacuation were shot by the soldiers. After the end of the Balkan War the exiles were allowed to return. But as the Government allowed only the Turks to rebuild their houses and furnish them, the exiled Greeks were compelled to remain in Gallipoli.[18]
World War I: Gallipoli campaign (1914–1918)
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During World War I (1914–1918), French, British, and allied forces (Australian, New Zealand, Newfoundland, Irish and Indian) fought the Gallipoli campaign (1915–1916) in and near the peninsula, seeking to secure a sea route to relieve their eastern ally, Russia. The Ottomans set up defensive fortifications along the peninsula and contained the invading forces.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
In early 1915, attempting to seize a strategic advantage in World War I by capturing the Bosporus Strait at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), the British authorised an attack on the peninsula by French, British, and British Empire forces. The first Australian troops landed at ANZAC Cove early in the morning of 25 April 1915. After eight months of heavy fighting the last Allied soldiers withdrew by 9 January 1916.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The campaign, one of the greatest Ottoman victories during the war, is considered by historians as a humiliating Allied failure. Turks regard it as a defining moment in their nation's history and national identity,[19] contributing to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey eight years later under President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli.
The Ottoman Empire instituted the Gallipoli Star as a military decoration in 1915 and awarded it throughout the rest of World War I.[20]
The campaign was the first major military action of Australia and New Zealand (or ANZACs) as independent dominions, setting a foundation for Australian and New Zealand military history, and contributing to their developing national identities.[21][22] The date of the landing, 25 April, is known as "ANZAC Day". It remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and "returned soldiers" in Australia and New Zealand.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
On the Allied side, one of the promoters of the expedition was Britain's First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, whose bullish optimism caused damage to his reputation that took years to repair.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Prior to the Allied landings in April 1915,[23] the Ottoman Empire deported Greek residents from Gallipoli and the surrounding region and from the islands in the sea of Marmara, to the interior where they were at the mercy of hostile Turks.[24] The Greeks had little time to pack and the Ottoman authorities permitted them to take only some bedding and the rest was handed over to the Government.[24] The Turks then plundered the houses and properties.[25] A testimony of a deportee described how the deportees were forced onto crowded steamers, standing-room only, then on disembarking, men of military age were removed (for forced labour in the labour battalions of the Ottoman army).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The Metropolitan bishop of Gallipoli wrote on 17 July 1915 that the extermination of the Christian refugees was methodical.[18] He also mentions that "The Turks, like beasts of prey, immediately plundered all the Christians' property and carried it off. The inhabitants and refugees of my district are entirely without shelter, awaiting to be sent no one knows where ...".[18] Many Greeks died from hunger and there were frequent cases of rape of women and young girls, as well as their forced conversion to Islam.[18] In some cases, Muhacirs appeared in the villages even before the Greek inhabitants were deported and stoned the houses and threatened the inhabitants that they would kill them if they did not leave.[26]
Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
Greek troops occupied Gallipoli on 4 August 1920 during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22, considered part of the Turkish War of Independence. After the Armistice of Mudros of 30 October 1918 it became a Greek prefecture centre as Kallipolis. However, Greece was forced to cede Eastern Thrace after the Armistice of Mudanya of October 1922. Gallipoli was briefly handed over to British troops on 20 October 1922, but finally returned to Turkish rule on 26 November 1922.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
In 1920, after the defeat of the Russian White army of General Pyotr Wrangel, a significant number of émigré soldiers and their families evacuated to Gallipoli from the Crimean Peninsula. From there, many went to European countries, such as Yugoslavia, where they found refuge.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
There are now many cemeteries and war memorials on the Gallipoli peninsula.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Turkish Republic
Between 1923 and 1926 Gallipoli became the centre of Gelibolu Province, comprising the districts of Gelibolu, Eceabat, Keşan and Şarköy. After the dissolution of the province, it became a district centre in Çanakkale Province.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Tourism significance
Today, the Gallipoli Peninsula is one of Turkey's most visited historical destinations, attracting hundreds of thousands of domestic and international visitors every year. The Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park preserves battlefields, cemeteries, and memorials of the Gallipoli Campaign, and ANZAC Day (25 April) ceremonies draw large numbers of Australians and New Zealanders. Various tour operators offer guided tours of the battlefields, memorials, and museums to help visitors understand the significance of the campaign. [27]
Notable people
- Ahmed Bican (1398 – c. 1466Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".), authorScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Piri Reis (1465/70 – 1553[28]), admiral, geographer and cartographer
- Mustafa Âlî (1541–1600), Ottoman historian, politician and writerScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Sofia Vembo (1910–1978), Greek singer and actressScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
References
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ a b Herodotus, The Histories, vi. 36; Xenophon, ibid.; Pseudo-Scylax, Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax, 67 (PDF Template:Webarchive)
- ↑ Herodotus, vi. 34 Template:Webarchive; Nepos, Cornelius, Lives of Eminent Commanders, "Miltiades", 1 Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Crowley, Roger. 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. New York: Hyperion, 2005. p 31 Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Template:Catholic
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links
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- Template:Wikivoyage inline
- Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park photos with info
- Tours of Gallipoli Template:Webarchive
- Australia's role in the Gallipoli Campaign – Website (ABC and Dept of Veteran's Affairs)
- Gallipoli Tour – Information and Guided Tours
Template:Peninsulas of Turkey Template:Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey Template:Authority control Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
Categories:
- Pages with script errors
- Pages with broken file links
- Gallipoli Peninsula
- Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
- Dardanelles
- Geography of Thrace
- Headlands of Turkey
- Landforms of Çanakkale Province
- Peninsulas of Turkey
- Places of the Greek genocide
- Territories of the Republic of Venice
- Tourist attractions in Çanakkale Province
- World Heritage Tentative List for Turkey