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{{Redirect|Nature Strip|the racehorse|Nature Strip (horse)}} | {{Redirect|Nature Strip|the racehorse|Nature Strip (horse)}} | ||
[[File:Massachusetts-devils strip.JPG|thumb|A curb strip in suburban [[Greater Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. Outside of rural areas in New England, devil strips are narrow – the one pictured is {{convert|52|in|cm m}} from curb to sidewalk. They are usually not maintained by the municipality, but rather by the property owner, and are used primarily to provide space for utility poles.]] | [[File:Massachusetts-devils strip.JPG|thumb|A curb strip in suburban [[Greater Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. Outside of rural areas in New England, devil strips are narrow – the one pictured is {{convert|52|in|cm m}} from curb to sidewalk. They are usually not maintained by the municipality, but rather by the property owner, and are used primarily to provide space for utility poles.]] | ||
A '''road verge''' is a strip of [[groundcover]] consisting of [[grass]] or [[garden plant]]s, and sometimes also [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s, located between a [[roadway]] and a [[sidewalk]].<ref name="worthington"/> Verges are known by dozens of other names such as '''grass strip''', '''nature strip''', '''curb strip''', '''berm''', | A '''road verge''' is a strip of [[groundcover]] consisting of [[grass]] or [[garden plant]]s, and sometimes also [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s, located between a [[roadway]] and a [[sidewalk]].<ref name="worthington"/> Verges are known by dozens of other names such as '''grass strip''', '''nature strip''', '''curb strip''', '''berm''', '''park strip''', or '''tree lawn''', the usage of which is often quite regional. | ||
Road verges are often considered [[public property]], with maintenance usually being a [[municipal]] responsibility. Some local authorities, however, require abutting [[property owner]]s to help maintain (e.g. [[irrigation|watering]], [[mowing]], [[edger|edging]], [[hedge trimmer|trimming]]/[[pruning]] and [[weed control|weeding]]) their respective verge areas, as well as clean the adjunct [[footpath]]s and [[street gutter|gutter]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/sidewalk2/sidewalks210.cfm |title=Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Part II of II: Best Practices Design Guide, Section 10.1.3: Maintenance responsibilities|date=25 September 2017 |work=Bicycle and Pedestrian Program |publisher=Federal Highways Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation |access-date= 10 March 2018}}</ref> as a form of [[community service|community work]]. | Road verges are often considered [[public property]], with maintenance usually being a [[municipal]] responsibility. Some local authorities, however, require abutting [[property owner]]s to help maintain (e.g. [[irrigation|watering]], [[mowing]], [[edger|edging]], [[hedge trimmer|trimming]]/[[pruning]] and [[weed control|weeding]]) their respective verge areas, as well as clean the adjunct [[footpath]]s and [[street gutter|gutter]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/sidewalk2/sidewalks210.cfm |title=Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Part II of II: Best Practices Design Guide, Section 10.1.3: Maintenance responsibilities|date=25 September 2017 |work=Bicycle and Pedestrian Program |publisher=Federal Highways Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation |access-date= 10 March 2018}}</ref> as a form of [[community service|community work]]. | ||
Benefits of having road verges include visual aesthetics, increased safety and comfort of sidewalk users, protection from spray from passing vehicles, and a space for benches, [[bus shelter]]s, street lights, and other public amenities. Verges are also often part of [[sustainability]] for [[water conservation]] or the management of [[urban runoff]] and [[water pollution]]<ref name="rainwatercollecting">{{cite web |url=http://www.rainwatercollecting.com/blog/?p=448 |title=Passive Rainwater Harvesting |access-date=7 July 2010 |date=19 September 2009 |first=Jeremy |last=Delost |work=The Rainwater Observer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223200107/http://www.rainwatercollecting.com/blog/?p=448 |archive-date=23 December 2009 }}</ref><ref name="smgov">{{citation |url=http://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/OSE/Categories/Landscape/PLP%2005.27.09.pdf |title=Parkway Landscaping Policy for the City of Santa Monica |date=1 February 2010 |publisher=City of [[Santa Monica, California]] |access-date= 7 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612182146/http://smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/OSE/Categories/Landscape/PLP%2005.27.09.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name="enewsbuilder">{{cite journal |url=http://www.enewsbuilder.net/watercon/e_article000771115.cfm?x=bbrDcbK,b2FRwTrq,w |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722043546/http://www.enewsbuilder.net/watercon/e_article000771115.cfm?x=bbrDcbK,b2FRwTrq,w |archive-date=22 July 2011 |title=Pruning the Parkway Strip |journal=WaterWise |volume=4 |number=3 |date=14 March 2007 |access-date= 7 July 2010}}</ref> and can provide useful wildlife habitat. Snow that has been | Benefits of having road verges include visual aesthetics, increased safety and comfort of sidewalk users, protection from spray from passing vehicles, and a space for benches, [[bus shelter]]s, street lights, and other public amenities. Verges are also often part of [[sustainability]] for [[water conservation]] or the management of [[urban runoff]] and [[water pollution]]<ref name="rainwatercollecting">{{cite web |url=http://www.rainwatercollecting.com/blog/?p=448 |title=Passive Rainwater Harvesting |access-date=7 July 2010 |date=19 September 2009 |first=Jeremy |last=Delost |work=The Rainwater Observer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223200107/http://www.rainwatercollecting.com/blog/?p=448 |archive-date=23 December 2009 }}</ref><ref name="smgov">{{citation |url=http://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/OSE/Categories/Landscape/PLP%2005.27.09.pdf |title=Parkway Landscaping Policy for the City of Santa Monica |date=1 February 2010 |publisher=City of [[Santa Monica, California]] |access-date= 7 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612182146/http://smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/OSE/Categories/Landscape/PLP%2005.27.09.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name="enewsbuilder">{{cite journal |url=http://www.enewsbuilder.net/watercon/e_article000771115.cfm?x=bbrDcbK,b2FRwTrq,w |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722043546/http://www.enewsbuilder.net/watercon/e_article000771115.cfm?x=bbrDcbK,b2FRwTrq,w |archive-date=22 July 2011 |title=Pruning the Parkway Strip |journal=WaterWise |volume=4 |number=3 |date=14 March 2007 |access-date= 7 July 2010}}</ref> and can provide useful wildlife habitat. Snow that has been plowed off the street in colder climates is often stored in the area of the verge by default.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} | ||
In the [[British Isles]], road verges serve as important habitats for a range of plants, including rare [[wildflower]]s.<ref name=BBC-verges>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33029385 |title=Roadside verges 'last refuge for wild flowers' |work=[[BBC News]] |last=Briggs |first=Helen |date=6 June 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> In the UK, around 700 different species of wildflower can be found growing on verges, including 29 of the country's 52 species of [[orchid]].<ref name="NHM-verges">{{Cite web |title=Why road verges are important habitats for wildflowers and animals |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/why-road-verges-are-important-wildlife-habitats.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.nhm.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Verges can also support a wide range of animals and plants that may have been displaced from their usual [[grassland]] habitats, as the soil is not extensively fertilised and relatively undisturbed by human activity. Animals that reside on verges range from small insects and amphibians, to larger reptiles, mammals and birds, which rely on verges as a [[Wildlife corridor|corridor]] connecting areas of undamaged habitat. As a result, verges may be managed by local areas to encourage biodiversity and conserve the ecosystems that rely on them.<ref name="NHM-verges"></ref> | In the [[British Isles]], road verges serve as important habitats for a range of plants, including rare [[wildflower]]s.<ref name=BBC-verges>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33029385 |title=Roadside verges 'last refuge for wild flowers' |work=[[BBC News]] |last=Briggs |first=Helen |date=6 June 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> In the UK, around 700 different species of wildflower can be found growing on verges, including 29 of the country's 52 species of [[orchid]].<ref name="NHM-verges">{{Cite web |title=Why road verges are important habitats for wildflowers and animals |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/why-road-verges-are-important-wildlife-habitats.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.nhm.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Verges can also support a wide range of animals and plants that may have been displaced from their usual [[grassland]] habitats, as the soil is not extensively fertilised and relatively undisturbed by human activity. Animals that reside on verges range from small insects and amphibians, to larger reptiles, mammals and birds, which rely on verges as a [[Wildlife corridor|corridor]] connecting areas of undamaged habitat. As a result, verges may be managed by local areas to encourage biodiversity and conserve the ecosystems that rely on them.<ref name="NHM-verges"></ref> | ||
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The main disadvantage of a road verge is that the right-of-way must be wider, increasing the cost of the road. In some localities, a wider verge offers opportunity for later road widening, should the traffic usage of a road demand this. For this reason, footpaths are usually sited a significant distance from the curb.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} | The main disadvantage of a road verge is that the right-of-way must be wider, increasing the cost of the road. In some localities, a wider verge offers opportunity for later road widening, should the traffic usage of a road demand this. For this reason, footpaths are usually sited a significant distance from the curb.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} | ||
[[File:SEAR5.JPG|thumb|Pavements and planted strips in India ( Mumbai/Bombay)]] | |||
Certain nutrient amounts in a verge's soil can be influenced by the amount of traffic on the road it sits beside; roads with heavier traffic tend to have more [[nitrate]] in the soil due to [[nitrogen compounds]] from [[air pollution]] leaching out of the atmosphere and into the ground.<ref name="NHM-verges"></ref> | Certain nutrient amounts in a verge's soil can be influenced by the amount of traffic on the road it sits beside; roads with heavier traffic tend to have more [[nitrate]] in the soil due to [[nitrogen compounds]] from [[air pollution]] leaching out of the atmosphere and into the ground.<ref name="NHM-verges"></ref> | ||
==Sustainable urban and landscape design== | ==Sustainable urban and landscape design== | ||
[[File:Treelawn2.JPG|thumb|300px|Planted [[rain garden]] in the "tree lawn" zone, Raleigh, North Carolina.]] | [[File:Treelawn2.JPG|thumb|300px|Planted [[rain garden]] in the "tree lawn" zone, Raleigh, North Carolina.]] | ||
In urban and suburban areas, [[urban runoff]] from private and civic properties can be guided by [[grading (engineering)|grading]] and [[bioswale]]s for [[rainwater harvesting]] collection and [[bioretention]] within the "tree-lawn" – parkway zone in [[rain garden]]s. This is done for reducing runoff of rain and domestic water: for their carrying waterborne pollution off-site into [[storm drain]]s and sewer systems; and for the [[groundwater recharge]] of [[aquifer]]s.<ref name="rainwatercollecting"/> | In urban and suburban areas, [[urban runoff]] from private and civic properties can be guided by [[grading (engineering)|grading]] and [[bioswale]]s for [[rainwater harvesting]] collection and [[bioretention]] within the "tree-lawn" (road verge) – parkway zone in [[rain garden]]s. This is done for reducing runoff of rain and domestic water: for their carrying waterborne pollution off-site into [[storm drain]]s and sewer systems; and for the [[groundwater recharge]] of [[aquifer]]s.<ref name="rainwatercollecting"/> | ||
In some cities, such as [[Santa Monica, California]], city code mandates specify: <blockquote>Parkways, the area between the outside edge of the sidewalk and the inside edge of the curb which are a component of the Public Right of Way (PROW) – that the landscaping should require little or no irrigation and the area produce no runoff.<ref name="smgov"/></blockquote> | In some cities, such as [[Santa Monica, California]], city code mandates specify: <blockquote>Parkways, the area between the outside edge of the sidewalk and the inside edge of the curb which are a component of the Public Right of Way (PROW) – that the landscaping should require little or no irrigation and the area produce no runoff.<ref name="smgov"/></blockquote> | ||
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==Rural roadsides== | ==Rural roadsides== | ||
In some countries, the road verge can be a corridor of vegetation that remains after adjacent land has been cleared. Considerable effort in supporting conservation of the remnant vegetation is prevalent in Australia, where significant tracts of land are managed as part of the | In some countries, the road verge can be a corridor of vegetation that remains after adjacent land has been cleared. Considerable effort in supporting conservation of the remnant vegetation is prevalent in Australia, where significant tracts of land are managed as part of the [[roadside conservation]] strategies by government agencies.<ref name="pandora.nla.gov.au"/><ref>{{Citation |author1=Western Australia. Roadside Conservation Committee |title=Roadsides -- the vital link : a decade of roadside conservation in Western Australia (1985-1995) |date=1995 |publisher=Roadside Conservation Committee |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/23235561 |access-date=2012-04-14 }}</ref> | ||
==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File:20190830Cichorium intybus1.jpg|[[Chicory]] (''Cichorium intybus'') blooming on a road verge in Bischmisheim, [[Saarbrücken]], Germany | |||
File:Ginkgo Riverside, Illinois.JPG|[[Ginkgo]] street trees in the "boulevard" area, in [[Riverside, Illinois]] | File:Ginkgo Riverside, Illinois.JPG|[[Ginkgo]] street trees in the "boulevard" area, in [[Riverside, Illinois]] | ||
File:Treelawn1.JPG|A planted [[garden]] in the "tree lawn", in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]] | File:Treelawn1.JPG|A planted [[garden]] in the "tree lawn", in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]] | ||
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* Nature strip: [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Word Map |url= https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/resources/aus/word/map/search/word/nature%20strip/Gippsland/|work=The Macquarie Dictionary|access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref> | * Nature strip: [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Word Map |url= https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/resources/aus/word/map/search/word/nature%20strip/Gippsland/|work=The Macquarie Dictionary|access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref> | ||
* Neutral ground: [[Gulf Coast of the United States|U.S. Gulf states]]<ref name="dictionary-vol6"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Random House Unabridged Dictionary |year=1997 |publisher=[[Random House]], Inc. |url=http://dictionary.infoplease.com/neutral-ground}}</ref> | * Neutral ground: [[Gulf Coast of the United States|U.S. Gulf states]]<ref name="dictionary-vol6"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Random House Unabridged Dictionary |year=1997 |publisher=[[Random House]], Inc. |url=http://dictionary.infoplease.com/neutral-ground}}</ref> | ||
* Outlawn: [[Midland, Michigan]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://cityofmidlandmi.gov/949/Forestry |title=Forestry Division |publisher=City of [[Midland, Michigan]] |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> | |||
* Park strip: [[Ohio]],<ref name="worthington" /> [[Utah]] | * Park strip: [[Ohio]],<ref name="worthington" /> [[Utah]] | ||
* Parking: [[Illinois]], [[Iowa]], [[Western United States]]<ref name="dictionary-vol6"/> | * Parking: [[Illinois]], [[Iowa]], [[Western United States]]<ref name="dictionary-vol6"/> | ||
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[[Category:Environmental design]]<!---good resource article for this category---> | [[Category:Environmental design]]<!---good resource article for this category---> | ||
[[Category:Water conservation]] | [[Category:Water conservation]] | ||
[[Category:Types of garden]]<!---good resource article for this category---> | [[Category:Types of garden]] | ||
[[Category:Transport and the environment]] | |||
<!---good resource article for this category---> | |||
Latest revision as of 05:57, 18 October 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote".
A road verge is a strip of groundcover consisting of grass or garden plants, and sometimes also shrubs and trees, located between a roadway and a sidewalk.[1] Verges are known by dozens of other names such as grass strip, nature strip, curb strip, berm, park strip, or tree lawn, the usage of which is often quite regional.
Road verges are often considered public property, with maintenance usually being a municipal responsibility. Some local authorities, however, require abutting property owners to help maintain (e.g. watering, mowing, edging, trimming/pruning and weeding) their respective verge areas, as well as clean the adjunct footpaths and gutters,[2] as a form of community work.
Benefits of having road verges include visual aesthetics, increased safety and comfort of sidewalk users, protection from spray from passing vehicles, and a space for benches, bus shelters, street lights, and other public amenities. Verges are also often part of sustainability for water conservation or the management of urban runoff and water pollution[3][4][5] and can provide useful wildlife habitat. Snow that has been plowed off the street in colder climates is often stored in the area of the verge by default.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
In the British Isles, road verges serve as important habitats for a range of plants, including rare wildflowers.[6] In the UK, around 700 different species of wildflower can be found growing on verges, including 29 of the country's 52 species of orchid.[7] Verges can also support a wide range of animals and plants that may have been displaced from their usual grassland habitats, as the soil is not extensively fertilised and relatively undisturbed by human activity. Animals that reside on verges range from small insects and amphibians, to larger reptiles, mammals and birds, which rely on verges as a corridor connecting areas of undamaged habitat. As a result, verges may be managed by local areas to encourage biodiversity and conserve the ecosystems that rely on them.[7]
The main disadvantage of a road verge is that the right-of-way must be wider, increasing the cost of the road. In some localities, a wider verge offers opportunity for later road widening, should the traffic usage of a road demand this. For this reason, footpaths are usually sited a significant distance from the curb.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Certain nutrient amounts in a verge's soil can be influenced by the amount of traffic on the road it sits beside; roads with heavier traffic tend to have more nitrate in the soil due to nitrogen compounds from air pollution leaching out of the atmosphere and into the ground.[7]
Sustainable urban and landscape design
In urban and suburban areas, urban runoff from private and civic properties can be guided by grading and bioswales for rainwater harvesting collection and bioretention within the "tree-lawn" (road verge) – parkway zone in rain gardens. This is done for reducing runoff of rain and domestic water: for their carrying waterborne pollution off-site into storm drains and sewer systems; and for the groundwater recharge of aquifers.[3]
In some cities, such as Santa Monica, California, city code mandates specify:
Parkways, the area between the outside edge of the sidewalk and the inside edge of the curb which are a component of the Public Right of Way (PROW) – that the landscaping should require little or no irrigation and the area produce no runoff.[4]
For Santa Monica, another reason for this use of "tree-lawns" is to reduce current beach and Santa Monica Bay ocean pollution that is measurably higher at city outfalls. New construction and remodeling projects needing building permits require that landscape design submittals include garden design plans showing the means of compliance.[4]
In some cities and counties, such as Portland, Oregon, street and highway departments are regrading and planting rain gardens in road verges to reduce boulevard and highway runoff. This practice can be useful in areas with either independent Storm sewers or combined storm and sanitary sewers, reducing the frequency of pollution, treatment costs, and released overflows of untreated sewage into rivers and oceans during rainstorms.[8]
Rural roadsides
In some countries, the road verge can be a corridor of vegetation that remains after adjacent land has been cleared. Considerable effort in supporting conservation of the remnant vegetation is prevalent in Australia, where significant tracts of land are managed as part of the roadside conservation strategies by government agencies.[9][10]
Gallery
-
Chicory (Cichorium intybus) blooming on a road verge in Bischmisheim, Saarbrücken, Germany
-
Ginkgo street trees in the "boulevard" area, in Riverside, Illinois
-
A planted garden in the "tree lawn", in Raleigh, North Carolina
-
A "parkway" with street trees in Oak Park, Illinois
-
A tree lawn with street trees in Shaker Heights, Ohio
-
A tree lawn with street trees in Shaker Heights, Ohio
Terminology
The term verge has many synonyms and dialectal differences. Some dialects and idiolects lack a specific term for this area, instead using a circumlocution.[11][12]
Terms used include: Template:Div col
- Berm: Pennsylvania, northern Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, New Zealand[13]
- Besidewalk[14]
- Boulevard: Detroit, Michigan; North Dakota; Minnesota; Iowa; Illinois; Ohio; Wisconsin; United States Upper Midwest;[13] Winnipeg, and western Canada;[15] Toronto, Ontario;[16] Markham, Ontario; Kitchener, Ontario[17]
- Boulevard strip: U.S. Upper Midwest
- Common: New England, generally describes a large strip of grass. Also refers to park-like common-use green spaces in small town centers.
- Curb lawn: Kalamazoo, Michigan;[18] Elyria, Ohio;[19] Miami County, Ohio;[20] Greenville, South Carolina[21]
- Curb strip: New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Florida, Ohio, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Oregon, Washington[13]
- Devil strip or devilstrip: Akron, Ohio; Northeast Ohio.[22][23][24] This term was once used more widely to refer to the space between tracks on a streetcar line, a space not wide enough to stand in as cars passed.[25]
- Drivestrip or Drive Strip
- Extension lawn: Ann Arbor, MichiganScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Furniture zone, also landscape zone: a term used by urban planners, indicating its suitability for "street furniture" such as utility poles and fire hydrants, as well as trees or planters[26]
- Grassplot: East Coast of the United States, Pennsylvania[13]
- Governor’s Strip: Delaware
- Hellstrip[27]
- Island strip: Long Island, New YorkScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Long acre – a traditional term for wide grassy road verges, used by grazing herds or flocks moving from place to place
- Median: Washington, OregonScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Mow strip: SF East Bay Area Northern California
- Nature strip: Australia[28]
- Neutral ground: U.S. Gulf states[13][29]
- Outlawn: Midland, Michigan[30]
- Park strip: Ohio,[1] Utah
- Parking: Illinois, Iowa, Western United States[13]
- Parking strip: Washington, Oregon, Utah, much of California[13]
- Parkrow: Iowa, Oregon[31]
- Parkway: Grand Rapids, Michigan; Greater Los Angeles; San Francisco Bay Area; West Coast of the United States; Casper, Wyoming; Ohio; Illinois; Missouri; Florida; Texas[13][32][33]
- Parkway strip: Austin, Texas; Fort Collins, Colorado[34]
- Planter zone: SmartCode/New Urbanist terminology[35]
- Planting strip: Berkeley, California,[36] Seattle, Washington[37]
- Right-of-way: Wisconsin, Illinois
- Road allowance: Ottawa, Canada[38]
- Road verge: Australia[39]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Roadside: Australia[9]
- Shoulder[40]
- Sidewalk lawn: Georgia[41]
- Sidewalk plot: Virginia, Maryland, Indiana, Tennessee[13]
- Sidewalk strip: California, North Carolina, Oregon, Utah, WashingtonScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Street lawn: Ohio[1]
- Subway: Western New YorkScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Swale: South Florida[42]
- Terrace: U.S. Great Lakes region, Missouri[13]
- Tree bank: The Fox River Valley including Elgin, Illinois.[43]
- Tree belt: Massachusetts[13]
- Tree box: Washington, DC[44]
- Tree lawn or treelawn: Ohio, Indiana, New York, and elsewhere[13][32][45]
- Verge: UK,[6] New Zealand, South Africa,[46] Western Australia[47][32]
See also
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- Category:Environmental conservation
- Central reservation
- Roadside conservation
- Shoulder (road)
- Urban forestry
References
External links
- Parkway Template:Webarchive with xeric garden photographs
- Devil Strips – term's use and lore
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- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, copyright 2007, page 1389
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". It states that "'Tree bank' means that area between the curb, the extended curb or lateral roadway line and the property line." Nearby localities with similar references include St. Charles, Geneva, East Dundee, West Dundee, Carpentersville and Algonquin.
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