Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC; Template:Langx, ), also known by its historical name Saigon (Vietnamese: , ), is the most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of more than 14,000,000 in 2025.

The city's geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the largest is Saigon River. As the largest financial centre in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City has the largest gross regional domestic product out of all Vietnam provinces and municipalities, contributing around a quarter of the country's total GDP. Ho Chi Minh City's metropolitan area is ASEAN's 5th largest economy, also the biggest outside an ASEAN country capital.

The area was initially part of Cambodian states until it became part of the Vietnamese Nguyễn lords in 1698, due to Đại Việt's expansionist policy of Nam tiến. It was capital of the Nguyễn lords at the end of their existence before the Nguyễn dynasty was formed. After the fall of the Citadel of Saigon, it became the capital of French Cochinchina from 1862 to 1949. It was also the capital of French Indochina from 1887 to 1902, and again from 1945 until its cessation in 1954. After France recognized Vietnam's independence and unity,Template:Refn it was the capital of the State of Vietnam from 1949 to 1955. Following the 1954 partition, it became the capital of South Vietnam until it was captured by North Vietnam, leading to a unified communist state in 1976. The city was subsequently renamed after the late leader Ho Chi Minh, though "Saigon" remains widely used informally and has been the official name of the city's administrative center since 2025. Beginning in the 1990s, the city underwent rapid expansion and modernization, which contributed to Vietnam's post-war economic recovery and helped revive its international trade hub status.

Ho Chi Minh City has a long tradition of being one of the centers of economy, entertainment and education in Southern Vietnam in particular and Vietnam in general. It is also the busiest international transport hub in Vietnam, with Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport accounting for nearly half of all international arrivals to Vietnam, and the Port of Saigon among the busiest container ports in Southeast Asia. The city is also a tourist attraction; some of its historic landmarks with modern landmarks, including the Independence Palace, Bitexco Financial Tower, Landmark 81 Tower, the War Remnants Museum, and Bến Thành Market. It is also known for its narrow walkable alleys and bustling nightlife, most notably the Phạm Ngũ Lão Ward and its Bùi Viện street.

In 2025, the Bình Dương and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu provinces were merged into Ho Chi Minh City, making it a megacity while inheriting the major industrial towns and coastal cities of the two former provinces. Currently, Ho Chi Minh City is facing increasing threats of sea level rise and flooding as well as heavy strains on public infrastructures.

Etymology

The first known human habitation in the area was either a Cham settlement called Baigaur, or a Cambodian city named Prey Nokor, which was a small fishing village. Over time, under the control of the Vietnamese, it was officially renamed Gia Định (Template:Linktext) in 1698, a name that was retained until the time of the French conquest in the 1860s, when it adopted the name , francized as , although the city was still indicated as on Vietnamese maps written in chữ Hán until at least 1891. An old name of Gia Định was , which was later commonly glossed as .

The current name, Ho Chi Minh City, was given after reunification in 1976 to honour Ho Chi Minh.Template:Refn

Even today, however, the informal name of remains in daily speech. However, there is a technical difference between the two terms: is commonly used to refer to the city centre in District 1 and the adjacent areas, while Ho Chi Minh City refers to all of its urban and rural districts.

Saigon

File:SaiGonGiaDinhChuNom.jpg

Saigon is written here as along with other Southern Vietnamese cities. (On the left of the page, first row after "")

The original toponym behind Sài Gòn was attested earliest as , with two phonograms whose Sino-Vietnamese readings are sài and côn respectively, in Lê Quý Đôn's "Miscellaneous Chronicles of the Pacified Frontier" (, c. 1776), wherein Lê relates that, in 1674, Cambodian prince Ang Nan was installed as uparaja in (Sài Gòn) by Vietnamese forces.

also appears later in Trịnh Hoài Đức's "Comprehensive Records about the Gia Định Citadel" (, , c. 1820), "Textbook on the Geography of the Southern Country" (, , 1908), etc.

Adrien Launay's (1688–1823), "Documents Historiques II: 1728 – 1771" (1924: 190) cites 1747 documents containing the toponyms: provincia Rai-gon, Rai-gon thong (for *Sài Gòn thượng "Upper Saigon"), & Rai-gon-ha (for *Sài Gòn hạ "Lower Saigon").

It is probably a transcription of Khmer (Prey Nokôr)Template:Refn, or Khmer (Prey Kôr).

The proposal that Sài Gòn is from non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese ("embankment", , SV: đê ngạn)Template:Refn, the Cantonese name of Chợ Lớn, (e.g. by Vương Hồng Sển) has been critiqued as folk-etymological, as: (1) the Vietnamese source Phủ biên tạp lục (albeit written in literary Chinese) was the earliest extant one containing the local toponym's transcription; (2) has variant form , thus suggesting that both were transcriptions of a local toponym and thus are cognates to, not originals of, Sài Gòn. Saigon is unlikely to be from since in "Textbook on the Geography of the Southern Country", it also lists Chợ Lớn as separate from Sài Gòn.

Ho Chi Minh City

The current official name, , was first proposed by the Viet Minh in August 1946 and was later officially adopted in July 1976. It is abbreviated as TP.HCM, and translated in English as Ho Chi Minh City, abbreviated as HCMC, and in French as (the circumflex is sometimes omitted), abbreviated as HCMV.

The name commemorates Ho Chi Minh, the first leader of North Vietnam. This name, though not his given name, was one he favored throughout his later years. It combines a common Vietnamese surname (, Template:Vi-nom) with a given name meaning "enlightened will" (from Sino-Vietnamese, 志 明; meaning 'will' or 'spirit', and meaning 'light'), in essence, meaning "light bringer".

Nowadays, "Saigon" is still used as a semi-official name for the city, in some cases being used interchangeably with Ho Chi Minh City, partly due to its long history and familiarity.

History

Early settlement

The earliest settlement in the area was a Funan temple at the location of the current Phụng Sơn Buddhist temple, founded in the 4th century AD. A settlement called Baigaur was established on the site in the 11th century by the Champa. Baigaur was renamed Prey Nokor after conquest by the Khmer Empire around 1145, Prey Nokor grew on the site of a small fishing village and area of forest.

The first Vietnamese people crossed the sea to explore this land completely without the organisation of the Nguyễn Lords. Thanks to the marriage between Princess Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn – daughter of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên – and the King of Cambodia Chey Chettha II in 1620, the relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia became smooth, and the people of the two countries could freely move back and forth. In exchange, Chey Chettha II gifted Prei Nokor to the Nguyễn lords. Vietnamese settlers began to migrate to the area of Saigon, Đồng Nai. Before that, the Funanese, Khmer, and Cham had lived there, scattered from time immemorial.

The period from 1623 to 1698 is considered the period of the formation of later Saigon. In 1623, Lord Nguyen sent a mission to ask his son-in-law, King Chey Chettha II, to set up tax collection stations in Prey Nokor (Sài Gòn) and Kas Krobei (Bến Nghé). Although this was a deserted jungle area, it was located on the traffic routes between Vietnam, Cambodia, and Siam. The next two important events of this period were the establishment of the barracks and residence of Vice King Ang Non and the establishment of a palace at Tân Mỹ (near the present-day Cống Quỳnh–Nguyễn Trãi crossroads). It can be said that Saigon was formed from these three government agencies.

Nguyễn dynasty rule

File:Map of Saigon 1795 Jean-Marie Dayot.jpg

Thành Bát Quái (Citadel of Eight Trigrams) or Thành Quy (Citadel of Tortoise) in 1795.

File:Ban Do Gia Dinh 1815 Tran Van Hoc v2.png

Map of Gia Định in 1815

In 1679, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần allowed a group of Chinese refugees from the Qing dynasty to settle in Mỹ Tho, Biên Hòa and Saigon to seek refuge. In 1698, Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, a Vietnamese noble, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene. He is often credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement. King Chey Chettha IV of Cambodia tried to stop the Vietnamese but was defeated by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh in 1700. In February 1700, he invaded Cambodia from An Giang. In March, the Vietnamese expedition under Cảnh and a Chinese general Trần Thượng Xuyên (Chen Shangchuan) defeated the main Cambodian army at Bích Đôi citadel, king Chey Chettha IV took flight while his nephew Ang Em surrendered to the invaders, as the Vietnamese marched onto and captured Cambodia's capital Phnom Penh. As a result, Saigon and Long An were officially and securely obtained by the Nguyễn, more Vietnamese settlers moved into the new conquered lands.

In 1788, Nguyễn Ánh captured the city, and used it as a centre of resistance against Tây Sơn. Two years later, a large Vauban citadel called Gia Định, or Thành Bát Quái ("Eight Diagrams") was built by Victor Olivier de Puymanel, one of the Nguyễn Ánh's French mercenaries. The citadel was captured by Lê Văn Khôi during his revolt of 1833–35 against Emperor Minh Mạng. Following the revolt, Minh Mạng ordered it to be dismantled, and a new citadel, called Phụng Thành, was built in 1836. In 1859, the citadel was destroyed by the French following the Battle of Kỳ Hòa. Initially called Gia Định, the Vietnamese city became Saigon in the 18th century.

French colonial era

File:Vue de Saïgon en 1866 - Cột cờ Thủ ngữ.jpg

Thủ Ngữ flag pole, Saigon taken in 1866 by Émile Gsell.

Ceded to France by the 1862 Treaty of Saigon, the city was planned by the French to transform into a large town for colonization. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, construction of various French-style buildings began, including a botanical garden, the Norodom Palace, Hotel Continental, Notre-Dame Cathedral, and Bến Thành Market, among many others. In April 1865, Gia Định Báo was established in Saigon, becoming the first newspaper published in Vietnam. During the French colonial era, Saigon became known as "Pearl of the Orient" (), or "Paris of the Extreme Orient".

On 27 April 1931, a new région called Saigon–Cholon consisting of Saigon and Cholon was formed; the name Cholon was dropped after South Vietnam gained independence from France in 1955. From about 256,000 in 1930, Saigon's population rose to 1.2 million in 1950.

• Gallery of Saigon during the French colonial era
• The Siege of Saigon fortress in 1859 by Franco-Spanish forces.
  The Siege of Saigon fortress in 1859 by Franco-Spanish forces.
• Coat of arms of Saigon established during French colonial administration and used from 1870 to 1975.
  Coat of arms of Saigon established during French colonial administration and used from 1870 to 1975.
• Map of Saigon in 1881.
  Map of Saigon in 1881.
• French soldiers stationed at a barrack in Saigon in 1930.
  French soldiers stationed at a barrack in Saigon in 1930.
• Imperial Japanese soldiers entering Saigon in 1941, during World War II.
  Imperial Japanese soldiers entering Saigon in 1941, during World War II.
• Saigon afire after aerial attacks from carrier-based planes of the US Pacific Fleet in 1945.
  Saigon afire after aerial attacks from carrier-based planes of the US Pacific Fleet in 1945.

State of Vietnam and Republic of Vietnam era

On 14 June 1949, 10 days after France returned Cochinchina to Vietnam, former Emperor Bảo Đại made Saigon the capital of the State of Vietnam within the French Union with himself as head of state. The state was proclaimed in July. In July 1954, the Geneva Agreement partitioned Vietnam along the 17th parallel (Bến Hải River), with the Việt Minh, under Ho Chi Minh, gaining complete control of the northern half of the country, while the southern half remained the rule of the State of Vietnam.

The State officially became the Republic of Vietnam when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm in the 1955 referendum, with Saigon as its capital. On 22 October 1956, the city was given the official name, ("Capital City Saigon"). After the decree of 27 March 1959 came into effect, Saigon was divided into eight districts and 41 wards.

In December 1966, two wards from old An Khánh Commune of Gia Định, were formed into District 1, then seceded shortly later to become District 9. In July 1969, District 10 and District 11 were founded, and by 1975, the city's area consisted of eleven districts, Gia Định, Củ Chi District (Hậu Nghĩa), and Phú Hòa District (Bình Dương).

Saigon served as the financial, industrial and transport centre of the Republic of Vietnam. In the late 1950s, with the U.S. providing nearly $2 billion in aid to the Diệm regime, the country's economy grew rapidly under the capitalist model; by 1960, over half of South Vietnam's factories were located in Saigon. However, beginning in the 1960s, Saigon experienced economic downturn and high inflation, as it was completely dependent on U.S. aid and imports from other countries. As a result of widespread urbanisation, with the population reaching 3.3 million by 1970, the city was described by the USAID as being turned "into a huge slum". The city also suffered from "prostitutes, drug addicts, corrupt officials, beggars, orphans, and Americans with money", and according to Stanley Karnow, it was "a black-market city in the largest sense of the word".

On 28 April 1955, the Vietnamese National Army launched an attack against Bình Xuyên military force in the city. The battle lasted until May, killing an estimated 500 people and leaving about 20,000 homeless. Ngô Đình Diệm then later turned on other paramilitary groups in Saigon, including the Hòa Hảo Buddhist reform movement. On 11 June 1963, Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức self-immolated in the city, in protest of the Diệm regime. On 2 November of the same year, Diệm was assassinated in Saigon, in a successful coup by Dương Văn Minh.

During the 1968 Tet Offensive, communist forces launched a failed attempt to capture the city. Seven years later, on 30 April 1975, Saigon was captured, ending the Vietnam War with a victory for North Vietnam, and the city came under the control of the Vietnamese People's Army.

• Gallery of Saigon during the Republic of Vietnam era
• The Independence Palace in 1967. It was the official residence and workplace of the President of South Vietnam.
  The Independence Palace in 1967. It was the official residence and workplace of the President of South Vietnam.
• The Saigon Opera House as seen from Tự Do (Liberty) Street in 1967.
  The Saigon Opera House as seen from Tự Do (Liberty) Street in 1967.
• Street view of Saigon in 1968.
  Street view of Saigon in 1968.
• The headquarters of StanVac (now part of Exxon) is an example of Vietnamese modernist architecture which boomed during the era.
  The headquarters of StanVac (now part of Exxon) is an example of Vietnamese modernist architecture which boomed during the era.

Post–Vietnam War and today

File:Ho Chi Minh City during sunset (50332857462).jpg

Ho Chi Minh City during sunset (November 2017)

In July 1976, upon the establishment of the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the city of Saigon (including the Cholon area), the province of Gia Ðịnh and two suburban districts of two other nearby provinces were combined to create Ho Chi Minh City, in honour of the late Communist leader Ho Chi Minh.Template:Refn

At the time, the city covered an area of with eight districts and five rurals: Thủ Đức, Hóc Môn, Củ Chi, Bình Chánh, and Nhà Bè. Since 1978, administrative divisions in the city have been revised numerous times, most recently in 2020, when District 2, District 9, and Thủ Đức District were consolidated to form a municipal city.

On 29 October 2002, 60 people died and 90 were injured in the International Trade Center building fire in Ho Chi Minh City. Today, Ho Chi Minh City, along with its surrounding provinces, is described as "the manufacturing hub" of Vietnam, and "an attractive business hub". In terms of cost, it was ranked the 178th-most expensive major city in the world according to the Mercer Cost Of Living 2024 survey of 226 cities. In terms of international connectedness, as of 2024, the city was classified as a "Beta+" city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. On 25 November 2025, Ho Chi Minh City was designated as a City of Creative Film by UNESCO, marking its rise as Vietnam's vibrant cinematic heart.

Geography

File:Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v2, 2010 Thanh Po Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (13874141364).jpg

Population density and elevation above sea level in the city (2010). Ho Chi Minh City is vulnerable to sea level rise.

The city is located in the south-eastern region of Vietnam, Template:Cvt south of Hanoi. The average elevation is Template:Cvt above sea level for the city centre and Template:Cvt for the suburb areas. It borders Tây Ninh Province and Bình Dương Province to the north, Đồng Nai Province and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province to the east, Long An Province to the west, and Tiền Giang Province and the South China Sea to the south with a coast Template:Cvt long. The city covers an area of or 0.63% of the surface of Vietnam), extending up to Củ Chi District (Template:Cvt from the Cambodian border) and down to Cần Giờ on the Eastern Sea.

The distance from the northernmost point (Phú Mỹ Hưng Commune, Củ Chi District) to the southernmost one (Long Hòa Commune, Cần Giờ District) is Template:Cvt, and from the easternmost point (Long Bình ward, District Nine) to the westernmost one (Bình Chánh Commune, Bình Chánh District) is Template:Cvt. Due to its location on the Mekong Delta, the city is fringed by tidal flats that have been heavily modified for agriculture.

Flooding

Saigon is considered one of the most vulnerable cities to the effects of flooding. During the rainy season, a combination of high tide, heavy rains, high flow volume in the Saigon River and Đồng Nai River and land subsidence results in regular flooding in several parts of the city. A once-in-100 year flood would cause 23% of the city to suffer flooding.

Climate

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Climate chart (explanation)
Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header     12     32 23     8     33 23     18     34 25     57     35 26     202     35 26     224     34 26     231     33 25     219     33 25     490     33 25     340     32 25     128     32 25     41     32 24 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology World Meteorological Organization (rainfall)
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.5     90 74     0.3     91 74     0.7     92 77     2.2     94 80     8     95 80     8.8     92 78     9.1     91 77     8.6     91 77     19     91 77     13     90 77     5     90 77     1.6     89 76 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

The city has a tropical climate, specifically tropical savanna (Aw), with a high average humidity of 78–82%. The year is divided into two distinct seasons. The rainy season, with an average rainfall of about Template:Cvt annually (about 150 rainy days per year), usually lasts from May to November. The dry season lasts from December to April.

The average temperature is Template:Cvt, with little variation throughout the year. The highest temperature recorded was Template:Cvt in April while the lowest temperature recorded was Template:Cvt in January. On average, the city experiences between 2,400 and 2,700 hours of sunshine per year.

Administration

File:Ho Chi Minh City, City Hall, 2020-01 CN-03.jpg

Ho Chi Minh City Hall is the administrative building of the city's government.

File:2025 admin map of Ho Chi Minh City.jpg

The formal map of Ho Chi Minh City after merging with Bình Dương province and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province. This image contents some obsolete designations.

The city is a municipality at the same level as Vietnam's provinces, and is divided into 113 wards, 54 communes, and 1 special administrative zone (as of 2025):

113 wards (Template:Cvt in area), which are designated as urban or suburban ():

• An Đông
• An Hội Đông
• An Hội Tây
• An Khánh
• An Lạc
• An Nhơn
• An Phú
• An Phú Đông
• Bà Rịa
• Bàn Cờ
• Bảy Hiền
• Bến Cát
• Bến Thành
• Bình Cơ
• Bình Dương
• Bình Đông
• Bình Hòa
• Bình Hưng Hòa
• Bình Lợi Trung
• Bình Phú
• Bình Quới
• Bình Tân
• Bình Tây
• Bình Thạnh
• Bình Thới
• Bình Tiên
• Bình Trị Đông
• Bình Trưng
• Cát Lái
• Cầu Kiệu
• Cầu Ông Lãnh
• Chánh Hiệp
• Chánh Hưng
• Chánh Phú Hòa
• Chợ Lớn
• Chợ Quán
• Diên Hồng
• Dĩ An
• Đông Hòa
• Đông Hưng Thuận
• Đức Nhuận
• Gia Định
• Gò Vấp
• Hạnh Thông
• Hiệp Bình
• Hòa Bình
• Hòa Hưng
• Hòa Lợi
• Khánh Hội
• Lái Thiêu
• Linh Xuân
• Long Bình
• Long Hương
• Long Nguyên
• Long Phước
• Long Trường
• Minh Phụng
• Nhiêu Lộc
• Phú An
• Phú Định
• Phú Lâm
• Phú Lợi
• Phú Mỹ
• Phú Nhuận
• Phú Thạnh
• Phú Thọ
• Phú Thọ Hòa
• Phú Thuận
• Phước Long
• Phước Thắng
• Rạch Dừa
• Sài Gòn
• Tam Bình
• Tam Long
• Tam Thắng
• Tăng Nhơn Phú
• Tân Bình
• Tân Định
• Tân Đông Hiệp
• Tân Hải
• Tân Hòa
• Tân Hiệp
• Tân Hưng
• Tân Khánh
• Tân Mỹ
• Tân Phú
• Tân Phước
• Tân Sơn
• Tân Sơn Hòa
• Tân Sơn Nhất
• Tân Sơn Nhì
• Tân Tạo
• Tân Thành
• Tân Thới Hiệp
• Tân Thuận
• Tân Uyên
• Tây Nam
• Tây Thạnh
• Thạnh Mỹ Tây
• Thông Tây Hội
• Thới An
• Thới Hòa
• Thuận An
• Thuận Giao
• Thủ Dầu Một
• Thủ Đức
• Trung Mỹ Tây
• Vĩnh Hội
• Vĩnh Tân
• Vũng Tàu
• Vườn Lài
• Xóm Chiếu
• Xuân Hòa

54 communes (Template:Cvt in area), which are designated rural ():

• An Long
• An Nhơn Tây
• An Thới Đông
• Bà Điểm
• Bàu Bàng
• Bàu Lâm
• Bắc Tân Uyên
• Bình Chánh
• Bình Châu
• Bình Giã
• Bình Hưng
• Bình Khánh
• Bình Lợi
• Bình Mỹ
• Cần Giờ
• Châu Đức
• Châu Pha
• Củ Chi
• Dầu Tiếng
• Đất Đỏ
• Đông Thạnh
• Hiệp Phước
• Hòa Hiệp
• Hòa Hội
• Hóc Môn
• Hồ Tràm
• Hưng Long
• Kim Long
• Long Điền
• Long Hải
• Long Hòa
• Long Sơn
• Minh Thạnh
• Ngãi Giao
• Nghĩa Thành
• Nhà Bè
• Nhuận Đức
• Phú Giáo
• Phú Hòa Đông
• Phước Hải
• Phước Hòa
• Phước Thành
• Tân An Hội
• Tân Nhựt
• Tân Vĩnh Lộc
• Thanh An
• Thạnh An
• Thái Mỹ
• Thường Tân
• Trừ Văn Thố
• Vĩnh Lộc
• Xuân Sơn
• Xuân Thới Sơn
• Xuyên Mộc

One special administrative zone (Template:Cvt in area), which is designated municipal city ():

• Côn Đảo

City government

The Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee is a 13-member executive branch of the city. The current chairman is Nguyễn Văn Được. There are several vice chairmen and chairwomen on the committee with responsibility over various city departments.

The legislative branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People's Council and consists of 105 members. The current chairman is Võ Văn Minh. The judiciary branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People's Court. The current chief judge is Lê Thanh Phong.

The executive committee of Communist Party of Ho Chi Minh City is the leading organ of the Communist Party in Ho Chi Minh City. The current secretary is Trần Lưu Quang. The permanent deputy secretary of the Communist Party is ranked second in the city politics after the Secretary of the Communist Party, while chairman of the People's Committee is ranked third and the chairman of the People's Council is ranked fourth.

Demographics

Historical population (prior to July 2025)
Year	Area km2	Population	Person/km2	Urban	Rural
Census
1999	-	5,034,058	-	4,207,825	826,233
2004	-	6,117,251	-	5,140,412	976,839
2009	2,097.1	7,162,864	3,416	5,880,615	1,282,249
2019	2,061.2	8,993,082	4,363	7,127,364	1,865,718
Estimate
2010	2,095.6	7,346,600	3,506	6,114,300	1,232,300
2011	2,095.6	7,498,400	3,578	6,238,000	1,260,400
2012	2,095.6	7,660,300	3,655	6,309,100	1,351,100
2013	2,095.6	7,820,000	3,732	6,479,200	1,340,800
2014	2,095.5	7,981,900	3,809	6,554,700	1,427,200
2015	2,095.5	8,127,900	3,879	6,632,800	1,495,100
2016	2,061.4	8,287,000	4,020	6,733,100	1,553,900
2017	2,061.2	8,444,600	4,097	6,825,300	1,619,300
2025	-	9,816,320 (Before the merger with Binh Duong & Ba Ria - Vung Tau)	4.375
	6.772,59	14.002.598 (After the merger with Binh Duong & Ba Ria - Vung Tau)	2.068
Sources:

The population of the city, as of the 1 October 2004 census, was 6,117,251 (of which 19 inner districts had 5,140,412 residents and five suburban districts had 976,839 inhabitants).

In mid-2007, the city's population was 6,650,942 – with the 19 inner districts home to 5,564,975 residents and the five suburban districts containing 1,085,967 inhabitants. The result of the 2009 Census shows that the city's population was 7,162,864 people, about 8.34% of the total population of Vietnam, making it the highest population-concentrated city in the country. As of the end of 2012, the total population of the city was 7,750,900 people, an increase of 3.1% from 2011.

As an administrative unit, its population is also the largest at the provincial level. According to the 2019 census, Ho Chi Minh City has a population of over 8.9 million within the city proper and over 21 million within its metropolitan area.

In August 2017, the city's mayor, Nguyễn Thành Phong, admitted that previous estimates of 8–10 million were drastic underestimations. The actual population (including those who have not officially registered) was estimated 13 million in 2017. The Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area, a metropolitan area covering most parts of the southeast region plus Tiền Giang Province and Long An Province under planning, will have an area of Template:Cvt with a population of 20 million inhabitants by 2020. Inhabitants of Ho Chi Minh City are usually known as "Saigonese" in English and "dân Sài Gòn" in Vietnamese.

Ethnic groups

The majority of the population are ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) at about 93.52%. Ho Chi Minh City's largest minority ethnic group are the Chinese (Hoa) with 5.78%. Cholon – in District 5 and parts of Districts 6, 10, and 11 – is home to the largest Chinese community in Vietnam. The Hoa (Chinese) speak a number of varieties of Chinese, including Cantonese, Teochew (Chaozhou), Hokkien, Hainanese, and Hakka; smaller numbers also speak Mandarin Chinese. Other ethnic minorities include Khmer with 0.34%, Cham with 0.1%, as well as a small group of Baweans from Bawean Island in Indonesia (about 400; as of 2015), they occupy District 1.

Various other nationalities including Koreans, Japanese, Americans, Russians, South Africans, Filipinos, French and Britons reside in Ho Chi Minh City as expatriate workers. The highest concentration of which are in Thủ Đức and District 7.

Religion

As of April 2009, the city recognises 13 religions and 1,983,048 residents identify as religious people. Buddhism and Catholicism are the two predominant religions in Ho Chi Minh City. The largest is Buddhism as it has 1,164,930 followers followed by Catholicism with 745,283 followers, Caodaism with 31,633 followers, Protestantism with 27,016 followers, Islam with 6,580 followers, Hòa Hảo with 4,894 followers, Tịnh độ cư sĩ Phật hội Việt Nam with 1,387 followers, Hinduism with 395 followers, Đạo Tứ ấn hiếu nghĩa with 298 followers, Minh Sư Đạo with 283 followers, Baháʼí Faith with 192 followers, Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương with 89 followers, Minh Lý Đạo with 67 followers.

Economy

The city is the economic center of Vietnam and accounts for a large proportion of the economy of Vietnam. Although the city takes up just 0.6% of the country's land area, it contains 8.34% of the population of Vietnam, 20.2% of its GDP, 27.9% of industrial output and 34.9% of the FDI projects in the country in 2005. In 2005, the city had 4,344,000 labourers, of whom 130,000 are over the labour age norm (in Vietnam, 60 for male and 55 for female workers). In 2009, GDP per capita reached $2,800, compared to the country's average level of $1,042.

Refer to the chart below for year-by-year summary of HCMC's economy:

Year	General description
2006	As of June 2006, the city has been home to three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks. Ho Chi Minh City is the leading recipient of foreign direct investment in Vietnam, with 2,530 FDI projects worth $16.6 billion at the end of 2007. In 2007, the city received over 400 FDI projects worth $3 billion.
2007	In 2007, the city's GDP was estimated at $14.3 billion, or about $2,180 per capita, up 12.6 percent from 2006 and accounting for 20% of the country's GDP. The GDP adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) reached $71.5 billion, or about $10,870 per capita (approximately three times higher than the country's average). The city's Industrial Product Value was $6.4 billion, equivalent to 30% of the value of the entire nation. Export–import turnover through HCMC ports accounted for $36 billion, or 40% of the national total, of which export revenue reached $18.3 billion (40% of Vietnam's total export revenues). In 2007, Ho Chi Minh City's contribution to the annual revenues in the national budget increased by 30 percent, accounting for about 20.5 percent of total revenues. The consumption demand of Ho Chi Minh City is higher than other Vietnamese provinces and municipalities and 1.5 times higher than that of Hanoi.
2008	In 2008, it attracted $8.5 billion in FDI. In 2010, the city's GDP was estimated at $20.902 billion, or about $2,800 per capita, up 11.8 percent from 2009.
2012	By the end of 2012, the city's GDP was estimated around $28,595 billion , or about $3,700 per capita, up 9.2 percent from 2011. Total trade (export and import) reached $47.7 billion, with export at $21.57 billion and import $26.14 billion.
2013	In 2013, GDP of the city grew 7.6% by Q1, 8.1% by Q2, and 10.3% by the end of Q3. By the end of 2013, the city's GDP grew 9.3%, with GDP per capita reaching $4,500.
2014	By the end of 2014, the city's GDP grew 9.5%, with GDP per capita reaching $5,100.
2020	The city's economic performance transcended 6%, at 7.84% from 2016 to 2019 and 2016–2020; the town grew at 6,59%.  Its performance assists the city in reaching the GDP per capita at $6.328; however, it yielded the preferred growth at $9.800 per capita due to the repercussion result of COVID-19.
2023	In 2023, the city had a GDP of US$121.1 billion and GRDP per capita of US$9.6.

Sectors

File:SaigonPort1.JPG

Saigon Port is one of five major ports in Vietnam, and is among the busiest container ports in the world.

File:Saigon Hi-Tech Park.JPG

Hi-tech Park, located in District 9, is one of Vietnam's two national hi-tech parks.

The economy of the city consists of industries ranging from mining, seafood processing, agriculture, and construction, to tourism, finance, industry and trade. The state-owned sector makes up 33.3% of the economy, the private sector 4.6%, and the remainder in foreign investment. Concerning its economic structure, the service sector accounts for 51.1%, industry and construction account for 47.7% and forestry, agriculture and others make up just 1.2%.

The city and its ports are part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.

Quang Trung Software Park is a software park situated in District 12. The park is approximately Template:Cvt from downtown Ho Chi Minh City and hosts software enterprises as well as dot.com companies. The park also includes a software training school. Dot.com investors here are supplied with other facilities and services such as residences and high-speed access to the internet as well as favorable taxation. Together with the Hi-Tech Park in Thủ Đức, and the 32 ha. software park inside Tân Thuận Export Processing Zone in District 7 of the city, Ho Chi Minh City aims to become an important hi-tech city in the country and the South-East Asia region.

This park helps the city in particular and Vietnam in general to become an outsourcing location for other enterprises in developed countries, as India has done. Some 300,000 businesses, including many large enterprises, are involved in high-tech, electronic, processing and light industries, and also in construction, building materials and agricultural products. Additionally, crude oil is a popular economic base in the city. Investors are still pouring money into the city. Total local private investment was 160 billion đồng (US$7.5 million) with 18,500 newly founded companies. Investment trends to high technology, services and real estate projects.

As of June 2006, the city had three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks, in addition to Quang Trung Software Park and Ho Chi Minh City hi-tech park. Intel has invested about 1 billion dollars in a factory in the city. More than fifty banks with hundreds of branches and about 20 insurance companies are also located inside the city. The Stock Exchange, the first stock exchange in Vietnam, was opened in 2001. There are 171 medium and large-scale markets as well as several supermarket chains, shopping malls, and fashion and beauty centers.

On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam's provinces, Ho Chi Minh City received a score of 67.19. This was a fall from 2022 in which the province received a score of 65.86. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Time Costs' and 'Law and Order' criterion and lowest on 'Access To Land' and 'Policy Bias'.

Urbanisation

File:DJI 0212-HDR-Pano (cropped).jpg

Ho Chi Minh City has a high concentration of skyscrapers as a result of urbanisation. The Landmark 81 is the tallest building in Vietnam.

With a population now of 8,382,287 (as of Census 2010 on 1 April 2010) (registered residents plus migrant workers as well as a metropolitan population of 10 million), the city needs increased public infrastructure. To this end, the city and central governments have embarked on an effort to develop new urban centres. The two most prominent projects are the Thủ Thiêm city centre in District 2 and the Phú Mỹ Hưng Urban Area, a new city centre in District 7 (as part of the Saigon South project) where various international schools such as Saigon South International School and Australian Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology are located. In December 2007, Phú Mỹ Hưng's new City Centre completed the Template:Cvt 10–14 lane wide Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard linking the Saigon port areas, Tân Thuận Export Processing Zone to the National Highway 1 and the Mekong Delta area. In November 2008, a brand new trade centre, Saigon Exhibition and Convention Centre, also opened its doors. Other projects include Grandview, Waterfront, Sky Garden, Riverside and Phú Gia 99. Phú Mỹ Hưng's new City Centre received the first Model New City Award from the Vietnamese Ministry of Construction.

In 2007, three million foreign tourists, about 70% of the total number of tourists to Vietnam, visited the city. Total cargo transport to city's ports reached 50.5 million tonnes, nearly one-third of the total for Vietnam.

Cityscape

Architecture

Ho Chi Minh City has many architecturally notable buildings from different styles and time periods. French influence during the colonial era can be seen throughout the city, especially in District 1 where a number of buildings can be found. Notable buildings of French colonial architecture include the Ho Chi Minh City Hall, Saigon Central Post Office, Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon and Bến Thành Market.

Apart from its French architecture, Ho Chi Minh City is also home to a number of buildings inspired by Chinese architecture. Notable buildings are mostly found in Chợ Lớn, where many Hoa people reside. These include the Thien Hau Temple, which was first built around 1760, making it one of the oldest historic buildings still standing in the city.

During the Republic of Vietnam era, Vietnamese modernist architecture began to develop in the city. Prominent buildings which were commissioned during this time include the Independence Palace, replacing the former Independence Palace which was of Baroque Revival architecture.

Parks and gardens

File:Parque Tao Dan, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-15, DD 03.JPG

Tao Đàn Park is one of the largest and oldest parks in Ho Chi Minh City.

Despite the city's high building density, Ho Chi Minh City has a number of large parks. One of the largest and most popular parks is Tao Đàn Park, located next to the Independence Palace in District 1, Ho Chi Minh City. Other parks in District 1 include the September 23rd Park and 30/4 Park.

The Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens, located on the northern end of District 1, is one of the world's oldest zoos and botanical gardens. It contains a collection of over 600 rare animals and about 4,000 plant species, some of which are over 100 years in age.

Pedestrian zones

File:Ho Chi Minh City, Nguyen Hue Street, 2020-01 CN-02.jpg

Nguyễn Huệ Boulevard.

Nguyễn Huệ Boulevard was the first pedestrian street in Ho Chi Minh City. It opened to the public in April 2015, and is a popular spot for locals and visitors to gather. Many events are held in the precinct throughout the year, including the annual flower festival during Tết.

Bui Vien Walking Street is also well known in Ho Chi Minh City due to its status as a hub for western backpackers and tourists. Bui Vien Street, also known as "Western Street" (Pho Tay), is a backpacker district in Ho Chi Minh City that offers a variety of restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, live music pubs, and rooftop bars. Before becoming a walking street, Bui Vien Street was a popular destination for backpackers to have fun, try unfamiliar cuisines, and explore new places during their trip to Ho Chi Minh City.

Transport

Air

File:Tan Son Nhat International Airport.jpg

Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport is the busiest airport in Vietnam.

The city is served by Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport, the largest airport in Vietnam in terms of passengers handled (with an estimated number of over 15.5 million passengers per year in 2010, accounting for more than half of Vietnam's air passenger traffic).

Long Thành International Airport is scheduled to begin operating in 2026. Based in Long Thành District, Đồng Nai Province, about Template:Cvt east of Ho Chi Minh City, Long Thành Airport will serve international flights, with a maximum traffic capacity of 100 million passengers per year when fully completed; Tân Sơn Nhất Airport will serve domestic flights.

Rail

The city is also a terminal for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country. The Reunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Saigon to Hanoi from Saigon Railway Station in District 3, with stops at cities and provinces along the line. Within the city, the two main stations are Sóng Thần and Sài Gòn. In addition, there are several smaller stations such as Dĩ An, Thủ Đức, Bình Triệu, Gò Vấp. However, rail transport is not fully developed and presently comprises only 0.6% of passenger traffic and 6% of goods shipments.

Water transport

The city's location on the Saigon River makes it a bustling commercial and passenger port; besides a constant stream of cargo ships, passenger boats operate regularly between Ho Chi Minh City and various destinations in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia, including Vũng Tàu, Cần Thơ and the Mekong Delta, and Phnom Penh.

Traffic between Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam's southern provinces has steadily increased over the years; the Đôi and Tẻ Canals, the main routes to the Mekong Delta, receive 100,000 waterway vehicles every year, representing around 13 million tons of cargo. A project to dredge these routes has been approved to facilitate transport, to be implemented in 2011–14. In 2017, the Saigon Waterbus launched, connecting District 1 to Thủ Đức City.

Public transport

Metro

The HCMC Metro, a rapid transit network, is being built in stages. Line 1 was opened in late 2024. The line connects Bến Thành to Suối Tiên Park in District 9, with a depot in Long Bình. Planners expect the route to serve more than 160,000 passengers daily. A line between Bến Thành and Tham Lương in District 12 has been approved by the government, and several more lines (Lines 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) are the subject of ongoing feasibility studies.

Bus

Public buses run on many routes and tickets can be purchased on the bus. The city has a number of coach houses, which house coach buses to and from other areas in Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh City has five interprovincial coach stations: Mien Dong Coach Station (Binh Thanh), Mien Tay Coach Station (Binh Tan), An Suong Coach Station (Hoc Mon), Nga Tu Ga Coach Station (District 12), and the former Mien Dong Coach Station. The largest coach station – in terms of passengers handled – is the Miền Đông Coach Station in the Bình Thạnh District.

Private transport

The main means of transport within the city are motorbikes, cars, buses, taxis, and bicycles. Motorbikes remain the most common way to move around the city. Taxis are plentiful and usually have meters, although it is also common to agree on a price before taking a long trip, for example, from the airport to the city centre.

For short trips, "" (literally, "hug vehicle") motorcycle taxis are available throughout the city, usually congregating at a major intersection. You can also book motorcycle and car taxis through ride-hailing apps like Grab and GoJek. A popular activity for tourists is a tour of the city on cyclos, which allow for longer trips at a more relaxed pace. For the last few years, cars have become more popular. There are approximately 340,000 cars and 3.5 million motorcycles in the city, which is almost double compared with Hanoi. The growing number of cars tend to cause gridlock and contribute to air pollution. The government has called out motorcycles as the reason for the congestion and has developed plans to reduce the number of motorcycles and to improve public transport.

Expressway

File:Cầu Long Thành, Đường cao tốc TP.HCM - Long Thành - Dầu Giây.JPG

HCMC-LT-DG Expressway

The city has two expressways making up the North-South Expressway system, connecting the city with other provinces. The first expressway is Ho Chi Minh City – Trung Lương Expressway, opened in 2010, connecting Ho Chi Minh City with Tiền Giang and the Mekong Delta.

The second one is Ho Chi Minh City – Long Thành – Dầu Giây Expressway, opened in 2015, connecting the city with Đồng Nai, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu and the Southeast of Vietnam. The Ho Chi Minh City – Long Khánh Expressway is under planning and will be constructed in the near future.

Healthcare

The health care system of the city is relatively developed with a chain of about 100 government owned hospitals or medical centres and dozens of international facilities, as well as privately owned clinics. The 1,400-bed Chợ Rẫy Hospital, upgraded by Japanese aid and the French-sponsored Institute of Cardiology, Prima Saigon Eye Hospital (ophthalmology), a member of World Association of Eye Hospitals, City International Hospital and Franco-Vietnamese Hospital are among the top medical facilities in the South-East Asia region, according to Tran Quoc Bao is a prominent Asian healthcare leader and investment banker who has led twelve major healthcare M&A transactions, with a combined value of US$2 billion, and recognised as a Top Voices in Asian healthcare.

• Notable hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City
• Chợ Rẫy Hospital is the largest tertiary care hospital in Ho Chi Minh City and the South of Vietnam.
  Chợ Rẫy Hospital is the largest tertiary care hospital in Ho Chi Minh City and the South of Vietnam.
• City International Hospital is an international hospital in Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam[122]
  City International Hospital is an international hospital in Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam
• Prima Saigon Eye Hospital, the first Vietnam member of World Association of Eye Hospitals
  Prima Saigon Eye Hospital, the first Vietnam member of World Association of Eye Hospitals
• Franco-Vietnamese Hospital in District 7, Ho Chi Minh City.
  Franco-Vietnamese Hospital in District 7, Ho Chi Minh City.

Education

High schools

Notable high schools in the city include Lê Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted, Phổ Thông Năng Khiếu High School for the Gifted, Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted, Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School, Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School, Template:Ill, Template:Ill, Marie Curie High School, Võ Thị Sáu High School, Trần Phú High School and others. Though the former schools are all public, private education is also available in Ho Chi Minh City. High school consists of grade 10–12 (sophomore, junior, and senior).

List of public high schools (non-exhaustive)

• Bình Phú High School
• Bùi Thị Xuân High School
• Chu Văn An High School
• Ernst Thalmann High School
• Template:Ill
• Hùng Vương High School
• VNUHCM High School for the Gifted
• Lawrence S. Ting Memorial School
• Lê Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted
• Template:Ill
• Lương Thế Vinh High School
• Mạc Đĩnh Chi High School
• Marie Curie High School
• Nguyễn Chí Thanh High School
• Nguyễn Công Trứ High School
• Nguyễn Du High School
• Nguyễn Du Secondary School
• Nguyễn Hữu Cầu High School
• Nguyễn Hữu Huân High School
• Nguyễn Khuyến High School
• Nguyễn Thái Bình High School
• Nguyễn Thị Diệu High School
• Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School
• Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School
• Nguyễn Trãi High School
• Nguyễn Văn Cừ High School
• Phú Nhuận High School
• Ten Lơ Man High School
• Thủ Đức High School
• Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted
• Trần Hưng Đạo High School
• Trần Khai Nguyên High School
• Trần Phú High School
• Trưng Vương High School
• Võ Thị Sáu High School
• Võ Trường Toản High School

Private high schools offering Vietnamese or dual foreign-Vietnamese curricula (non-exhaustive)

• APU International School
• EMASI International Bilingual School
• Hồng Hà Secondary-High School
• Horizon International Bilingual School
• Japanese International School
• Khai Trí High School
• Ngô Thời Nhiệm High School
• Nguyễn Khuyến High School
• Pennsylvania American International School
• Quang Trung Nguyễn Huệ High School
• Singapore International School
• Trí Đức High School
• Trương Vĩnh Ký High School
• Tuệ Đức Pathway School
• Vinschool
• Vinschool
• VStar School
• Wellspring International Bilingual School Ho Chi Minh City
• Western Australian International School System

Private primary and secondary schools offering exclusively foreign curricula (non-exhaustive)

• ABC International School
• American International School, Saigon
• Australian International School, Vietnam
• British International School Ho Chi Minh City
• British Vietnamese International School
• Canadian International School Vietnam
• European International School Ho Chi Minh City
• International German School Ho Chi Minh City
• International School Ho Chi Minh City
• International School Ho Chi Minh City - American Academy
• International School of North America
• Japanese School in Ho Chi Minh City
• Korean International School, HCMC
• Lycée Français International Marguerite Duras
• Renaissance International School Saigon
• Saigon South International School
• Saigon South International School
• Taipei School in Ho Chi Minh City
• Vietnam Finland International School

Universities

File:Nhà điều hành Đại học Quốc Gia TPHCM.jpg

Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, is one of the two national research universities in Vietnam.

Higher education in Ho Chi Minh City is a burgeoning industry; the city boasts over 80 universities and colleges with a total of over 400,000 students. Notable universities include Vietnam National University, with 50,000 students distributed among six schools; The University of Technology (, formerly Phú Thọ National Center of Technology); The University of Sciences (formerly Saigon College of Sciences); The University of Social Sciences and Humanities (formerly Saigon College of Letters); The International University; The University of Economics and Law; and the newly established University of Information Technology.

Some other important higher education establishments include University of Pedagogy, University of Economics, University of Architecture, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Nong Lam University (formerly University of Agriculture, Forestry and Silviculture), University of Law, University of Technical Education, University of Banking, University of Industry, Open University, University of Sports and Physical Education, University of Fine Arts, University of Culture, the Conservatory of Music, the Saigon Institute of Technology, Văn Lang University, Saigon University, and Hoa Sen University.

In addition to the above public universities, Ho Chi Minh City is also home to several private universities. One of the most notable is RMIT International University Vietnam, a campus of Australian public research RMIT University with an enrollment of about 6,000 students. Tuition at RMIT is about US$40,000 for an entire course of study. Other private universities include The Saigon International University (or SIU) is another private university run by the Group of Asian International Education. Enrollment at SIU averages about 12,000 students Depending on the type of program, tuition at SIU costs US$5,000–6,000 per year.

Tourism

File:Bui Vien Walking Street 1.jpg

Bùi Viện Walking Street is lined with hotels, coffee shops and bars catering to tourists.

Tourist attractions in the city are mainly related to periods of French colonisation and the Vietnam War. The city's centre has some wide American-style boulevards and a few French colonial buildings. The majority of these tourist spots are located in District 1 and are a short distance from each other. The most prominent structures in the city centre are the Reunification Palace (), City Hall (), Municipal Theatre (, also known as the Opera House), City Post Office (), State Bank Office (), City People's Court (), and Notre-Dame Cathedral (), which was constructed between 1863 and 1880. Some of the historic hotels include the Hotel Majestic, dating from the French colonial era, and the Rex and Caravelle hotels, both of which are former hangouts for American officers and war correspondents in the 1960s & '70s.

The city has various museums including the City Museum, Museum of History, the Revolutionary Museum, the Museum of south-eastern Armed Forces, the War Remnants Museum, the Museum of Southern Women, the Museum of Fine Arts, the Nhà Rồng Memorial House, and the Bến Dược Relic of Underground Tunnels. The Củ Chi tunnels are north-west of the city in Củ Chi District. The Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens, in District 1, dates from 1865. The Đầm Sen Tourist and Cultural Park, Suối Tiên Amusement and Culture Park, and Cần Giờ's Eco beach resort are three recreational sites inside the city which are popular with tourists. Aside from the Municipal Theatre, there are other places of entertainment such as the Bến Thành Theatre, Hòa Bình Theatre, and the Lan Anh Music Stage. The city is home to hundreds of cinemas and theatres, with cinema and drama theatre revenue accounting for 60–70% of Vietnam's total revenue in this industry. Unlike other theatrical organisations found in Vietnam's provinces and municipalities, residents of the city keep their theatres active without the support of subsidies from the Vietnamese government. The city is also home to most of the private film companies in Vietnam.

The city offers a wide range of restaurants serving common Vietnamese dishes, including phở and rice vermicelli. The area around Phạm Ngũ Lão Street and Bùi Viện Street in District 1, often referred to as the Backpackers’ Quarter, is popular with budget travelers.

It was approximated that 4.3 million tourists visited Vietnam in 2007, of which 70 percent, approximately 3 million tourists, visited the city. According to the most recent international tourist statistic, Ho Chi Minh City welcomed 6 million tourists in 2017.

According to Mastercard's 2019 report, the city is also the country's second most visited city (18th in Asia Pacific), with 4.1 million overnight international visitors in 2018 (after Hanoi with 4.8 million visitors).

In H12025, HCMC welcomed over 22.1 million visitors (3.8 million international and 18.3 million domestic), generating approximately ₫118 trillion (~US $4.6 billion), a +27.3% year-over-year growth. Over the Tet 2025 holiday, the city led all Vietnamese provinces in tourism receipts with ~$303 million, up 17% from 2024. In September 2025, HCMC is hosting ITE HCMC 2025 which focuses on sustainable tourism and trade networking and is the 19th of its kind.

Culture

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Dragon dance to welcome Tết Nguyên Đán in Ho Chi Minh City, 2009

Museums and art galleries

Due to its history, artworks have generally been inspired by both Western and Eastern styles. Famous locations for art in Ho Chi Minh City include Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts, and various art galleries located on Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa street, Trần Phú street, and Bùi Viện street.

• Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts
  Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts
• Ho Chi Minh City Museum of History
  Ho Chi Minh City Museum of History
• War Remnants Museum
  War Remnants Museum

Food and drink

Ho Chi Minh City cultivates a strong food and drink culture with lots of roadside restaurants, coffee shops, and food stalls where locals and tourists can enjoy local cuisine and beverages at low prices. It is currently ranked in the top five best cities in the world for street food.

Media

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HTV, the second largest and the first-ever television network in Vietnam, has its headquarters in District 1.

The city's media is the most developed in the country. At present, there are seven daily newspapers: Sài Gòn Giải Phóng (Liberated Saigon), and its Vietnamese, investment and finance, sports, evening, and weekly editions; Tuổi Trẻ (Youth), the highest circulation newspaper in Vietnam; (Young People), the second largest circulation in the south of Vietnam; (Labourer); (Sports); (Law); The Saigon Times Daily, an English-language newspaper; as well as more than 30 other newspapers and magazines. The city has hundreds of printing and publishing houses, many bookstores, and a widespread network of public and school libraries; the city's General Library houses over 1.5 million books. Once called THVN9, the locally based Ho Chi Minh City Television (HTV) is the first and the second largest television network in the nation, just behind the national Vietnam Television (VTV), broadcasting 24/7 on 7 different channels (using analog and digital technology). Vietnam Television also has a studio in the city which broadcast programmes on channel VTV9. Many major international TV channels are provided through two cable networks (SCTV and HTVC), with over one million subscribers. The Voice of Ho Chi Minh City is the largest radio station in south Vietnam.

Internet coverage, especially through ADSL connections, is rapidly expanding, with over 2,200,000 subscribers and around 5.5 million frequent users. Internet service providers (ISPs) operating in Ho Chi Minh City include the Vietnam Data Communication Company (VDC), Corporation for Finance and Promoting Technology (FPT), Netnam Company, Saigon Post and Telecommunications Services Corporation (Saigon Postel Corporation, SPT) and Viettel Company. The city has more than two million fixed telephones and about fifteen million cellular phones (the latter growing annually by 20%). Mobile phone service is provided by a number of companies, including Viettel Mobile, MobiFone, VinaPhone, and Vietnam Mobile.

Sport

File:Thống Nhất Stadium 2022.jpg

Thống Nhất Stadium is home to the V.League 1 football club Ho Chi Minh City F.C.

since 2005Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), Ho Chi Minh City was home to 91 football fields, 86 swimming pools, and 256 gyms. The largest stadium in the city is the 15,000-seat Thống Nhất Stadium, located on Đào Duy Từ Street, in Ward 6 of District 10. The next largest is Military Region 7 Stadium, located near Tan Son Nhat Airport in Tân Bình district. The Military Region 7 Stadium was of the venues for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup finals. As well as being a sporting venue, it is also the site of a music school. Phú Thọ Racecourse, another notable sporting venue established during colonial times, is the only racetrack in Vietnam, however, due to poor maintenance, the facilities are not in good condition. The city's Department of Physical Education and Sport also manages a number of clubs, including Phan Đình Phùng, Thanh Đa, and Yết Kiêu.

The city is home to a number of association football clubs. One of the city's largest clubs, Ho Chi Minh City F.C., is based at Thống Nhất Stadium, formerly as Cảng Sài Gòn, they were four-time champions of Vietnam's V.League 1 (in 1986, 1993–94, 1997, and 2001–02). Navibank Saigon F.C., founded as Quân Khu 4, were also based at Thống Nhất Stadium, emerged as champions of the First Division in the 2008 season, and were promoted to the V-League in 2009, the club has since been dissolved during a corruption scandal. The city's police department also fielded a football team in the 1990s, Công An Thành Phố, which won the V-League championship in 1995, the club was dissolved in 2002 as the league become more professional. Since its inception in 2016, Sài Gòn F.C. competed in V.League 1, however, in 2022 they suffered relegation and will complete in V.League 2 in 2023.

In 2011, the city was awarded an expansion team for the ASEAN Basketball League. Saigon Heat was the first ever international professional basketball team to represent Vietnam. The team also plays in the domestic basketball league, the Vietnam Basketball Association, and have won the championship on three occasions (2019, 2020 and 2022).

In 2016, a second professional basketball team was created, Wings, playing in the domestic Vietnam Basketball Association.

The city hosts a number of international sport events throughout the year, such as the AFF Futsal Championship and the Vietnam Vertical Run. Several other sports are represented by teams in the city, such as Irish (Gaelic) Football, rugby, cricket, volleyball, basketball, chess, athletics, and table tennis.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

The city is twinned with:

• Template:Flagicon Ahmadi Governorate, Kuwait (2010)
• Template:Flagicon Almaty, Kazakhstan (2011)
• Template:Flagicon Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France (1998)
• Template:Flagicon Bangkok, Thailand (2014)
• Template:Flagicon Champasak Province, Laos (2001)
• Template:Flagicon Busan, South Korea (1995)
• Template:Flagicon Guangdong Province, China (2009)
• Template:Flagicon Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (2013)
• Template:Flagicon Leipzig, Germany (2021)
• Template:Flagicon Liverpool, United Kingdom (2025)
• Template:Flagicon Lyon, France (1997)
• Template:Flagicon Seattle, United States (2023)
• Template:Flagicon Manila, Philippines (1994)
• Template:Flagicon Minsk, Belarus (2008)
• Template:Flagicon Moscow, Russia (2003)
• Template:Flagicon New York City, United States (2023)
• Template:Flagicon Osaka Prefecture, Japan (2007)
• Template:Flagicon Phnom Penh, Cambodia (1999)
• Template:Flagicon Saint Petersburg, Russia (2005)
• Template:Flagicon San Francisco, United States (1995)
• Template:Flagicon Shandong Province, China (2013)
• Template:Flagicon Shanghai, China (1994)
• Template:Flagicon Sofia, Bulgaria (2015)
• Template:Flagicon Vientiane, Laos (2001)
• Template:Flagicon Vladivostok, Russia (2009)
• Template:Flagicon Yangon, Myanmar (2012)
• Template:Flagicon Zhejiang Province, China (2009)

Cooperation and friendship

In addition to its twin towns, the city is in cooperation with:

• Template:Flagicon Barcelona, Spain (2009)
• Template:Flagicon Budapest, Hungary (2013)
• Template:Flagicon Daegu, South Korea (2015)
• Template:Flagicon Geneva, Switzerland (2007)
• Template:Flagicon Guangzhou, China (1996)
• Template:Flagicon Johannesburg, South Africa (2009)
• Template:Flagicon Košice, Slovakia (2016)
• Template:Flagicon Moscow Oblast, Russia (2015)
• Template:Flagicon Northern Territory, Australia (2014)
• Template:Flagicon Osaka, Japan (2011)
• Template:Flagicon Queensland, Australia (2005)
• Template:Flagicon Seville, Spain (2009)
• Template:Flagicon Shenyang, China (1999)
• Template:Flagicon Shiga Prefecture, Japan (2014)
• Template:Flagicon Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia (2000)
• Template:Flagicon Toronto, Canada (2006)
• Template:Flagicon Yokohama, Japan (2009)

See also

• 175 Hospital
• List of historic buildings in Ho Chi Minh City
• List of historical capitals of Vietnam
• List of East Asian ports

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Further reading

External links

• Official website Template:In lang (archived 18 February 2010)
• Ho Chi Minh City People's Council (archived 26 October 2015)
• Template:OSM relation