2G: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 12:59, 30 June 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Use dmy dates Template:List of mobile phone generations 2G refers to the second generation of cellular network technology, which were rolled out globally starting in the early 1990s. The main differentiator to previous mobile telephone systems, retrospectively dubbed 1G, is that the radio signals of 2G networks are digital rather than analog, for communication between mobile devices and base stations. In addition to voice telephony, 2G also made possible the use of data services.

The most common 2G technology has been the GSM standard, which became the first globally adopted framework for mobile communications. Other 2G technologies include cdmaOne and the now-discontinued Digital AMPS (D-AMPS/TDMA),^[1] as well the Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) in Japan.

The transition to digital technology enabled the implementation of encryption for voice calls and data transmission, significantly improving the security of mobile communications while also increasing capacity and efficiency compared to earlier analog systems. 2G networks were primarily designed to support voice calls and Short Message Service (SMS), with later advancements such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enabling always-on packet data services, including email and limited internet access. 2G was succeeded by 3G technology, which provided higher data transfer rates and expanded mobile internet capabilities.

History

In 1990, AT&T Bell Labs engineers Jesse Russell, Farhad Barzegar and Can A. Eryaman filed a patent for a digital mobile phone that supports the transmission of digital data. Their patent was cited several years later by Nokia and Motorola when they were developing 2G digital mobile phones.^[2]

2G was first commercially launched in 1991 by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in Finland in the form of GSM, which was defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).^[3] The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) defined the cdmaOne (IS-95) 2G standard, with an eight to ten fold increase in voice call capacity compared to analog AMPS.^[4] The first deployment of cdmaOne was in 1995.^[5] In North America, Digital AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) and cdmaOne (IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also used.

Later 2G releases in the GSM space, often referred to as 2.5G and 2.75G, include General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). GPRS allows 2G networks to achieve a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s). EDGE increases this capacity, providing a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).

Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were:

Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at least between the mobile phone and the cellular base station but not necessarily in the rest of the network.
Significantly more efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum enabling more users per frequency band.
Data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages then expanding to Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS).

Evolution of GSM 2G

File:Cellular network standards and generation timeline.svg

Cellular network standards and generation timeline. (Large titles on the colored area refer to the lines to their right.

2.5G (GPRS)

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2.5G ("second-and-a-half generation") refers to 2G systems that incorporate a packet-switched domain alongside the existing circuit-switched domain, most commonly implemented through General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).^[6] GPRS enables packet-based data transmission by dynamically allocating multiple timeslots to users, improving network efficiency. However, this does not inherently provide faster speeds, as similar techniques, such as timeslot bundling, are also employed in circuit-switched data services like High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD). Within GPRS-enabled 2G systems, the theoretical maximum transfer rate is 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s).^[7]

2.75G (EDGE)

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2.75G refers to the evolution of GPRS networks into EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) networks, achieved through the introduction of 8PSK (8 Phase Shift Keying) encoding. While the symbol rate remained constant at 270.833 samples per second, the use of 8PSK allowed each symbol to carry three bits instead of one, significantly increasing data transmission efficiency. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology built as an extension to standard GSM. First deployed in 2003 by AT&T in the United States, EDGE offers a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).^[7]

2.875G (EDGE Evolution)

Evolved EDGE (also known as EDGE Evolution or 2.875G) is an enhancement of the EDGE mobile technology that was introduced as a late-stage upgrade to 2G networks. While EDGE was first deployed in the early 2000s as part of GSM networks, Evolved EDGE was launched much later, coinciding with the widespread adoption of 3G technologies such as HSPA and just before the emergence of 4G networks. This timing limited its practical application.

Evolved EDGE increased data throughput and reduced latencies (down to 80 ms) by utilizing improved modulation techniques, dual carrier support, dual antennas, and turbo codes. It achieved peak data rates of up to 1 Mbit/s, significantly enhancing network efficiency for operators that had not yet transitioned to 3G or 4G infrastructures. However, despite its technical improvements, Evolved EDGE was never widely deployed. By the time it became available, most network operators were focused on implementing more advanced technologies like UMTS and LTE. As of 2016, no commercial networks were reported to support Evolved EDGE.

Phase-out

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". 2G, understood as GSM and CdmaOne, has been superseded by newer technologies such as 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000), 4G (LTE / WiMAX) and 5G (5G NR). However, 2G networks were still available Template:As of in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers in North America, East Asia, and Australasia.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Many modern LTE-enabled devices have the ability to fall back to 2G for phone calls, necessary especially in rural areas where later generations have not yet been implemented.^[11] In some places, its successor 3G is being shut down rather than 2G – Vodafone previously announced that it had switched off 3G across Europe in 2020 but still retains 2G as a fallback service.^[12] In the US T-Mobile shut down their 3G services while retaining their 2G GSM network.^[13]^[14]

Various carriers have made announcements that 2G technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries are in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down 2G services so that carriers can re-use the frequencies for newer technologies (e.g. 4G, 5G).^[15]^[16]

As a legacy protocol, 2G connectivity is considered insecure.^[17] Specifically, there exist well known methods to attack weaknesses in GSM since 2009^[18] with practical use in crime.^[19] Attack routes on 2G CdmaOne were found later and remain less publicized.^[20]

Android 12 and later provide a network setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device.^[21] iOS 16 and later can disable 2G connectivity by enabling Lockdown Mode.^[22]

Criticism

In some parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, 2G remains widely used for older feature phones and for internet of things (IoT) devices such as smart meters, eCall systems and vehicle trackers to avoid the high patent licensing cost of newer technologies.^[23] Terminating 2G services could leave vulnerable people who rely on 2G infrastructure unable to communicate even with emergency contacts, causing harm and possibly deaths.^[24]

Past 2G networks


Country	Status	Network	Shutdown date	Standard	Notes
Template:Country data Åland		Ålcom	2025-02-03	GSM	^[25]
Template:Country data Anguilla		Digicel	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 5 MHz UMTS 1900 MHz: 5 MHz UMTS ^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]
Template:Country data Anguilla		FLOW	2024-04-22	GSM	^[30]^[31]
Template:Country data Antigua and Barbuda	Template:Fontcolour	APUA	2018-04-01	GSM	^[32]
		Digicel	2024-05-31	GSM	^[33]
		FLOW	2024-07-31	GSM	^[34]
Template:Country data Aruba	partially unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[35]
Template:Country data Aruba	partially unconfirmed	SETAR	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	GSM-900 & GSM-1900
Template:Country data Australia	Template:Fontcolour	Hutchison 3	2006-08-09	cdmaOne	^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]
		Optus	2017-08-01	GSM	2G shut down in WA and NT on 3 Apr 2017.^[41]^[42]
		Telstra	2008-04-28	cdmaOne	^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]
		Telstra	2016-12-01	GSM	^[48]
		Vodafone	2018-06-14	GSM	^[49]
Template:Country data Bahamas	Template:Fontcolour	Aliv	N/A	Template:Fontcolour
Template:Country data Bahamas	Template:Fontcolour	BTC	2024-06-30	GSM	^[50]^[51]^[52]
Template:Country data Bahrain		Batelco	2021-11-30	GSM	^[53]
Template:Country data Barbados	partially unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM	900 MHz: 6 MHz GSM / 1800 MHz: 12 MHz GSM ^[54]
Template:Country data Barbados	partially unconfirmed	FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Belgium		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[55]
		Telenet	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[56]
		Proximus	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[57]
Template:Country data Bermuda		Digicel	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	1900 MHz: 15 MHz GSM + 15 MHz LTE ^[58]
Template:Country data Bermuda		One	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	1900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE ^[58]
Template:Country data Bonaire	partially unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Bonaire	partially unconfirmed	FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data British Virgin Islands		CCT	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	1900 MHz: 10 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE ^[59]
		Digicel	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	1800 MHz: 15 MHz GSM 1900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 10 MHz UMTS ^[59]
		FLOW	2024-04-22	GSM	^[60]
Template:Country data Brunei	Template:Fontcolour	UNN	2021-06-01	GSM	National Wholesale Network used by DSTCom, Progresif and imagine.^[61]^[62]
Template:Country data Canada		Bell	2019-04-30	cdmaOne	Shutdown of CDMA transmitters commenced in remote areas in 2017, followed by an official announcement in June 2018 that 2G devices will lose service soon.^[63]^[64]
		Rogers Wireless	Template:Partial2	GSM	Template:Fontcolour 850 MHz remains active.^[65]^[66]^[67]^[68]
		SaskTel	2017-07-31	cdmaOne	^[69]^[70]
		Telus Mobility	2017-05-31	cdmaOne	^[71]^[72]
Template:Country data Cayman Islands	partially unconfirmed	Digicel	2020-07-01	GSM	^[73]^[74]
Template:Country data Cayman Islands	partially unconfirmed	FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data China		China Mobile	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	900 MHz: 15 MHz GSM 1800 MHz: 25 MHz GSM ^[75]
		China Telecom	Template:Partial2	cdmaOne	Template:Fontcolour CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service also terminates.^[75]^[76]^[77]
		China Unicom	Template:Partial2	GSM	Template:Fontcolour^[75]^[78]^[79]^[77]^[80]
Template:Country		Entel	Template:Partial2	GSM	Template:Fontcolour^[81]
Template:Country data Colombia		Claro	2023-02-23	GSM	^[82]^[83]
Template:Country data Colombia		Tigo	2022-11-01	GSM	^[84]
Template:Country data Curaçao		Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Curaçao		FLOW	2024-02-29	GSM	^[85]^[86]
Template:Country data Dominica	partially unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Dominica	partially unconfirmed	FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[87]
Template:Country data France		Bouygues	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[88]
		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[55]
		SFR	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[89]
Template:Country data Germany		Deutsche Telekom	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[90]
		Vodafone	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[91]
		Telefónica (O₂)	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Grenada	unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Grenada	unconfirmed	FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Guam	unconfirmed	GTA Teleguam	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Hong Kong		3	2008-11-20	cdmaOne	Shut down due to license expiry. Government originally did not allow the license to be renewed due to unpopularity, however the government later reversed the decision and held an auction for CDMA2000 service, which PCCW-HKT won the auction and provided CDMA2000 service immediately after 3's license expiry.
		3	2021-09-30	GSM	^[92]
		CMHK	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	1800 MHz only
		CSL	2005	D-AMPS	Service previously provided by Pacific Link, which subsequently merged into CSL. Shut down due to license expiry. Government did not allow the license to be renewed due to unpopularity.
		CSL	2017-10-31	cdmaOne	Service previously provided by PCCW. After acquisition of CSL by HKT, its mobile business PCCW Mobile was merged into CSL. No service for local customers, only served incoming roaming tourists. CSL terminated its CDMA family business upon its licence expiry, and CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated along with cdmaOne.^[93]
		CSL	2024-11-08	GSM	^[94]
		SmarTone	2022-10-14	GSM	^[95]
Template:Country data Iceland		Nova	2025-01-28	GSM	^[96]
		Síminn	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[97]
		Sýn	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[98]^[99]
Template:Country data Israel		Hot Mobile	2019-12-31	iDEN	^[100]
Template:Country data Israel			Template:Partial2	GSM	Per government statement.^[101]
Template:Country data Jamaica	Template:Fontcolour	Digicel	2024-08-31	GSM	^[102]^[103]
Template:Country data Jamaica	Template:Fontcolour	FLOW	2024-04-15	GSM	^[104]^[103]^[105]
Template:Country data Japan	Template:Fontcolour	au KDDI	2012-07-22	cdmaOne	^[106]
		NTT Docomo	2012-03-31	PDC	^[107]
		Softbank	2010-03-31	PDC	^[108]
Template:Country data Jordan		Umniah	2021-03-11	GSM	^[109]
Template:Country data Luxembourg		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[55]
Template:Country data Macau	Template:Fontcolour	CTM	2019-08-01	GSM	Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.^[110]^[111]^[112]
		3	2019-08-01	GSM	Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.^[110]^[111]
		SmarTone	2019-08-01	GSM	Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.^[110]^[111]
Template:Country data Mexico		AT&T	2019-09-01	GSM	^[113] Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.
Template:Country data Mexico		Movistar	2021-01-01	GSM	^[114]
Template:Country data Montserrat	unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Montserrat	unconfirmed	FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Netherlands		KPN	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[115]
Template:Country data Netherlands		T-Mobile	2021-06-01 / 2023-11-15 (IoT)	GSM	^[116]
Template:Country data New Caledonia		OPT-NC	Template:Partial2	GSM	Template:Fontcolour^[117]
Template:Country data New Zealand		2degrees	2018-03-15	GSM	^[118]
Template:Country data New Zealand		Spark	2012-07-31	cdmaOne	^[119]^[120]
Template:Country data Norway		Telenor	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[121]
Template:Country data Norway		Telia	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[121]
Template:Country data Panama		Digicel	2022-06-30	GSM	Complete shutdown of operations and market exit.^[122]^[123]^[124]^[125]
Template:Country data Peru		Bitel	N/A	Template:Fontcolour
Template:Country data Poland		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[55]
Template:Country data Romania		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[55]
Template:Country data Saint Kitts and Nevis		Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Saint Kitts and Nevis		FLOW	2024-04-22	GSM	^[126]
Template:Country data Saint Lucia	partially unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Saint Lucia	partially unconfirmed	FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[127]
Template:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines		Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines		FLOW	2023-09-30	GSM	^[128]^[129]^[130]^[131]
Template:Country data Saudi Arabia		stc	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[132]
Template:Country data Singapore	Template:Fontcolour	M1	2017-04-18	GSM	^[133]
		Singtel	2017-04-18	GSM	^[133]
		StarHub	2017-04-18	GSM	^[133]
Template:Country data Sint Maarten Template:Country data Saba Template:Country data Sint Eustatius	Template:Fontcolour	TelCell	2019-01-01	GSM	^[134]
	Template:Fontcolour	FLOW (UTS)	2017-09-26	GSM	^[135]
Template:Country data Slovakia		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[55]
Template:Country data South Africa			Template:Partial2	GSM	Per government statement.^[136]^[137]
Template:Country data South Korea	Template:Fontcolour	KT	2012-03-19	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.^[138]
		LG Uplus	2021-06-30	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service has also terminated.^[139]
		SK Telecom	2020-07-27	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.^[140]
Template:Country data Spain		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[55]
Template:Country data Sweden		Net4Mobility (Telenor/Tele2)	Template:Partial2	GSM	2G network will be shut down by the end of 2025.^[141]^[142]^[143]
Template:Country data Sweden		Telia	Template:Partial2	GSM	Shutdown pushed back from 2025 to 2027.^[144]^[145]
Template:Country data Switzerland	Template:Fontcolour	Salt	2020-12-31	GSM	Shutdown commenced on 1 Jul 2020. A few single 2G-only sites remained until Sep 2023 to preserve CSFB functionality.^[146]^[147]^[148]
		Sunrise	2023-01-03	GSM	With the introduction of S-RAN in 2018 phaseout was previously postponed to 2022.^[149]^[150]^[151]
		Swisscom	2021-04-07	GSM	Official shutdown on 31 Dec 2020 (guaranteed availability).^[152]^[153]^[154]
Template:Country data Taiwan	Template:Fontcolour	Chunghwa Telecom	2017-06-30	GSM	^[155]
		FarEasTone	2017-06-30	GSM	^[155]
		Taiwan Mobile	2017-06-30	GSM	^[155]
Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago		Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[156]^[157]^[158]
Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago		bmobile (TSTT)	Template:Partial2	GSM	850 MHz: 2.5 MHz GSM + 5 MHz UMTS ^[159]^[160]
Template:Country data Turks and Caicos Islands		Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM	900 MHz: 9.8 MHz GSM ^[161]
Template:Country data Turks and Caicos Islands		FLOW	2024-04-22	GSM	^[162]
Template:Country data United Arab Emirates	Template:Fontcolour	Du	2023-12-31	GSM	^[163]
Template:Country data United Arab Emirates	Template:Fontcolour	Etisalat	2023-12-31	GSM	^[164]
Template:Country data United Kingdom			Template:Partial2	GSM	Per government statement on confirmation by mobile providers.^[165]^[166]^[167]
Template:Country data United States Template:Country data Puerto Rico Template:Country data US Virgin Islands		AT&T	2008-02-18	D-AMPS	TDMA (D-AMPS) on 1900 MHz shut down on 15 July 2007.^[168]
		AT&T	2017-01-01	GSM	^[169]
		Cellcom (US only)	2023-12-01	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.^[170]
		Claro (PR only)	Template:Partial2	GSM
		Commnet Wireless (Choice) (US only)	2022-12-31	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.^[171]
		Copper Valley Wireless	2022-09-30	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.^[172]
		Edge Wireless	2007-06-30	D-AMPS	^[173]
		T-Mobile	Template:Partial2	GSM	Template:Fontcolor^[174]^[175]
		T-Mobile (Sprint)	2022-05-31	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated. Shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.^[176]^[177]^[178]^[179]
		UScellular (US only)	2009-02	D-AMPS	^[180]
		UScellular (US only)	2024-01-14	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.^[181]^[182]
		Verizon (US only)	2022-12-31	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.^[183]
Template:Country data Venezuela		Digitel	2024-03-08	GSM	Shutdown commenced in May 2021.^[184]^[185]
		Movilnet	Template:Partial2	GSM	^[184]
		Movistar	Template:Partial2	GSM	Template:Fontcolour^[184]
Template:Country data Vietnam	Template:Fontcolour	Gmobile	2024-10-16	GSM	per government regulation^[186]
		Mobifone	2024-10-16	GSM	per government regulation^[186]
		Vietnamobile	N/A	Template:Fontcolour
		Viettel	2024-10-16	GSM	per government regulation^[186]
		Vinaphone	2024-10-16	GSM	per government regulation^[186]

References

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[:27-2] Template:Cite patent

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2G: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 12:59, 30 June 2025

Contents

History

Evolution of GSM 2G

2.5G (GPRS)

2.75G (EDGE)

2.875G (EDGE Evolution)

Phase-out

Criticism

Past 2G networks

See also

References

Navigation menu

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
 {{List of mobile phone generations}}
-'''2G''' refers to the second-generation of [[cellular network]] technology, which were rolled out globally starting in the early 1990s. The main differentiator to previous mobile telephone systems, retrospectively dubbed [[1G]], is that the radio signals of 2G networks are [[Digital data|digital]] rather than [[Analog signal|analog]], for communication between [[Mobile device|mobile devices]] and [[Cell tower|base stations]]. In addition to [[voice telephony]], 2G also made possible the use of [[Mobile data|data]] services.
+'''2G''' refers to the second generation of [[cellular network]] technology, which were rolled out globally starting in the early 1990s. The main differentiator to previous mobile telephone systems, retrospectively dubbed [[1G]], is that the radio signals of 2G networks are [[Digital data|digital]] rather than [[Analog signal|analog]], for communication between [[Mobile device|mobile devices]] and [[Cell tower|base stations]]. In addition to [[voice telephony]], 2G also made possible the use of [[Mobile data|data]] services.
 The most common 2G technology has been the [[GSM]] standard, which became the first globally adopted framework for [[Mobile telephony|mobile communications]]. Other 2G technologies include [[cdmaOne]] and the now-discontinued [[Digital AMPS]] (D-AMPS/TDMA),<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2017 |title=2G Sunset Brings Faster Speeds, Newer Technologies |url=https://about.att.com/innovationblog/2g_sunset |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> as well the [[Personal Digital Cellular]] (PDC) and [[Personal Handy-phone System]] (PHS) in Japan.
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 As a legacy protocol, 2G connectivity is considered insecure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/06/your-phone-vulnerable-because-2g-it-doesnt-have-be |title=Your Phone Is Vulnerable Because of 2G, But it Doesn't Have to Be |publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation |date=2020-06-29 |author=Cooper Quintin and Andrés Arrieta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416183448/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/06/your-phone-vulnerable-because-2g-it-doesnt-have-be |archive-date=2024-04-16 |url-status=live}}</ref> Specifically, there exist well known methods to attack weaknesses in GSM since 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/the_gsm_encryption_algorithm_was_broken-news-1347.php |title=The GSM encryption algorithm was broken |publisher=GSMArena |access-date=2023-10-16 |archive-date=2023-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505050751/https://www.gsmarena.com/the_gsm_encryption_algorithm_was_broken-news-1347.php |url-status=live}}</ref> with practical use in crime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/china-arrests-1500-people-sending-spam-text-messages-fake-mobile-base-stations-1442099 |title=China Arrests 1,500 People for Sending Spam Text Messages from Fake Mobile Base Stations |last=Russon |first=Mary-Ann |publisher=International Business Times UK |date=2014-03-27 |access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> Attack routes on 2G CdmaOne were found later and remain less publicized.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Side-Channel Analysis for the Authentication Protocols of CDMA Cellular Networks |journal=Journal of Computer Science and Technology |last1=Zhang |first1=Chi |last2=Liu |first2=Jun-Rong |last3=Gu |first3=Da-Wu |last4=Wang |first4=Wei-Jia |last5=Lu |first5=Xiang-Jun |last6=Guo |first6=Zheng |last7=Lu |first7=Hai-Ning |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=1079–1095 |doi=10.1007/s11390-019-1961-5 |date=2019-09-01 |s2cid=203640029}}</ref>
-[[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[Android 12|12]] and later provide a network setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/01/eff-praises-androids-new-2g-kill-switch-wants-apple-to-follow-suit/ |title=EFF praises Android's new 2G kill switch, wants Apple to follow suit |publisher=Ars Technica |last=Amadeo |first=Ron |date=2022-01-14 |access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref> [[iOS]] [[iOS 16|16]] and later can disable 2G connectivity by enabling [[iOS 16#Lockdown mode|Lockdown Mode]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/105120 |title=About Lockdown Mode |publisher=Apple |access-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620022230/https://support.apple.com/en-us/105120 |archive-date=2024-06-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[Android 12]] and later provide a network setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/01/eff-praises-androids-new-2g-kill-switch-wants-apple-to-follow-suit/ |title=EFF praises Android's new 2G kill switch, wants Apple to follow suit |publisher=Ars Technica |last=Amadeo |first=Ron |date=2022-01-14 |access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref> [[iOS 16]] and later can disable 2G connectivity by enabling [[iOS 16#Lockdown Mode|Lockdown Mode]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/105120 |title=About Lockdown Mode |publisher=Apple |access-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620022230/https://support.apple.com/en-us/105120 |archive-date=2024-06-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Criticism ===
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 | 2025-02-03
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alcom.ax/privat/mobil/avveckling-2g-och-kopparnat |title=Avveckling 2G och kopparnät |language=sv |publisher=Ålcom |access-date=2025-05-31}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alcom.ax/privat/mobil/avveckling-2g-och-kopparnat |title=Avveckling 2G och kopparnät |language=sv |publisher=Ålcom |access-date=2025-05-31}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Anguilla}}
@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 | {{fontcolour|green|''active''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-| 900&nbsp;MHz: 5&nbsp;MHz GSM + 5&nbsp;MHz UMTS<br />1900&nbsp;MHz: 5&nbsp;MHz UMTS<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Digicel-Licence-5Nov2014.pdf |title=License and Frequency Authorisations - Digicel |publisher=Public Utilities Commission Anguilla |date=2014-11-05 |access-date=2024-09-08 |archive-date=2024-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616142046/https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Digicel-Licence-5Nov2014.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Annual-Report-2016-Final-Combined.pdf |title=Annual Report 2016 |publisher=Public Utilities Commission Anguilla |date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2024-09-08 |archive-date=2024-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623180814/https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Annual-Report-2016-Final-Combined.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.ai/document/hoa/boardaccounts/Public%20Utilities%20Commission%20Annual%20Report%202017.pdf |title=Annual Report 2017 |publisher=Public Utilities Commission Anguilla |date=2018-10-22 |access-date=2024-09-14 |archive-date=2024-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914134851/https://www.gov.ai/document/hoa/boardaccounts/Public%20Utilities%20Commission%20Annual%20Report%202017.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.anfr.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/Agreement_AIA-F-SXM-HOL_BES.pdf |title=Agreement Between The Administrations Of Anguilla, France, Sint Maarten And The State Of Netherlands For Saba And St. Eustatius Concerning The Spectrum Coordination Of Land Mobile Radiocommunication Networks In The Frequency Range 698 MHz to 3800 MHz |publisher=Agence Nationale Des Frèquences (ANFR) |date=2023-03-01 |access-date=2024-09-15 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915125539/https://www.anfr.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/Agreement_AIA-F-SXM-HOL_BES.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| 900&nbsp;MHz: 5&nbsp;MHz GSM + 5&nbsp;MHz UMTS<br />1900&nbsp;MHz: 5&nbsp;MHz UMTS <ref>{{cite web |url=https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Digicel-Licence-5Nov2014.pdf |title=License and Frequency Authorisations - Digicel |publisher=Public Utilities Commission Anguilla |date=2014-11-05 |access-date=2024-09-08 |archive-date=2024-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616142046/https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Digicel-Licence-5Nov2014.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Annual-Report-2016-Final-Combined.pdf |title=Annual Report 2016 |publisher=Public Utilities Commission Anguilla |date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2024-09-08 |archive-date=2024-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623180814/https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Annual-Report-2016-Final-Combined.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.ai/document/hoa/boardaccounts/Public%20Utilities%20Commission%20Annual%20Report%202017.pdf |title=Annual Report 2017 |publisher=Public Utilities Commission Anguilla |date=2018-10-22 |access-date=2024-09-14 |archive-date=2024-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914134851/https://www.gov.ai/document/hoa/boardaccounts/Public%20Utilities%20Commission%20Annual%20Report%202017.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.anfr.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/Agreement_AIA-F-SXM-HOL_BES.pdf |title=Agreement Between The Administrations Of Anguilla, France, Sint Maarten And The State Of Netherlands For Saba And St. Eustatius Concerning The Spectrum Coordination Of Land Mobile Radiocommunication Networks In The Frequency Range 698 MHz to 3800 MHz |publisher=Agence Nationale Des Frèquences (ANFR) |date=2023-03-01 |access-date=2024-09-15 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915125539/https://www.anfr.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/Agreement_AIA-F-SXM-HOL_BES.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Flow (brand)|FLOW]]
 | 2024-04-22
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/FlowContract-2014.pdf |title=License and Frequency Authorisations - Flow |publisher=Public Utilities Commission Anguilla |date=2014 |access-date=2024-09-08 |archive-date=2024-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615224736/https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/FlowContract-2014.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FFlowAnguilla%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02tzAgbe4DqSHZNMAskTNGkqMtXhwGSJGWbC3fHqNao3z4h2H9gCk3ez9qZ1eAswzil |title=We're saying goodbye to our 2G mobile network |publisher=Flow Anguilla |date=2024-04-17 |access-date=2024-09-10 |archive-date=2024-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910001941/https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https://www.facebook.com/FlowAnguilla/posts/pfbid02tzAgbe4DqSHZNMAskTNGkqMtXhwGSJGWbC3fHqNao3z4h2H9gCk3ez9qZ1eAswzil |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/FlowContract-2014.pdf |title=License and Frequency Authorisations - Flow |publisher=Public Utilities Commission Anguilla |date=2014 |access-date=2024-09-08 |archive-date=2024-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615224736/https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/FlowContract-2014.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FFlowAnguilla%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02tzAgbe4DqSHZNMAskTNGkqMtXhwGSJGWbC3fHqNao3z4h2H9gCk3ez9qZ1eAswzil |title=We're saying goodbye to our 2G mobile network |publisher=Flow Anguilla |date=2024-04-17 |access-date=2024-09-10 |archive-date=2024-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910001941/https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https://www.facebook.com/FlowAnguilla/posts/pfbid02tzAgbe4DqSHZNMAskTNGkqMtXhwGSJGWbC3fHqNao3z4h2H9gCk3ez9qZ1eAswzil |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="3" | {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 | 2018-04-01
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apua.ag/apua-seeks-portion-of-premium-spectrum/ |title=APUA Seeks Portion of Premium Spectrum |publisher=Antigua Public Utilities Authority |date=2019-06-13 |access-date=2024-09-08 |archive-date=2024-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908202207/http://www.apua.ag/apua-seeks-portion-of-premium-spectrum/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apua.ag/apua-seeks-portion-of-premium-spectrum/ |title=APUA Seeks Portion of Premium Spectrum |publisher=Antigua Public Utilities Authority |date=2019-06-13 |access-date=2024-09-08 |archive-date=2024-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908202207/http://www.apua.ag/apua-seeks-portion-of-premium-spectrum/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Digicel]]
 | 2024-05-31
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/digicel-antigua-say-good-bye-2g-month |title=Digicel Antigua to say good-bye to 2G this month |publisher=Loop Caribbean News by Digicel |date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/digicel-antigua-say-good-bye-2g-month |title=Digicel Antigua to say good-bye to 2G this month |publisher=Loop Caribbean News by Digicel |date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Flow (brand)|FLOW]]
 | 2024-07-31
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://associatestimes.com/flow-to-retire-2g-networks-shutdown-in-phased-manner/ |title=FLOW to retire 2G networks, shutdown in phased manner |publisher=Associates Times LLC |date=2024-06-07 |access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://associatestimes.com/flow-to-retire-2g-networks-shutdown-in-phased-manner/ |title=FLOW to retire 2G networks, shutdown in phased manner |publisher=Associates Times LLC |date=2024-06-07 |access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Aruba}}
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2024-06-30''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digicelgroup.com/aw/en/lte-upgrade-notice |title=Digicel Network Upgrade |publisher=Digicel Aruba |date=2023-12-12 |access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digicelgroup.com/aw/en/lte-upgrade-notice |title=Digicel Network Upgrade |publisher=Digicel Aruba |date=2023-12-12 |access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[SETAR NV|SETAR]]
@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 | 2006-08-09
 | [[cdmaOne]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/01/26/hutchison-to-upgrade-orange-network/ |title=Hutchison to upgrade Orange network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2004-01-26 |access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/04/20/telstra-fails-to-prise-orange-from-hutch-as-3g-network-share-talks-fail/ |title=Telstra fails to prise Orange from Hutch as 3G network share talks fail |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2004-04-20 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133903/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/04/20/telstra-fails-to-prise-orange-from-hutch-as-3g-network-share-talks-fail/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/02/01/hutch-to-push-2g-users-to-3g-and-close-orange-network/ |title=Hutch to push 2G users to 3G and close Orange network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2006-02-01 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133351/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/02/01/hutch-to-push-2g-users-to-3g-and-close-orange-network/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/05/10/hutch-to-shut-down-cdma-network-in-august/ |title=Hutch to shut down CDMA network in August |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2006-05-10 |access-date=2014-07-26 |archive-date=2016-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221093023/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/05/10/hutch-to-shut-down-cdma-network-in-august/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/08/23/2g-network-closure-increases-hutch-australia-revenues-and-losses/ |title=2G network closure increases Hutch Australia revenues and losses |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2006-08-23 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133555/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/08/23/2g-network-closure-increases-hutch-australia-revenues-and-losses/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/01/26/hutchison-to-upgrade-orange-network/ |title=Hutchison to upgrade Orange network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2004-01-26 |access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/04/20/telstra-fails-to-prise-orange-from-hutch-as-3g-network-share-talks-fail/ |title=Telstra fails to prise Orange from Hutch as 3G network share talks fail |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2004-04-20 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133903/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/04/20/telstra-fails-to-prise-orange-from-hutch-as-3g-network-share-talks-fail/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/02/01/hutch-to-push-2g-users-to-3g-and-close-orange-network/ |title=Hutch to push 2G users to 3G and close Orange network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2006-02-01 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133351/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/02/01/hutch-to-push-2g-users-to-3g-and-close-orange-network/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/05/10/hutch-to-shut-down-cdma-network-in-august/ |title=Hutch to shut down CDMA network in August |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2006-05-10 |access-date=2014-07-26 |archive-date=2016-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221093023/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/05/10/hutch-to-shut-down-cdma-network-in-august/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/08/23/2g-network-closure-increases-hutch-australia-revenues-and-losses/ |title=2G network closure increases Hutch Australia revenues and losses |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2006-08-23 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133555/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/08/23/2g-network-closure-increases-hutch-australia-revenues-and-losses/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Optus]]
@@ Line 130: / Line 130: @@
 | 2008-04-28
 | [[cdmaOne]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/04/15/telstra-plans-ev-do-upgrade/ |title=Telstra plans EV-DO upgrade |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2004-04-15 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223201035/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/04/15/telstra-plans-ev-do-upgrade/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/05/02/cdma-is-on-the-way-out-says-telstra/ |title='CDMA is on the way out,' says Telstra |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2006-05-02 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223132707/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/05/02/cdma-is-on-the-way-out-says-telstra/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2007/02/06/telstra-to-close-cdma-network-by-jan-2008/ |title=Telstra to close CDMA network by Jan 2008 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2007-02-06 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223132810/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2007/02/06/telstra-to-close-cdma-network-by-jan-2008/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/telstras-cdma-shutdown-no-gain-without-pain/ |title=Telstra's CDMA shutdown: No gain without pain? |publisher=ZDNet |date=2008-04-24 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2024-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829211435/https://www.zdnet.com/article/telstras-cdma-shutdown-no-gain-without-pain/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2008/01/22/cdma-shut-down-delayed-til-april/ |title=CDMA shut-down delayed 'til April |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2008-01-22 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133455/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2008/01/22/cdma-shut-down-delayed-til-april/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/04/15/telstra-plans-ev-do-upgrade/ |title=Telstra plans EV-DO upgrade |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2004-04-15 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223201035/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/04/15/telstra-plans-ev-do-upgrade/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/05/02/cdma-is-on-the-way-out-says-telstra/ |title='CDMA is on the way out,' says Telstra |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2006-05-02 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223132707/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/05/02/cdma-is-on-the-way-out-says-telstra/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2007/02/06/telstra-to-close-cdma-network-by-jan-2008/ |title=Telstra to close CDMA network by Jan 2008 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2007-02-06 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223132810/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2007/02/06/telstra-to-close-cdma-network-by-jan-2008/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/telstras-cdma-shutdown-no-gain-without-pain/ |title=Telstra's CDMA shutdown: No gain without pain? |publisher=ZDNet |date=2008-04-24 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2024-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829211435/https://www.zdnet.com/article/telstras-cdma-shutdown-no-gain-without-pain/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2008/01/22/cdma-shut-down-delayed-til-april/ |title=CDMA shut-down delayed 'til April |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2008-01-22 |access-date=2016-12-23 |archive-date=2016-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133455/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2008/01/22/cdma-shut-down-delayed-til-april/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Telstra]]
 | 2016-12-01
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="Telstra AU">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/12/02/telstra-switches-off-gsm-network/ |title=Telstra switches off GSM network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2017-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218082158/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/12/02/telstra-switches-off-gsm-network/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Telstra AU">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/12/02/telstra-switches-off-gsm-network/ |title=Telstra switches off GSM network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2017-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218082158/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/12/02/telstra-switches-off-gsm-network/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Vodafone Australia (brand)|Vodafone]]
 | 2018-06-14
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="VF AU">{{cite web |url=https://ausdroid.net/news/2018/04/06/vodafones-2g-network-shutdown-starts-end-month-ready/ |title=Vodafone's 2G Network shutdown starts at the end of this month – are you ready? |publisher=Ausdroid |date=2018-06-14 |access-date=2024-09-12 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912205932/https://ausdroid.net/news/2018/04/06/vodafones-2g-network-shutdown-starts-end-month-ready/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="VF AU">{{cite web |url=https://ausdroid.net/news/2018/04/06/vodafones-2g-network-shutdown-starts-end-month-ready/ |title=Vodafone's 2G Network shutdown starts at the end of this month – are you ready? |publisher=Ausdroid |date=2018-06-14 |access-date=2024-09-12 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912205932/https://ausdroid.net/news/2018/04/06/vodafones-2g-network-shutdown-starts-end-month-ready/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Bahamas}}
@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 | 2024-06-30
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="BTC BS 1">{{cite web |url=https://ewnews.com/btc-to-commence-mobile-network-optimization-project/ |title=BTC to commence mobile network optimization project |publisher=Eye Witness News |date=2024-05-22 |access-date=2024-09-14 |archive-date=2024-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914220658/https://ewnews.com/btc-to-commence-mobile-network-optimization-project/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BTC BS 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.tribune242.com/news/2024/may/22/btc-readies-consolidate-mobile-network-4g-only/ |title=BTC readies to consolidate mobile network to 4G only |publisher=The Tribune - Ellington |date=2024-05-22 |access-date=2024-09-14 |archive-date=2024-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914220657/https://www.tribune242.com/news/2024/may/22/btc-readies-consolidate-mobile-network-4g-only/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BTC BS 3">{{cite web |url=https://www.btcbahamas.com/importantnotice |title=BTC will be transitioning our network from 2G to 3G technology |publisher=BTC |access-date=2024-09-14 |archive-date=2024-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914220658/https://www.btcbahamas.com/importantnotice |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="BTC BS 1">{{cite web |url=https://ewnews.com/btc-to-commence-mobile-network-optimization-project/ |title=BTC to commence mobile network optimization project |publisher=Eye Witness News |date=2024-05-22 |access-date=2024-09-14 |archive-date=2024-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914220658/https://ewnews.com/btc-to-commence-mobile-network-optimization-project/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BTC BS 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.tribune242.com/news/2024/may/22/btc-readies-consolidate-mobile-network-4g-only/ |title=BTC readies to consolidate mobile network to 4G only |publisher=The Tribune - Ellington |date=2024-05-22 |access-date=2024-09-14 |archive-date=2024-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914220657/https://www.tribune242.com/news/2024/may/22/btc-readies-consolidate-mobile-network-4g-only/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BTC BS 3">{{cite web |url=https://www.btcbahamas.com/importantnotice |title=BTC will be transitioning our network from 2G to 3G technology |publisher=BTC |access-date=2024-09-14 |archive-date=2024-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914220658/https://www.btcbahamas.com/importantnotice |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | {{flag|Bahrain}}
@@ Line 159: / Line 159: @@
 | 2021-11-30
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="Batelco BH">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/28/batelco-to-phase-out-2g-network-on-30-november/ |title=Batelco to phase out 2G network on 30 November |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2022-02-19}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Batelco BH">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/28/batelco-to-phase-out-2g-network-on-30-november/ |title=Batelco to phase out 2G network on 30 November |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2022-02-19}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Barbados}}
@@ Line 166: / Line 166: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2025-03-31''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-| 900&nbsp;MHz: 6&nbsp;MHz GSM /<br />1800&nbsp;MHz: 12&nbsp;MHz GSM<ref name="SM Frequencies BB">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=BRB |title=spectrummonitoring.com - Barbados |publisher=spectrummonitoring.com |date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref>
+| 900&nbsp;MHz: 6&nbsp;MHz GSM /<br />1800&nbsp;MHz: 12&nbsp;MHz GSM <ref name="SM Frequencies BB">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=BRB |title=spectrummonitoring.com - Barbados |publisher=spectrummonitoring.com |date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Flow (brand)|FLOW]]
@@ Line 178: / Line 178: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2030''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/03/01/orange-selects-5g-sa-vendors-provides-timetable-for-2g3g-shutdowns/ |title=Orange selects 5G SA vendors; provides timetable for 2G/3G shutdowns |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2022-03-06 |archive-date=2022-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301120111/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/03/01/orange-selects-5g-sa-vendors-provides-timetable-for-2g3g-shutdowns/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="2G Shutdown Europe">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/03/01/orange-selects-5g-sa-vendors-provides-timetable-for-2g3g-shutdowns/ |title=Orange selects 5G SA vendors; provides timetable for 2G/3G shutdowns |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2022-03-06 |archive-date=2022-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301120111/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/03/01/orange-selects-5g-sa-vendors-provides-timetable-for-2g3g-shutdowns/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Telenet (provider)|Telenet]]
 | {{Partial2|''2027''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="Telenet BE">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/16/telenet-to-switch-off-3g-from-september-2024/ |title=Telenet to switch off 3G from September 2024 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-09-19 |access-date=2022-11-26 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009170300/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/16/telenet-to-switch-off-3g-from-september-2024/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Telenet BE">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/16/telenet-to-switch-off-3g-from-september-2024/ |title=Telenet to switch off 3G from September 2024 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-09-19 |access-date=2022-11-26 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009170300/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/16/telenet-to-switch-off-3g-from-september-2024/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Proximus]]
 | {{Partial2|''2027''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/30/proximus-to-switch-off-3g-network-by-end-2024/ |title=Proximus to switch off 3G network by end-2024 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-11-30 |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204115333/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/30/proximus-to-switch-off-3g-network-by-end-2024/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/30/proximus-to-switch-off-3g-network-by-end-2024/ |title=Proximus to switch off 3G network by end-2024 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-11-30 |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204115333/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/30/proximus-to-switch-off-3g-network-by-end-2024/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Bermuda}}
@@ Line 195: / Line 195: @@
 | {{fontcolour|green|''active''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-| 1900&nbsp;MHz: 15&nbsp;MHz GSM + 15&nbsp;MHz LTE<ref name="SM Frequencies BM">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=BER |title=spectrummonitoring.com - Bermuda |publisher=spectrummonitoring.com |date=2021-05-20 |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref>
+| 1900&nbsp;MHz: 15&nbsp;MHz GSM + 15&nbsp;MHz LTE <ref name="SM Frequencies BM">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=BER |title=spectrummonitoring.com - Bermuda |publisher=spectrummonitoring.com |date=2021-05-20 |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref>
 |-
 | One
 | {{fontcolour|green|''active''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-| 1900&nbsp;MHz: 5&nbsp;MHz GSM + 20&nbsp;MHz LTE<ref name="SM Frequencies BM" />
+| 1900&nbsp;MHz: 5&nbsp;MHz GSM + 20&nbsp;MHz LTE <ref name="SM Frequencies BM" />
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Bonaire}}
@@ Line 219: / Line 219: @@
 | {{fontcolour|green|''active''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-| 1900&nbsp;MHz: 10&nbsp;MHz GSM + 20&nbsp;MHz LTE<ref name="SM Frequencies VG">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=VRG |title=spectrummonitoring.com - British Virgin Islands |publisher=spectrummonitoring.com |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref>
+| 1900&nbsp;MHz: 10&nbsp;MHz GSM + 20&nbsp;MHz LTE <ref name="SM Frequencies VG">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=VRG |title=spectrummonitoring.com - British Virgin Islands |publisher=spectrummonitoring.com |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Digicel]]
 | {{fontcolour|green|''active''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-| 1800&nbsp;MHz: 15&nbsp;MHz GSM<br />1900&nbsp;MHz: 5&nbsp;MHz GSM + 10&nbsp;MHz UMTS<ref name="SM Frequencies VG" />
+| 1800&nbsp;MHz: 15&nbsp;MHz GSM<br />1900&nbsp;MHz: 5&nbsp;MHz GSM + 10&nbsp;MHz UMTS <ref name="SM Frequencies VG" />
 |-
 | [[Flow (brand)|FLOW]]
 | 2024-04-22
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G Shutdown BVI">{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FFlowBVI%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02pNpqqrrwae3E54iEaRgL5gVPzY7tCnspH8WWnhHoBDQGCMhhN9yUcJw6rvLR4Z5Yl |title=Final Announcement 2G Shutdown |publisher=FLOW BVI |date=2024-04-17 |access-date=2024-09-18 |archive-date=2024-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917222822/https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https://www.facebook.com/FlowBVI/posts/pfbid02pNpqqrrwae3E54iEaRgL5gVPzY7tCnspH8WWnhHoBDQGCMhhN9yUcJw6rvLR4Z5Yl |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="2G Shutdown BVI">{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FFlowBVI%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02pNpqqrrwae3E54iEaRgL5gVPzY7tCnspH8WWnhHoBDQGCMhhN9yUcJw6rvLR4Z5Yl |title=Final Announcement 2G Shutdown |publisher=FLOW BVI |date=2024-04-17 |access-date=2024-09-18 |archive-date=2024-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917222822/https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https://www.facebook.com/FlowBVI/posts/pfbid02pNpqqrrwae3E54iEaRgL5gVPzY7tCnspH8WWnhHoBDQGCMhhN9yUcJw6rvLR4Z5Yl |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | {{flag|Brunei}}
@@ Line 253: / Line 253: @@
 | 2017-07-31
 | [[cdmaOne]]
-|<ref name="Saktel CA 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/07/06/final-countdown-for-saskatchewan-cdma/ |title=Final countdown for Saskatchewan CDMA |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2016-07-06 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226131921/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/07/06/final-countdown-for-saskatchewan-cdma/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sasktel CA 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.sasktel.com/about-us/news/2017/sasktel-rreminds-cdma-customers-of-network-shutdown |title=SaskTel reminds CDMA customers of network shutdown |publisher=Sasktel |date=2017-01-11 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Saktel CA 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/07/06/final-countdown-for-saskatchewan-cdma/ |title=Final countdown for Saskatchewan CDMA |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2016-07-06 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226131921/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/07/06/final-countdown-for-saskatchewan-cdma/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sasktel CA 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.sasktel.com/about-us/news/2017/sasktel-rreminds-cdma-customers-of-network-shutdown |title=SaskTel reminds CDMA customers of network shutdown |publisher=Sasktel |date=2017-01-11 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Telus Mobility]]
 | 2017-05-31
 | [[cdmaOne]]
-|<ref name="Telus CA 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2013/10/21/telus-shutting-cdma-in-2015/ |title=Telus 'shutting CDMA in 2015' |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="Telus CA 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.telus.com/en/on/support/article/cdma |title=CDMA network shut down - Information on the discontinuation of CDMA network support |publisher=TELUS |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221245/https://www.telus.com/en/on/support/article/cdma |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Telus CA 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2013/10/21/telus-shutting-cdma-in-2015/ |title=Telus 'shutting CDMA in 2015' |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="Telus CA 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.telus.com/en/on/support/article/cdma |title=CDMA network shut down - Information on the discontinuation of CDMA network support |publisher=TELUS |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221245/https://www.telus.com/en/on/support/article/cdma |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Cayman Islands}}
@@ Line 265: / Line 265: @@
 | 2020-07-01
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="Digicel KY 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.digicelfoundation.org/markets/cayman/en/mobile/Why-Digicel/network/G-Network-Shut-Down.html |title=2G Network Shut Down |date= |publisher=Digicel Cayman |access-date=2022-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917042252/http://www.digicelfoundation.org/markets/cayman/en/mobile/Why-Digicel/network/G-Network-Shut-Down.html |archive-date=2021-09-17}}</ref><ref name="Digicel KY 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/11/01/digicel-cayman-announces-network-upgrade-discontinues-2g-coverage/ |title=Digicel Cayman announces network upgrade, discontinues 2G coverage |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2019-11-01 |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=2022-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219224931/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/11/01/digicel-cayman-announces-network-upgrade-discontinues-2g-coverage/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Digicel KY 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.digicelfoundation.org/markets/cayman/en/mobile/Why-Digicel/network/G-Network-Shut-Down.html |title=2G Network Shut Down |date= |publisher=Digicel Cayman |access-date=2022-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917042252/http://www.digicelfoundation.org/markets/cayman/en/mobile/Why-Digicel/network/G-Network-Shut-Down.html |archive-date=2021-09-17}}</ref><ref name="Digicel KY 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/11/01/digicel-cayman-announces-network-upgrade-discontinues-2g-coverage/ |title=Digicel Cayman announces network upgrade, discontinues 2G coverage |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2019-11-01 |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=2022-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219224931/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/11/01/digicel-cayman-announces-network-upgrade-discontinues-2g-coverage/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Flow (brand)|FLOW]]
@@ Line 277: / Line 277: @@
 | {{fontcolour|green|''active''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-| 900&nbsp;MHz: 15&nbsp;MHz GSM<br />1800&nbsp;MHz: 25&nbsp;MHz GSM<ref name="SM Frequencies CN">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=CHN |title=spectrummonitoring.com - China |publisher=spectrummonitoring.com |date=2022-11-21 |access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref>
+| 900&nbsp;MHz: 15&nbsp;MHz GSM<br />1800&nbsp;MHz: 25&nbsp;MHz GSM <ref name="SM Frequencies CN">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=CHN |title=spectrummonitoring.com - China |publisher=spectrummonitoring.com |date=2022-11-21 |access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[China Telecom]]
@@ Line 301: / Line 301: @@
 | 2023-02-23
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="Claro CO 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/05/13/claro-colombia-targets-december-2022-2g-shutdown/ |title=Claro Colombia targets December 2022 2G shutdown |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-05-13 |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514161054/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/05/13/claro-colombia-targets-december-2022-2g-shutdown/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Claro CO 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/20/claro-now-expects-to-switch-off-2g-network-by-feb-23/ |title=Claro now expects to switch off 2G network by Feb-23 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2022-10-06 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009165550/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/20/claro-now-expects-to-switch-off-2g-network-by-feb-23/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Claro CO 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/05/13/claro-colombia-targets-december-2022-2g-shutdown/ |title=Claro Colombia targets December 2022 2G shutdown |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-05-13 |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514161054/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/05/13/claro-colombia-targets-december-2022-2g-shutdown/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Claro CO 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/20/claro-now-expects-to-switch-off-2g-network-by-feb-23/ |title=Claro now expects to switch off 2G network by Feb-23 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2022-10-06 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009165550/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/20/claro-now-expects-to-switch-off-2g-network-by-feb-23/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Tigo]]
 | 2022-11-01
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="Tigo CO">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/02/tigo-switches-off-colombian-2g-network/ |title=Tigo switches off Colombian 2G network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-11-02 |access-date=2022-11-06 |archive-date=2022-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105233847/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/02/tigo-switches-off-colombian-2g-network/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Tigo CO">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/02/tigo-switches-off-colombian-2g-network/ |title=Tigo switches off Colombian 2G network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-11-02 |access-date=2022-11-06 |archive-date=2022-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105233847/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/02/tigo-switches-off-colombian-2g-network/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Curaçao}}
@@ Line 318: / Line 318: @@
 | 2024-02-29
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="FLOW CW 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/bart-hofker-710760_this-week-were-turning-off-2g-in-curacao-activity-7168645482393640962-vBLl |title=Final Announcement 2G Shutdown |publisher=Flow Curaçao |date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref><ref name="FLOW CW 2">{{cite web |url=https://discoverflow.co/curacao/2G-network-shutdown |title=2G service retires February 29 |publisher=Flow Curaçao |date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2024-09-15 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915112145/https://discoverflow.co/curacao/2G-network-shutdown |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="FLOW CW 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/bart-hofker-710760_this-week-were-turning-off-2g-in-curacao-activity-7168645482393640962-vBLl |title=Final Announcement 2G Shutdown |publisher=Flow Curaçao |date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref><ref name="FLOW CW 2">{{cite web |url=https://discoverflow.co/curacao/2G-network-shutdown |title=2G service retires February 29 |publisher=Flow Curaçao |date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2024-09-15 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915112145/https://discoverflow.co/curacao/2G-network-shutdown |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Dominica}}
@@ Line 330: / Line 330: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2024-03-??''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="FLOW DM">{{cite web |url=https://emonewsdm.com/flow-repurposing-its-2g-network-to-bolster-3g-4/ |title=Flow repurposing its 2G network to bolster 3G & 4 |publisher=Emonews |date=2024-03-04 |access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref>
+| <ref name="FLOW DM">{{cite web |url=https://emonewsdm.com/flow-repurposing-its-2g-network-to-bolster-3g-4/ |title=Flow repurposing its 2G network to bolster 3G & 4 |publisher=Emonews |date=2024-03-04 |access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="3" | {{flag|France}}
@@ Line 337: / Line 337: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2026-12-31''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="BYG FR">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/02/03/bouygues-telecom-to-decommission-2g-in-2026-3g-to-follow-in-2029/ |title=Bouygues Telecom to decommission 2G in 2026, 3G to follow in 2029 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-02-11 |archive-date=2023-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211150539/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/02/03/bouygues-telecom-to-decommission-2g-in-2026-3g-to-follow-in-2029/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="BYG FR">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/02/03/bouygues-telecom-to-decommission-2g-in-2026-3g-to-follow-in-2029/ |title=Bouygues Telecom to decommission 2G in 2026, 3G to follow in 2029 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-02-11 |archive-date=2023-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211150539/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/02/03/bouygues-telecom-to-decommission-2g-in-2026-3g-to-follow-in-2029/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Orange S.A.|Orange]]
 | {{Partial2|''2026-09''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
+| <ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
 |-
 | [[SFR]]
 | {{Partial2|''2026''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="SFR FR">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/01/27/sfr-selects-nokia-for-5g-sa-network-to-decommission-2g3g-by-2028/ |title=SFR selects Nokia for 5G SA network; to decommission 2G/3G by 2028 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-01-27 |access-date=2023-01-28 |archive-date=2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128212928/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/01/27/sfr-selects-nokia-for-5g-sa-network-to-decommission-2g3g-by-2028/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="SFR FR">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/01/27/sfr-selects-nokia-for-5g-sa-network-to-decommission-2g3g-by-2028/ |title=SFR selects Nokia for 5G SA network; to decommission 2G/3G by 2028 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-01-27 |access-date=2023-01-28 |archive-date=2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128212928/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/01/27/sfr-selects-nokia-for-5g-sa-network-to-decommission-2g3g-by-2028/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="3" | {{flag|Germany}}
@@ Line 354: / Line 354: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2028-06-30''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telekom.com/de/medien/medieninformationen/detail/mehr-speed-auf-alten-frequenzen-2g-abschaltung-sorgt-fuer-besseres-netz-1081802 |title=Mehr Speed auf alten Frequenzen: 2G-Abschaltung sorgt für besseres Netz |publisher=[[Deutsche Telekom]] |date=2024-10-22 |access-date=2024-10-22 |language=de}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telekom.com/de/medien/medieninformationen/detail/mehr-speed-auf-alten-frequenzen-2g-abschaltung-sorgt-fuer-besseres-netz-1081802 |title=Mehr Speed auf alten Frequenzen: 2G-Abschaltung sorgt für besseres Netz |publisher=[[Deutsche Telekom]] |date=2024-10-22 |access-date=2024-10-22 |language=de}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Vodafone Germany|Vodafone]]
 | {{Partial2|''2030-12-31''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.computerbase.de/news/internet/gsm-abschaltung-vodafone-will-2g-netze-bis-ende-2030-abschalten.90054/ |title=GSM-Abschaltung: Vodafone will 2G-Netze bis Ende 2030 abschalten |publisher=computerbase.de |date=2024-10-24 |access-date=2024-10-24 |language=de}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.computerbase.de/news/internet/gsm-abschaltung-vodafone-will-2g-netze-bis-ende-2030-abschalten.90054/ |title=GSM-Abschaltung: Vodafone will 2G-Netze bis Ende 2030 abschalten |publisher=computerbase.de |date=2024-10-24 |access-date=2024-10-24 |language=de}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Telefónica Germany|Telefónica]] ([[O2 (brand)|O<sub>2</sub>]])
@@ Line 395: / Line 395: @@
 | 2021-09-30
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="3 HK">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/29/3-hong-kong-to-close-2g-network-at-end-september/ |title=3 Hong Kong to close 2G network at end-September |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2021-07-29 |access-date=2021-08-01 |archive-date=2021-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729120447/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/29/3-hong-kong-to-close-2g-network-at-end-september/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="3 HK">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/29/3-hong-kong-to-close-2g-network-at-end-september/ |title=3 Hong Kong to close 2G network at end-September |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2021-07-29 |access-date=2021-08-01 |archive-date=2021-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729120447/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/29/3-hong-kong-to-close-2g-network-at-end-september/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[China Mobile Hong Kong|CMHK]]
@@ Line 415: / Line 415: @@
 | 2024-11-08
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="CSL HK">{{cite web |url=https://www.hkt.com/assets/Common/files/press-release/2024/Aug/press-release-20240802-en.pdf |title=HKT to terminate 2G services on 8 November 2024 reallocating spectrum resources for advanced mobile services |publisher=HKT Limited |date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref>
+| <ref name="CSL HK">{{cite web |url=https://www.hkt.com/assets/Common/files/press-release/2024/Aug/press-release-20240802-en.pdf |title=HKT to terminate 2G services on 8 November 2024 reallocating spectrum resources for advanced mobile services |publisher=HKT Limited |date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[SmarTone]]
 | 2022-10-14
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="SmarTone HK">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/12/smartone-announces-october-shutdown-for-2g-network/ |title=SmarTone announces October shutdown for 2G network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-08-12 |access-date=2022-08-19}}</ref>
+| <ref name="SmarTone HK">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/12/smartone-announces-october-shutdown-for-2g-network/ |title=SmarTone announces October shutdown for 2G network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-08-12 |access-date=2022-08-19}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="3" | {{flag|Iceland}}
@@ Line 427: / Line 427: @@
 | 2025-01-28
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nova.is/dansgolfid/bless-2g |title=Bless 2G! |publisher=NOVA Hlutafélag |language=is |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nova.is/dansgolfid/bless-2g |title=Bless 2G! |publisher=NOVA Hlutafélag |language=is |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Síminn]]
 | {{Partial2|''2025 Q4''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.siminn.is/2g-3g |title=Lokun 2G & 3G kerfa |publisher=Siminn |language=is |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.siminn.is/2g-3g |title=Lokun 2G & 3G kerfa |publisher=Siminn |language=is |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Sýn (media corporation)|Sýn]]
 | {{Partial2|''Mid 2025''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vodafone.is/hoppum-inn-i-framtidina |title=Hoppum inn í framtíðina |publisher=Vodafone Iceland |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://vb.is/frettir/timabili-2g-og-3g-fer-senn-ad-ljuka/ |title=Tímabili 2G og 3G fer senn að ljúka |publisher=Viðskiptablaðið |language=is |date=2024-09-09 |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://vodafone.is/hoppum-inn-i-framtidina |title=Hoppum inn í framtíðina |publisher=Vodafone Iceland |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://vb.is/frettir/timabili-2g-og-3g-fer-senn-ad-ljuka/ |title=Tímabili 2G og 3G fer senn að ljúka |publisher=Viðskiptablaðið |language=is |date=2024-09-09 |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Israel}}
@@ Line 444: / Line 444: @@
 | 2019-12-31
 | [[iDEN]]
-|<ref name="iDEN IL">{{cite web |url=https://bizzness.net/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1-77350-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D/ |title="מנוי מירס 77350 אינו קיים" |publisher=bizzness.net |language=he |date=2019-09-03 |access-date=2024-10-13 |trans-quote="Dear customer, we would like to inform you that according to the directive of the Ministry of Communications, we are forced to stop using the IDEN system frequencies until December 31, 2019. And we will not be able to continue providing the network services after this date."}}</ref>
+| <ref name="iDEN IL">{{cite web |url=https://bizzness.net/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1-77350-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D/ |title="מנוי מירס 77350 אינו קיים" |publisher=bizzness.net |language=he |date=2019-09-03 |access-date=2024-10-13 |trans-quote="Dear customer, we would like to inform you that according to the directive of the Ministry of Communications, we are forced to stop using the IDEN system frequencies until December 31, 2019. And we will not be able to continue providing the network services after this date."}}</ref>
 |-
 |
@@ Line 456: / Line 456: @@
 | 2024-08-31
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jamaica.loopnews.com/content/digicel-enters-final-stage-2g-network-shutdown |title=Digicel enters final stage of 2G network shutdown {{!}} Loop Jamaica |publisher=Loop News |date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref><ref name="FLOW JM 2" />
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://jamaica.loopnews.com/content/digicel-enters-final-stage-2g-network-shutdown |title=Digicel enters final stage of 2G network shutdown {{!}} Loop Jamaica |publisher=Loop News |date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref><ref name="FLOW JM 2" />
 |-
 | [[Flow (brand)|FLOW]]
 | 2024-04-15
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="FLOW JM 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/05/flow-jamaica-2g-shutdown-underway/ |title=Flow Jamaica 2G shutdown underway |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-08-05 |access-date=2022-08-05 |archive-date=2022-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805184334/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/05/flow-jamaica-2g-shutdown-underway/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FLOW JM 2">{{cite web |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20240414/bangers-begone |title=BANGERS, BEGONE! |publisher=jamaica-gleaner |date=2024-04-14 |access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref><ref name="FLOW JM 3">{{cite web |url=https://iriefm.net/flow-retires-2g-network/ |title=Flow retires 2G network |publisher=Grove Broadcasting Company Ltd |date=2024-04-15 |access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref>
+| <ref name="FLOW JM 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/05/flow-jamaica-2g-shutdown-underway/ |title=Flow Jamaica 2G shutdown underway |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-08-05 |access-date=2022-08-05 |archive-date=2022-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805184334/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/05/flow-jamaica-2g-shutdown-underway/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FLOW JM 2">{{cite web |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20240414/bangers-begone |title=BANGERS, BEGONE! |publisher=jamaica-gleaner |date=2024-04-14 |access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref><ref name="FLOW JM 3">{{cite web |url=https://iriefm.net/flow-retires-2g-network/ |title=Flow retires 2G network |publisher=Grove Broadcasting Company Ltd |date=2024-04-15 |access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="3" | {{flag|Japan}}
@@ Line 468: / Line 468: @@
 | 2012-07-22
 | [[cdmaOne]]
-|<ref name="KDDI JP">{{cite web |url=https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20120418-au-cdma-1x/ |title=Au's "CDMA 1X" finished service on July 22, about 200 types of target models |publisher=gigazine.net |date=2012-04-18 |access-date=2024-09-12}}</ref>
+| <ref name="KDDI JP">{{cite web |url=https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20120418-au-cdma-1x/ |title=Au's "CDMA 1X" finished service on July 22, about 200 types of target models |publisher=gigazine.net |date=2012-04-18 |access-date=2024-09-12}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[NTT Docomo]]
 | 2012-03-31
 | [[Personal Digital Cellular|PDC]]
-|<ref name="NTT JP">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2009/01/30/docomos-nine-month-profits-up-16-announces-2g-shutdown-march-2012/ |title=DoCoMo's nine-month profits up 16%, announces 2G shutdown March 2012 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2009-01-30 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119191112/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2009/01/30/docomos-nine-month-profits-up-16-announces-2g-shutdown-march-2012/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="NTT JP">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2009/01/30/docomos-nine-month-profits-up-16-announces-2g-shutdown-march-2012/ |title=DoCoMo's nine-month profits up 16%, announces 2G shutdown March 2012 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2009-01-30 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119191112/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2009/01/30/docomos-nine-month-profits-up-16-announces-2g-shutdown-march-2012/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[SoftBank Group|Softbank]]
 | 2010-03-31
 | [[Personal Digital Cellular|PDC]]
-|<ref name="Softbank JP">{{cite web |url=https://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/group/sbm/news/press/2009/20091124_01/ |title=Discontinuation Notice of 2G Service |publisher=Softbank |date=2009-11-24 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130194059/https://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/group/sbm/news/press/2009/20091124_01/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Softbank JP">{{cite web |url=https://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/group/sbm/news/press/2009/20091124_01/ |title=Discontinuation Notice of 2G Service |publisher=Softbank |date=2009-11-24 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130194059/https://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/group/sbm/news/press/2009/20091124_01/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | {{flag|Jordan}}
@@ Line 485: / Line 485: @@
 | 2021-03-11
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="Umniah JO">{{cite web |url=https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-technology/wireless-networks/10841-umniah-switching-off-2g-network-in-jordan.html |title=Umniah switching off 2G network in Jordan |publisher=Developing Telecoms |date=2021-03-11 |access-date=2024-09-18 |archive-date=2022-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117185102/https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-technology/wireless-networks/10841-umniah-switching-off-2g-network-in-jordan.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Umniah JO">{{cite web |url=https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-technology/wireless-networks/10841-umniah-switching-off-2g-network-in-jordan.html |title=Umniah switching off 2G network in Jordan |publisher=Developing Telecoms |date=2021-03-11 |access-date=2024-09-18 |archive-date=2022-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117185102/https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-technology/wireless-networks/10841-umniah-switching-off-2g-network-in-jordan.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | {{flag|Luxembourg}}
@@ Line 492: / Line 492: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2030''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
+| <ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
 |-
 | rowspan="3" | {{flag|Macau}}
@@ Line 516: / Line 516: @@
 | 2019-09-01
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="AT&T MX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/01/16/att-mexico-2g-switch-off-imminent-report-says/ |title=AT&T Mexico 2G switch-off imminent, report says |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2019-01-16 |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref><br />Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.
+| <ref name="AT&T MX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/01/16/att-mexico-2g-switch-off-imminent-report-says/ |title=AT&T Mexico 2G switch-off imminent, report says |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2019-01-16 |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref><br />Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.
 |-
 | [[Movistar]]
 | 2021-01-01
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="MS MX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/09/movistar-mexico-to-switch-off-2g-on-1-january-2021/ |title=Movistar Mexico to switch off 2G on 1 January 2021 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2020-10-09 |access-date=2021-04-14 |archive-date=2021-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118182122/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/09/movistar-mexico-to-switch-off-2g-on-1-january-2021/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="MS MX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/09/movistar-mexico-to-switch-off-2g-on-1-january-2021/ |title=Movistar Mexico to switch off 2G on 1 January 2021 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2020-10-09 |access-date=2021-04-14 |archive-date=2021-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118182122/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/09/movistar-mexico-to-switch-off-2g-on-1-january-2021/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Montserrat}}
@@ Line 540: / Line 540: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2025-12-01''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="KPN NL">{{cite web |url=https://www.kpn.com/service/mobiel/from-2g-to-4g-and-5g |title=Faster and safer - Join us on 4G and 5G |publisher=Royal KPN N.V. |access-date=2024-12-24}}</ref>
+| <ref name="KPN NL">{{cite web |url=https://www.kpn.com/service/mobiel/from-2g-to-4g-and-5g |title=Faster and safer - Join us on 4G and 5G |publisher=Royal KPN N.V. |access-date=2024-12-24}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[T-Mobile Nederland|T-Mobile]]
 | 2021-06-01 /<br />2023-11-15&nbsp;(IoT)
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/19/t-mobile-netherlands-delays-consumer-2g-shutdown-to-jun-21-m2m-2g-continues-to-jun-23/ |title=T-Mobile Netherlands delays consumer 2G shutdown to Jun-21; M2M 2G continues to Jun-23 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2020-10-09 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227010438/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/19/t-mobile-netherlands-delays-consumer-2g-shutdown-to-jun-21-m2m-2g-continues-to-jun-23/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/19/t-mobile-netherlands-delays-consumer-2g-shutdown-to-jun-21-m2m-2g-continues-to-jun-23/ |title=T-Mobile Netherlands delays consumer 2G shutdown to Jun-21; M2M 2G continues to Jun-23 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2020-10-09 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227010438/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/19/t-mobile-netherlands-delays-consumer-2g-shutdown-to-jun-21-m2m-2g-continues-to-jun-23/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | {{flag|New Caledonia}}
@@ Line 559: / Line 559: @@
 | 2018-03-15
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/02/13/2degrees-2g-shuts-on-15-march/ |title=2degrees 2G shuts on 15 March |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2018-02-13 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/02/13/2degrees-2g-shuts-on-15-march/ |title=2degrees 2G shuts on 15 March |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2018-02-13 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Spark New Zealand|Spark]]
 | 2012-07-31
 | [[cdmaOne]]
-|<ref name="Spark NZ 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2010/07/08/telecom-nz-to-close-cdma-network-by-mid-2012/ |title=Telecom NZ to close CDMA network by mid-2012 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227041429/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2010/07/08/telecom-nz-to-close-cdma-network-by-mid-2012/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Spark NZ 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/telecom-closes-cdma-network/HUVTE22UMPOKCSH7FEG5ZQGTWU/ |title=Telecom closes CDMA network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2012-07-31 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120215913/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/telecom-closes-cdma-network/HUVTE22UMPOKCSH7FEG5ZQGTWU/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Spark NZ 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2010/07/08/telecom-nz-to-close-cdma-network-by-mid-2012/ |title=Telecom NZ to close CDMA network by mid-2012 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227041429/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2010/07/08/telecom-nz-to-close-cdma-network-by-mid-2012/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Spark NZ 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/telecom-closes-cdma-network/HUVTE22UMPOKCSH7FEG5ZQGTWU/ |title=Telecom closes CDMA network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2012-07-31 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120215913/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/telecom-closes-cdma-network/HUVTE22UMPOKCSH7FEG5ZQGTWU/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Norway}}
@@ Line 571: / Line 571: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2027''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G SWO NO">{{cite web |url=https://www.nkom.no/fysiske-nett-og-infrastruktur/informasjon-om-slukking-av-2g-i-2025 |title=Informasjon om slukking av 2G-nett i 2025 |publisher=Nasjonal kommunikasjonsmyndighet (Nkom) |date=2021-01-04 |access-date=2021-05-03 |archive-date=2022-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515135335/https://www.nkom.no/fysiske-nett-og-infrastruktur/informasjon-om-slukking-av-2g-i-2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="2G SWO NO">{{cite web |url=https://www.nkom.no/fysiske-nett-og-infrastruktur/informasjon-om-slukking-av-2g-i-2025 |title=Informasjon om slukking av 2G-nett i 2025 |publisher=Nasjonal kommunikasjonsmyndighet (Nkom) |date=2021-01-04 |access-date=2021-05-03 |archive-date=2022-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515135335/https://www.nkom.no/fysiske-nett-og-infrastruktur/informasjon-om-slukking-av-2g-i-2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Telia Norge|Telia]]
 | {{Partial2|''2025''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G SWO NO" />
+| <ref name="2G SWO NO" />
 |-
 | {{flag|Panama}}
@@ Line 597: / Line 597: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2030''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
+| <ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
 |-
 | {{flag|Romania}}
@@ Line 604: / Line 604: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2030''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
+| <ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
@@ Line 616: / Line 616: @@
 | 2024-04-22
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="FLOW KN">{{cite web |url=https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/124000 |title=Flow to Upgrade Mobile Network 2G Network To Be Retired |publisher=SKNVibes |date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-09-15 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915112145/https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/124000 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="FLOW KN">{{cite web |url=https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/124000 |title=Flow to Upgrade Mobile Network 2G Network To Be Retired |publisher=SKNVibes |date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-09-15 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915112145/https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/124000 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Saint Lucia}}
@@ Line 628: / Line 628: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2024-04-22''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="FLOW LC">{{cite web |url=https://ict-pulse.com/2024/09/end-of-an-era-the-decommissioning-of-2g-mobile-cellular-networks-in-the-caribbean/ |title=End of an era: The decommissioning of 2G mobile cellular networks in the caribbean |publisher=ICT Pulse & Choice TV Saint Lucia |date=2024-09-06 |access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref>
+| <ref name="FLOW LC">{{cite web |url=https://ict-pulse.com/2024/09/end-of-an-era-the-decommissioning-of-2g-mobile-cellular-networks-in-the-caribbean/ |title=End of an era: The decommissioning of 2G mobile cellular networks in the caribbean |publisher=ICT Pulse & Choice TV Saint Lucia |date=2024-09-06 |access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
@@ Line 640: / Line 640: @@
 | 2023-09-30
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="FLOW VC 1">{{cite web |url=https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-business/operator-news/15386-flow-plans-2g-shutdown-in-saint-vincent.html |title=Flow plans 2G shutdown in Saint Vincent |publisher=Developing Telecoms |date=2023-08-21 |access-date=2024-09-12 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912200532/https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-business/operator-news/15386-flow-plans-2g-shutdown-in-saint-vincent.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FLOW VC 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/flow-to-retire-2g-network-in-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines/ |title=Flow to retire 2G network in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |publisher=Data Centre Dynamics |date=2023-08-23 |access-date=2024-09-12 |archive-date=2023-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007093237/https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/flow-to-retire-2g-network-in-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FLOW VC 3">{{cite web |url=https://annsvg.com/index.php/2023/08/20/flow-retires-its-2g-network-to-bolster-3g-4g/ |title=Flow retires its 2G network to bolster 3G & 4G |publisher=Asbert News Network |date=2023-08-20 |access-date=2024-09-12 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912201540/https://annsvg.com/index.php/2023/08/20/flow-retires-its-2g-network-to-bolster-3g-4g/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FLOW VC 4">{{cite web |url=https://www.stvincenttimes.com/flow-st-vincent-shutting-down-2g-network-upgrade-to-avoid-interruption/ |title=FLOW SVG shutting down 2G network, upgrade to avoid interruption |publisher=St. Vincent Times |date=2023-08-21 |access-date=2024-09-12 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912201545/https://www.stvincenttimes.com/flow-st-vincent-shutting-down-2g-network-upgrade-to-avoid-interruption/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="FLOW VC 1">{{cite web |url=https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-business/operator-news/15386-flow-plans-2g-shutdown-in-saint-vincent.html |title=Flow plans 2G shutdown in Saint Vincent |publisher=Developing Telecoms |date=2023-08-21 |access-date=2024-09-12 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912200532/https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-business/operator-news/15386-flow-plans-2g-shutdown-in-saint-vincent.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FLOW VC 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/flow-to-retire-2g-network-in-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines/ |title=Flow to retire 2G network in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |publisher=Data Centre Dynamics |date=2023-08-23 |access-date=2024-09-12 |archive-date=2023-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007093237/https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/flow-to-retire-2g-network-in-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FLOW VC 3">{{cite web |url=https://annsvg.com/index.php/2023/08/20/flow-retires-its-2g-network-to-bolster-3g-4g/ |title=Flow retires its 2G network to bolster 3G & 4G |publisher=Asbert News Network |date=2023-08-20 |access-date=2024-09-12 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912201540/https://annsvg.com/index.php/2023/08/20/flow-retires-its-2g-network-to-bolster-3g-4g/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FLOW VC 4">{{cite web |url=https://www.stvincenttimes.com/flow-st-vincent-shutting-down-2g-network-upgrade-to-avoid-interruption/ |title=FLOW SVG shutting down 2G network, upgrade to avoid interruption |publisher=St. Vincent Times |date=2023-08-21 |access-date=2024-09-12 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912201545/https://www.stvincenttimes.com/flow-st-vincent-shutting-down-2g-network-upgrade-to-avoid-interruption/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+|-
+| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
+|
+| [[Saudi Telecom Company|stc]]
+| {{Partial2|''2025 Q4''}}
+| [[GSM]]
+| <ref name="2G stc SA">{{cite web |url=https://www.stc.com.sa/content/stc/sa/en/business/static/3G-shutdown.html |title=3G shutdown |publisher=Saudi Telecom Company |access-date=2025-06-28}}</ref>
+|
 |-
 | rowspan="3" | {{flag|Singapore}}
@@ Line 647: / Line 655: @@
 | 2017-04-18
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G Shutdown SG">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/03/28/imda-2g-shutdown-will-start-on-1-april/ |title=IMDA: 2G shutdown will start on 1 April |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-03-28 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124005500/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/03/28/imda-2g-shutdown-will-start-on-1-april/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="2G Shutdown SG">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/03/28/imda-2g-shutdown-will-start-on-1-april/ |title=IMDA: 2G shutdown will start on 1 April |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-03-28 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124005500/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/03/28/imda-2g-shutdown-will-start-on-1-april/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Singtel]]
 | 2017-04-18
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G Shutdown SG" />
+| <ref name="2G Shutdown SG" />
 |-
 | [[StarHub]]
 | 2017-04-18
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G Shutdown SG" />
+| <ref name="2G Shutdown SG" />
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Sint Maarten}}<br />{{flag|Saba}}<br />{{flag|Sint Eustatius}}
@@ Line 664: / Line 672: @@
 | 2019-01-01
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="TelCell SX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/12/20/out-with-the-old-on-new-years-eve-telem-shuts-2g/ |title=Out with the old on New Year's Eve: TelEm shuts 2G |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2018-12-20 |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=2022-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219224935/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/12/20/out-with-the-old-on-new-years-eve-telem-shuts-2g/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="TelCell SX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/12/20/out-with-the-old-on-new-years-eve-telem-shuts-2g/ |title=Out with the old on New Year's Eve: TelEm shuts 2G |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2018-12-20 |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=2022-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219224935/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/12/20/out-with-the-old-on-new-years-eve-telem-shuts-2g/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Flow (brand)|FLOW]] (UTS)
 | 2017-09-26
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="UTS SX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/09/26/uts-not-turning-2g-network-back-on-post-hurricane-irma/ |title=UTS: not turning 2G network back on post-Hurricane Irma |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-09-26 |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=2022-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219224934/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/09/26/uts-not-turning-2g-network-back-on-post-hurricane-irma/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="UTS SX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/09/26/uts-not-turning-2g-network-back-on-post-hurricane-irma/ |title=UTS: not turning 2G network back on post-Hurricane Irma |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-09-26 |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=2022-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219224934/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/09/26/uts-not-turning-2g-network-back-on-post-hurricane-irma/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | {{flag|Slovakia}}
@@ Line 676: / Line 684: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2030''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
+| <ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
 |-
 | rowspan="1" | {{flag|South Africa}}
@@ Line 707: / Line 715: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2030''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
+| <ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
 |-
 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Sweden}}
@@ Line 743: / Line 751: @@
 | 2017-06-30
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="TW">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/07/03/taiwanese-cellcos-shutter-2g-networks/ |title=Taiwanese cellcos shutter 2G networks |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-07-03 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233613/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/07/03/taiwanese-cellcos-shutter-2g-networks/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="TW">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/07/03/taiwanese-cellcos-shutter-2g-networks/ |title=Taiwanese cellcos shutter 2G networks |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-07-03 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233613/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/07/03/taiwanese-cellcos-shutter-2g-networks/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[FarEasTone]]
 | 2017-06-30
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="TW" />
+| <ref name="TW" />
 |-
 | [[Taiwan Mobile]]
 | 2017-06-30
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="TW" />
+| <ref name="TW" />
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
@@ Line 760: / Line 768: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2024-12-31''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="Digicel TT 1">{{cite web |url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/digicel-decommission-2g-network |title=Digicel to decommission 2G network |publisher=Loop News by Digicel |date=2023-11-10 |access-date=2023-11-10}}</ref><ref name="Digicel TT 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/11/13/digicel-to-shut-down-trinidadian-2g-network-on-31-march-2024/ |title=Digicel to shut down Trinidadian 2G network on 31 March 2024 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-18 |archive-date=2023-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118200523/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/11/13/digicel-to-shut-down-trinidadian-2g-network-on-31-march-2024/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Digicel TT 3">{{cite web |url=https://www.digicelgroup.com/tt/en/network |title=Network - Frequently Asked Questions - Why are we decommissioning 2G services on our Network? What are the benefits to the customers? |publisher=Digicel Trinidad and Tobago |date=2024-03-31 |access-date=2023-11-09}}</ref>
+| <ref name="Digicel TT 1">{{cite web |url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/digicel-decommission-2g-network |title=Digicel to decommission 2G network |publisher=Loop News by Digicel |date=2023-11-10 |access-date=2023-11-10}}</ref><ref name="Digicel TT 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/11/13/digicel-to-shut-down-trinidadian-2g-network-on-31-march-2024/ |title=Digicel to shut down Trinidadian 2G network on 31 March 2024 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-18 |archive-date=2023-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118200523/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/11/13/digicel-to-shut-down-trinidadian-2g-network-on-31-march-2024/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Digicel TT 3">{{cite web |url=https://www.digicelgroup.com/tt/en/network |title=Network - Frequently Asked Questions - Why are we decommissioning 2G services on our Network? What are the benefits to the customers? |publisher=Digicel Trinidad and Tobago |date=2024-03-31 |access-date=2023-11-09}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[bmobile]] (TSTT)
 | {{Partial2|''TBD''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-| 850&nbsp;MHz: 2.5&nbsp;MHz GSM + 5&nbsp;MHz UMTS<ref name="SM Frequencies TT">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=TRD |title=spectrummonitoring.com - Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=spectrummonitoring.com |date=2022-11-25 |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref><ref name="bmobile TT">{{cite web |url=https://technewstt.com/tstt-2g-sunset/ |title=TSTT prepares for 2G sunset |publisher=TechNewsTT |date=2018-08-23 |access-date=2024-09-09 |archive-date=2024-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908235204/https://technewstt.com/tstt-2g-sunset/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| 850&nbsp;MHz: 2.5&nbsp;MHz GSM + 5&nbsp;MHz UMTS <ref name="SM Frequencies TT">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=TRD |title=spectrummonitoring.com - Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=spectrummonitoring.com |date=2022-11-25 |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref><ref name="bmobile TT">{{cite web |url=https://technewstt.com/tstt-2g-sunset/ |title=TSTT prepares for 2G sunset |publisher=TechNewsTT |date=2018-08-23 |access-date=2024-09-09 |archive-date=2024-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908235204/https://technewstt.com/tstt-2g-sunset/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}
@@ Line 772: / Line 780: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2025-06-30''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-| 900&nbsp;MHz: 9.8&nbsp;MHz GSM<ref name="SM Frequencies TC">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=TCA |title=spectrummonitoring.com - Turcks and Caicos Islands (GB) |publisher=spectrummonitoring.com |date=2023-04-10 |access-date=2024-09-15 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915001753/https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=TCA |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| 900&nbsp;MHz: 9.8&nbsp;MHz GSM <ref name="SM Frequencies TC">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=TCA |title=spectrummonitoring.com - Turcks and Caicos Islands (GB) |publisher=spectrummonitoring.com |date=2023-04-10 |access-date=2024-09-15 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915001753/https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=TCA |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Flow (brand)|FLOW]]
 | 2024-04-22
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="FLOW TC">{{cite web |url=https://www.newslinetci.com/post/flow-commences-phased-shutdown-of-2g-mobile-network |title=Flow commences Phased Shutdown of 2G Mobile Network |publisher=NewslineTCI |date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-09-11 |archive-date=2024-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911191958/https://www.newslinetci.com/post/flow-commences-phased-shutdown-of-2g-mobile-network |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="FLOW TC">{{cite web |url=https://www.newslinetci.com/post/flow-commences-phased-shutdown-of-2g-mobile-network |title=Flow commences Phased Shutdown of 2G Mobile Network |publisher=NewslineTCI |date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-09-11 |archive-date=2024-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911191958/https://www.newslinetci.com/post/flow-commences-phased-shutdown-of-2g-mobile-network |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
@@ Line 784: / Line 792: @@
 | 2023-12-31
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.du.ae/2g-shutdown |title=du - 2G Shutdown |publisher=du |access-date=2023-10-07 |archive-date=2023-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015015925/https://www.du.ae/2g-shutdown |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.du.ae/2g-shutdown |title=du - 2G Shutdown |publisher=du |access-date=2023-10-07 |archive-date=2023-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015015925/https://www.du.ae/2g-shutdown |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Etisalat]]
 | 2023-12-31
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etisalat.ae/en/c/generic/goodbye-2g.html |title=Etisalat UAE -Goodbye 2G |publisher=Etisalat UAE |access-date=2023-10-07 |archive-date=2023-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015015925/https://www.etisalat.ae/en/c/generic/goodbye-2g.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etisalat.ae/en/c/generic/goodbye-2g.html |title=Etisalat UAE -Goodbye 2G |publisher=Etisalat UAE |access-date=2023-10-07 |archive-date=2023-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015015925/https://www.etisalat.ae/en/c/generic/goodbye-2g.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="1" | {{flag|United Kingdom}}
@@ Line 807: / Line 815: @@
 | 2017-01-01
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="AT&T US">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/01/18/att-confirms-2g-shutdown-took-place-on-1-january/ |title=AT&T confirms 2G shutdown took place on 1 January |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-01-18 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2020-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923224656/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/01/18/att-confirms-2g-shutdown-took-place-on-1-january/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| <ref name="AT&T US">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/01/18/att-confirms-2g-shutdown-took-place-on-1-january/ |title=AT&T confirms 2G shutdown took place on 1 January |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-01-18 |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2020-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923224656/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/01/18/att-confirms-2g-shutdown-took-place-on-1-january/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Cellcom (United States)|Cellcom]]<br /><small>(US only)</small>
@@ Line 832: / Line 840: @@
 | 2007-06-30
 | [[D-AMPS]]
-|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315194659/http://edgewireless.com/customerService/tdmaGsmFAQ.html |title=Edge Wireless - TDMA Network Changing to GSM/GPRS FAQs |publisher=Edge Wireless, LLC. |date=2007-03-15 |access-date=2025-02-26}}</ref>
+| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315194659/http://edgewireless.com/customerService/tdmaGsmFAQ.html |title=Edge Wireless - TDMA Network Changing to GSM/GPRS FAQs |publisher=Edge Wireless, LLC. |date=2007-03-15 |access-date=2025-02-26}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]]
@@ Line 847: / Line 855: @@
 | 2009-02
 | [[D-AMPS]]
-|<ref name="USC DAMPS US">{{cite web |url=https://s24.q4cdn.com/321867585/files/doc_financials/archive/US-Cellular-2009-Annual-Report.pdf |title=US-Cellular-2009-Annual-Report |publisher=US-Cellular |date=2010-04-06 |access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref>
+| <ref name="USC DAMPS US">{{cite web |url=https://s24.q4cdn.com/321867585/files/doc_financials/archive/US-Cellular-2009-Annual-Report.pdf |title=US-Cellular-2009-Annual-Report |publisher=US-Cellular |date=2010-04-06 |access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref>
 |-
 | [[UScellular]]<br /><small>(US only)</small>
@@ Line 869: / Line 877: @@
 | {{Partial2|''2025''}}
 | [[GSM]]
-|<ref name="2G Shutdown VE" />
+| <ref name="2G Shutdown VE" />
 |-
 | [[Movistar]]

2G: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 12:59, 30 June 2025

History

Evolution of GSM 2G

2.5G (GPRS)

2.75G (EDGE)

2.875G (EDGE Evolution)

Phase-out

Criticism

Past 2G networks

See also

References

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