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| leader_name = [[Francisco G. Cigarroa]] | | leader_name = [[Francisco G. Cigarroa]] | ||
| leader_title2 = President | | leader_title2 = President | ||
| leader_name2 = [[ | | leader_name2 = [[Heather Gerken]] | ||
| area_served = United States, Africa, Latin America, Middle East, Asia | | area_served = United States, Africa, Latin America, Middle East, Asia | ||
| purpose = | | purpose = | ||
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}} | }} | ||
The '''Ford Foundation''' is an American [[private foundation]] with the stated goal of advancing human welfare.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.urbanministry.org/grants/ford-foundation| title=The Ford Foundation (Grants)| publisher=Urban Ministry: TechMission| access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Overview"/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/offtheshelf/ots.jhtml?id=388300002| title=A Memoir of the Ford Foundation: The Early Years| last1=Walsh| first1=Evelyn C.| last2=Atwater| first2=Verne S.| publisher=The Foundation Center: Philanthropy News Digest| date=9 August 2012| access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref><ref name=wellesley>{{cite web| url=http://academics.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/DevelopmentLinks/foundatIons.htm| title=Development Studies: Foundations & Philanthropies| publisher=[[Wellesley College]]| access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref> Created in 1936<ref name=dietrich>{{cite journal| url=http://www.pittsburghquarterly.com/index.php/Historic-Profiles/in-the-american-grain.html| title=In the American grain: The amazing story of Henry Ford| last=Dietrich II| first=William S.| date=Fall 2011| journal=[[Pittsburgh Quarterly]]| access-date=2014-05-14| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102063611/http://www.pittsburghquarterly.com/index.php/Historic-Profiles/in-the-american-grain.html| archive-date=2013-11-02}}</ref> by [[Edsel Ford]] and his father [[Henry Ford]], it was originally funded by a $25,000 (about $550,000 in 2023) gift from | The '''Ford Foundation''' is an American [[private foundation]] with the stated goal of advancing human welfare.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.urbanministry.org/grants/ford-foundation| title=The Ford Foundation (Grants)| publisher=Urban Ministry: TechMission| access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Overview"/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/offtheshelf/ots.jhtml?id=388300002| title=A Memoir of the Ford Foundation: The Early Years| last1=Walsh| first1=Evelyn C.| last2=Atwater| first2=Verne S.| publisher=The Foundation Center: Philanthropy News Digest| date=9 August 2012| access-date=2014-05-14| archive-date=January 27, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127020445/http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/offtheshelf/ots.jhtml?id=388300002| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=wellesley>{{cite web| url=http://academics.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/DevelopmentLinks/foundatIons.htm| title=Development Studies: Foundations & Philanthropies| publisher=[[Wellesley College]]| access-date=2014-05-14| archive-date=October 15, 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015005729/http://academics.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/DevelopmentLinks/foundatIons.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> Created in 1936<ref name=dietrich>{{cite journal| url=http://www.pittsburghquarterly.com/index.php/Historic-Profiles/in-the-american-grain.html| title=In the American grain: The amazing story of Henry Ford| last=Dietrich II| first=William S.| date=Fall 2011| journal=[[Pittsburgh Quarterly]]| access-date=2014-05-14| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102063611/http://www.pittsburghquarterly.com/index.php/Historic-Profiles/in-the-american-grain.html| archive-date=2013-11-02}}</ref> by [[Edsel Ford]] and his father [[Henry Ford]], it was originally funded by a $25,000 (about $550,000 in 2023) gift from Edsel Ford.<ref name="Overview">{{cite web| url=http://www.fordfoundation.org/about-us/history| title=History: Overview| publisher=Ford Foundation| access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref> By 1947, after the death of the two founders, the foundation owned 90% of the [[non-voting shares]] of the [[Ford Motor Company]]; the Ford family retained the voting shares.<ref name=funding>{{cite web| url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/the-ford-foundation-history| title=The Ford Foundation History| publisher=Funding Universe| access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref> Between 1955 and 1974, the foundation sold its Ford Motor Company holdings and now plays no role in the automobile company. | ||
In 1949, [[Henry Ford II]] created [[ | In 1949, [[Henry Ford II]] created [[Ford Philanthropy]], a separate corporate foundation that to this day serves as the philanthropic arm of the Ford Motor Company and is not associated with the foundation. For many years, the foundation's [[financial endowment]] was the largest private endowment in the world; it remains among the [[List of wealthiest charitable foundations|wealthiest]]. For fiscal year 2023, it reported assets of $16.8 billion and expenses of $852 million.<ref name="financials" /> | ||
For many years, the foundation's [[financial endowment]] was the largest private endowment in the world; it remains among the [[List of wealthiest foundations|wealthiest]]. For fiscal year 2023, it reported assets of $16.8 billion and expenses of $852 million.<ref name=financials/> | |||
== Mission == | == Mission == | ||
{{Progressivism|Organizations}} | {{Progressivism|Organizations}} | ||
After its establishment in 1936, the Ford Foundation shifted its focus from Michigan philanthropic support to five areas of action. In the 1950 ''Report of the Study of the Ford Foundation on Policy and Program'', the trustees set forth five "areas of action, | After its establishment in 1936, the Ford Foundation shifted its focus from Michigan philanthropic support to five areas of action. In the 1950 ''Report of the Study of the Ford Foundation on Policy and Program'', the trustees set forth five "areas of action", according to Richard Magat (2012): economic improvements, education, freedom and democracy, human behavior, and world peace.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtvTBwAAQBAJ&q=minority&pg=PA18|title=The Ford Foundation at Work: Philanthropic Choices, Methods and Styles|last=Magat|first=Richard|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461329190|language=en}}</ref> These areas of action were identified in a 1949 report by [[Horace Rowan Gaither]].<ref>{{cite book|last=McCarthy|first=Anna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvBM1BeUwBcC&pg=PA120|title=The Citizen Machine: Governing by Television in 1950s America|publisher=New Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1-59558-596-7|page=120|access-date=June 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Wilson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFNy-BIExW8C&pg=PA4|title=American Higher Education Transformed, 1940–2005: Documenting the National Discourse|last2=Bender|first2=Thomas|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8018-9585-2|page=4|access-date=June 24, 2020}}</ref> | ||
Since the middle of the 20th century, many of the Ford Foundation's programs have focused on increased under-represented or "minority" group representation in education, science and policy-making. For over eight decades their mission decisively | Since the middle of the 20th century, many of the Ford Foundation's programs have focused on increased under-represented or "minority" group representation in education, science, and policy-making. For over eight decades their mission has decisively advocated and supported the reduction of poverty and injustice, among other values, including the maintenance of democratic values, promoting engagement with other nations, and sustaining human progress and achievement at home and abroad.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
The Ford Foundation is one of the primary foundations offering grants that support and maintain diversity in higher education with fellowships for pre-doctoral, dissertation, and post-doctoral scholarship to increase diverse representation among Native Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans, and other under-represented Asian and Latino sub-groups throughout the U.S. academic labor market.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith |first=Daryl|year=1996|title=Achieving Faculty Diversity. Debunking the Myths|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED398785|language=en|publisher=<!-- Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1818 R Street, N -->|isbn=9780911696684}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Knowles|first1=Marjorie Fine|last2=Harleston|first2=Bernard W.|year=1997|title=Achieving Diversity in the Professoriate: Challenges and Opportunities.|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED450619|language=en}}</ref> The outcomes of scholarship by its grantees from the late 20th century through the 21st century have contributed to substantial data and scholarship including national surveys such as the [[Nelson Diversity Surveys]] in STEM.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cep.org/making-it-count-the-evolution-of-the-ford-foundations-diversity-data-collection/|title=Making It Count: The Evolution of the Ford Foundation's Diversity Data Collection - The Center for Effective Philanthropy|date=2018-09-20|work=The Center for Effective Philanthropy|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://datahound.scientopia.org/2015/12/03/nelson-diversity-surveys-a-rich-data-source-regarding-women-and-minorities-in-science/|title=Nelson Diversity Surveys: A Rich Data Source regarding Women and Minorities in Science|date=2015-12-03|work=Datahound|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ucd-advance.ucdavis.edu/post/nelson-diversity-surveys|title=Nelson Diversity Surveys - UC Davis ADVANCE|work=UC Davis ADVANCE|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Nelson|first1=Donna J.|title=Diversity in Science: An Overview|date=January 2017|work=ACS Symposium Series|pages=1–12|publisher=American Chemical Society|doi=10.1021/bk-2017-1255.ch001|isbn=978-0841232341|last2=Cheng|first2=H. N.|doi-access=free}}</ref> | The Ford Foundation is one of the primary foundations offering grants that support and maintain diversity in higher education, with fellowships for pre-doctoral, dissertation, and post-doctoral scholarship to increase diverse representation among Native Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans, and other under-represented Asian and Latino sub-groups throughout the U.S. academic labor market.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith |first=Daryl|year=1996|title=Achieving Faculty Diversity. Debunking the Myths|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED398785|language=en|publisher=<!-- Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1818 R Street, N -->|isbn=9780911696684}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Knowles|first1=Marjorie Fine|last2=Harleston|first2=Bernard W.|year=1997|title=Achieving Diversity in the Professoriate: Challenges and Opportunities.|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED450619|language=en}}</ref> The outcomes of scholarship by its grantees from the late 20th century through the 21st century have contributed to substantial data and scholarship, including national surveys such as the [[Nelson Diversity Surveys]] in STEM.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cep.org/making-it-count-the-evolution-of-the-ford-foundations-diversity-data-collection/|title=Making It Count: The Evolution of the Ford Foundation's Diversity Data Collection - The Center for Effective Philanthropy|date=2018-09-20|work=The Center for Effective Philanthropy|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://datahound.scientopia.org/2015/12/03/nelson-diversity-surveys-a-rich-data-source-regarding-women-and-minorities-in-science/|title=Nelson Diversity Surveys: A Rich Data Source regarding Women and Minorities in Science|date=2015-12-03|work=Datahound|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ucd-advance.ucdavis.edu/post/nelson-diversity-surveys|title=Nelson Diversity Surveys - UC Davis ADVANCE|work=UC Davis ADVANCE|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Nelson|first1=Donna J.|title=Diversity in Science: An Overview|date=January 2017|work=ACS Symposium Series|pages=1–12|publisher=American Chemical Society|doi=10.1021/bk-2017-1255.ch001|isbn=978-0841232341|last2=Cheng|first2=H. N.|doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The foundation was established January 15, 1936,<ref name="Overview" /> in Michigan by Edsel Ford (president of the [[Ford Motor Company]]) and two other executives "to receive and administer funds for scientific, educational and charitable purposes, all for the public welfare."<ref name="bak">{{cite book| title=Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire| last=Bak| first=Richard| date=3 July 2003| page=217| publisher=Wiley| isbn=978-0471234876}}</ref> It was a reaction to [[FDR]]'s [[Revenue Act of 1935|1935 tax reform]] introducing 70% [[Estate tax in the United States|tax on large inheritances]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/ford-foundation | title=Ford Foundation }}</ref> During its early years, the foundation operated in Michigan under the leadership of Ford family members and their associates and supported the [[Henry Ford Hospital]] and the [[The Henry Ford|Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village]], among other organizations. | The foundation was established on January 15, 1936,<ref name="Overview" /> in Michigan by Edsel Ford (president of the [[Ford Motor Company]]) and two other executives "to receive and administer funds for scientific, educational and charitable purposes, all for the public welfare."<ref name="bak">{{cite book| title=Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire| last=Bak| first=Richard| date=3 July 2003| page=217| publisher=Wiley| isbn=978-0471234876}}</ref> It was a reaction to [[FDR]]'s [[Revenue Act of 1935|1935 tax reform]] introducing 70% [[Estate tax in the United States|tax on large inheritances]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/ford-foundation | title=Ford Foundation }}</ref> During its early years, the foundation operated in Michigan under the leadership of Ford family members and their associates and supported the [[Henry Ford Hospital]] and the [[The Henry Ford|Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village]], among other organizations. | ||
After the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and Henry Ford in 1947, the presidency of the foundation fell to Edsel's eldest son, [[Henry Ford II]]. It quickly became clear that the foundation would become the largest philanthropic organization in the world. The board of trustees then commissioned the Gaither Study Committee to chart the foundation's future. The committee, headed by California attorney [[H. Rowan Gaither]], recommended that the foundation become an international philanthropic organization dedicated to the advancement of human welfare and "urged the foundation to focus on solving humankind's most pressing problems, whatever they might be, rather than work in any particular field. | After the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and Henry Ford in 1947, the presidency of the foundation fell to Edsel's eldest son, [[Henry Ford II]]. It quickly became clear that the foundation would become the largest philanthropic organization in the world. The board of trustees then commissioned the Gaither Study Committee to chart the foundation's future. The committee, headed by California attorney [[H. Rowan Gaither]], recommended that the foundation become an international philanthropic organization dedicated to the advancement of human welfare and "urged the foundation to focus on solving humankind's most pressing problems, whatever they might be, rather than work in any particular field". The report was endorsed by the foundation's board of trustees, and in 1953 it voted to move the foundation to New York City.<ref name="Overview" /><ref name="philanthropynews">{{cite news|url=http://www.philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/michigan-attorney-general-looks-into-policies-of-ford-foundation|title=Michigan Attorney General Looks Into Policies of Ford Foundation|date=11 April 2006|work=Philanthropy News Digest|access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fordfound.org/newsroom/view_news_detail.cfm?news_index=166|title=Ford Foundation website press release|date=2005-12-02|access-date=2007-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905140444/http://www.fordfound.org/newsroom/view_news_detail.cfm?news_index=166|archive-date=2007-09-05|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/about/about-ford/our-origins/ |title=Our origins |website=www.fordfoundation.org |access-date=2022-04-26}}</ref> | ||
At the height of the Cold War, the Ford Foundation was involved in several covert operations. At least one of these involved the Fighting Group Against Inhumanity, a CIA-controlled group based in West Berlin that undertook various missions in the East Zone, including intelligence-gathering and sabotage. In 1950, the U.S. government sought to bolster the Fighting Group's legitimacy as a credible independent organization, so the International Rescue Committee was recruited to act as its advocate. With the support of Eleanor Roosevelt, the Ford Foundation was persuaded to give the Fighting Group a grant of $150,000. A press release announcing the grant pointed to the assistance | At the height of the Cold War, the Ford Foundation was involved in several covert operations. At least one of these involved the Fighting Group Against Inhumanity, a CIA-controlled group based in West Berlin that undertook various missions in the East Zone, including intelligence-gathering and sabotage. In 1950, the U.S. government sought to bolster the Fighting Group's legitimacy as a credible independent organization, so the [[International Rescue Committee]] was recruited to act as its advocate. With the support of Eleanor Roosevelt, the Ford Foundation was persuaded to give the Fighting Group a grant of $150,000. A press release announcing the grant pointed to the assistance the Fighting Group gave to "carefully screened" defectors to come to the West. The [[National Committee for a Free Europe]], a CIA proprietary, actually administered the grant.<ref>Chester, Covert Network, pp. 89–94.</ref> | ||
From 1958 to 1965, the Foundation's chairman was [[John J. McCloy]], who in 1942 had founded the [[Office of Strategic Services]], a secretive intelligence agency that | From 1958 to 1965, the Foundation's chairman was [[John J. McCloy]], who in 1942 had founded the [[Office of Strategic Services]], a secretive intelligence agency that became the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bird |first1=Kai |title=The Chairman: John J. McCloy and the Making of the American Establishment |date=1992 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0671454153 |page=130}}</ref> McCloy knowingly employed numerous US intelligence agents and, based on the premise that a relationship with the CIA was inevitable, set up a three-person committee responsible for dealing with its requests.<ref name="Saunders 1999">{{cite book| last=Saunders| first=Frances Stonor| title=The cultural cold war: the CIA and the world of arts and letters| date=1 April 2001| publisher=New Press| location=New York| isbn=978-1565846647| pages=138–139| quote=Farfield was by no means exceptional in its incestuous character. This was the nature of power in America at this time. The system of private patronage was the pre-eminent model of how small, homogenous groups came to defend America's—and, by definition, their own—interests. Serving at the top of the pile was every self-respecting WASP's ambition. The prize was a trusteeship on either the Ford Foundation or the Rockefeller Foundation, both of which were conscious instruments of covert US policy, with directors and officers who were closely connected to, or even members of American intelligence.}}</ref>{{sfn|Saunders|2001|p=141|ps=: "Addressing the concerns of some of the foundation's executives, who felt that its reputation for integrity and independence was being undermined by involvement with the CIA, McCloy argued that if they failed to cooperate, the CIA would simply penetrate the foundation quietly by recruiting or inserting staff at the lower levels. McCloy's answer to this problem was to create an administrative unit within the Ford Foundation specifically to deal with the CIA. Headed by McCloy and two foundation officers, this three-man committee had to be consulted every time the Agency wanted to use the foundation, either as a pass-through, or as cover."}} The CIA channeled funds through the Ford Foundation as part of its efforts to influence culture.<ref>Petras, James. "[http://monthlyreview.org/1999/11/01/the-cia-and-the-cultural-cold-war-revisited/ The CIA and the Cultural Cold War Revisited]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150426183142/http://monthlyreview.org/1999/11/01/the-cia-and-the-cultural-cold-war-revisited/ Archive] ). ''[[Monthly Review]]''. November 1, 1999. Retrieved on April 18, 2015.</ref><ref name="Troy">{{cite journal |last=Troy |first=Thomas M. Jr. |year=2002 |title=The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no1/article08.html |url-status=dead |journal=[[Studies in Intelligence]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]: [[Center for the Study of Intelligence]] |volume=46 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613110501/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no1/article08.html |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="epstein">{{cite journal |last=Epstein |first=Jason |date=20 April 1967 |title=The CIA and the Intellectuals |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1967/apr/20/the-cia-and-the-intellectuals/?pagination=false |journal=[[New York Review of Books]] |volume=8 |issue=7 |access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref> | ||
Writer and activist [[Arundhati Roy]] has said that the foundation, along with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], supported imperialist efforts by the U.S. government during the [[Cold War]]. For example, Roy wrote that the Ford Foundation's establishment of an economics course at the Indonesian University helped align students with the [[30 September Movement|1965 coup]] that installed [[Suharto]] as president.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Capitalism: A Ghost Story|date=2014|last=Roy|first=Arundhati|publisher=Haymarket|isbn=9781608463855| pages=27–28| quote=By the 1950s the Rockefeller and Ford Foundation, funding several NGOs and international educational institutions, began to work as quasi-extensions of the US government, which at the time was toppling democratically elected government in Latin America, Iran, and Indonesia. (That was also around the time it made its entry into India, then non-aligned but clearly tilting toward the Soviet Union.) The Ford Foundation established a US-style economics course at the Indonesian University. Elite Indonesian students, trained in counterinsurgency by US army officers, played a crucial part in the 1965 CIA-backed coup in Indonesia that brought General Suharto to power. He repaid his mentors by slaughtering hundreds of thousands of communist rebels.}}</ref> | Writer and activist [[Arundhati Roy]] has said that the foundation, along with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], supported imperialist efforts by the U.S. government during the [[Cold War]]. For example, Roy wrote that the Ford Foundation's establishment of an economics course at the Indonesian University helped align students with the [[30 September Movement|1965 coup]] that installed [[Suharto]] as president.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Capitalism: A Ghost Story|date=2014|last=Roy|first=Arundhati|publisher=Haymarket|isbn=9781608463855| pages=27–28| quote=By the 1950s the Rockefeller and Ford Foundation, funding several NGOs and international educational institutions, began to work as quasi-extensions of the US government, which at the time was toppling democratically elected government in Latin America, Iran, and Indonesia. (That was also around the time it made its entry into India, then non-aligned but clearly tilting toward the Soviet Union.) The Ford Foundation established a US-style economics course at the Indonesian University. Elite Indonesian students, trained in counterinsurgency by US army officers, played a crucial part in the 1965 CIA-backed coup in Indonesia that brought General Suharto to power. He repaid his mentors by slaughtering hundreds of thousands of communist rebels.}}</ref> | ||
The board of directors decided to diversify the foundation's portfolio and gradually divested itself of its substantial Ford Motor Company stock between 1955 and 1974.<ref name="Overview" /> This divestiture allowed Ford Motor to become a [[public company]]. Finally, Henry Ford II resigned from his trustee's role in a surprise move in December 1976. In his resignation letter, he cited his dissatisfaction with the foundation holding on to | The board of directors decided to diversify the foundation's portfolio and gradually divested itself of its substantial Ford Motor Company stock between 1955 and 1974.<ref name="Overview" /> This divestiture allowed Ford Motor to become a [[public company]]. Finally, Henry Ford II resigned from his trustee's role in a surprise move in December 1976. In his resignation letter, he cited his dissatisfaction with the foundation holding on to its old programs, large staff and what he saw as [[anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]] undertones in the foundation's work.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/12/archives/henry-ford-2d-quits-foundation-urges-appreciation-for-capitalism.html| author = Maurice, Caroll | title=Henry Ford 2d Quits Foundation, Urges Appreciation for Capitalism| newspaper=The New York Times| date=12 January 1977 | access-date=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/12/archives/foundation-woes-the-saga-of-henry-ford-ii-part-two-ford-ford.html| author = Weymouth, Lally | title=FOUNDATION WOES THE SAGA OF HENRY FORD II: PART TWO| newspaper=The New York Times| date=12 March 1978 | access-date=2018-05-21}}</ref> In February 2019, Henry Ford III was elected to the Foundation's Board of Trustees, becoming the first [[Ford family]] member to serve on the board since his grandfather resigned in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/the-latest/news/ford-foundation-elects-henry-ford-iii-to-board-of-trustees/|title=Ford Foundation elects Henry Ford III to Board of Trustees|website=Ford Foundation|date=22 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2019/02/22/henry-ford-iii-foundation-trustee/2940596002/|title=First Ford since 1976 named to Ford Foundation board|last=Rubin|first=Neal|website=Detroit News|language=en|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> | ||
For many years, the foundation topped annual lists compiled by the [[Foundation Center]] of US foundations with the most assets and the highest annual giving. The foundation has fallen a few places in those lists in recent years, especially with the establishment of the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] in 2000. As of May 4, 2013, the foundation was second in terms of assets<ref name="statements">{{cite web|publisher=Ford Foundation| url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/work/our-grants/how-we-make-grants| title=About| access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref> and tenth in terms of annual grant giving.<ref name="giving">{{cite web|url=http://foundationcenter.org/findfunders/topfunders/top100giving.html|title=Top 100 U.S. Foundations by Total Giving|date=26 April 2014|publisher=Foundation Center|access-date=2014-05-11}}</ref> | For many years, the foundation topped annual lists compiled by the [[Foundation Center]] of US foundations with the most assets and the highest annual giving. The foundation has fallen a few places in those lists in recent years, especially with the establishment of the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] in 2000. As of May 4, 2013, the foundation was second in terms of assets<ref name="statements">{{cite web|publisher=Ford Foundation| url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/work/our-grants/how-we-make-grants| title=About| access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref> and tenth in terms of annual grant giving.<ref name="giving">{{cite web|url=http://foundationcenter.org/findfunders/topfunders/top100giving.html|title=Top 100 U.S. Foundations by Total Giving|date=26 April 2014|publisher=Foundation Center|access-date=2014-05-11}}</ref> | ||
In 2012, the foundation declared that it was not a research library and transferred its archives from New York City to the [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] in [[Sleepy Hollow, New York]].<ref name="archives">{{cite press release|url=http://www.rockarch.org/collections/news/fordnews.php|title=Rockefeller Archive Center to House Ford Foundation Records|publisher=Rockefeller Archive Center|date=9 April 2012|access-date=2014-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528154557/http://rockarch.org/collections/news/fordnews.php|archive-date=28 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | In 2012, the foundation declared that it was not a research library and transferred its archives from New York City to the [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] in [[Sleepy Hollow, New York]].<ref name="archives">{{cite press release|url=http://www.rockarch.org/collections/news/fordnews.php|title=Rockefeller Archive Center to House Ford Foundation Records|publisher=Rockefeller Archive Center|date=9 April 2012|access-date=2014-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528154557/http://rockarch.org/collections/news/fordnews.php|archive-date=28 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
In 2020, the Ford Foundation issued a [[bond offering]] earlier in the year that allowed it to raise $1 billion and thus "substantially increase the amount of money it distributes."<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2020-09-25 |title=New Initiative Will Grant $156 Million to Arts Groups Run by People of Color (Published 2020) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/25/arts/ford-foundation-grants-people-of-color.html |access-date=2025-08-04 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
==Grants and initiatives== | ==Grants and initiatives== | ||
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In the 1960s and 1970s, the foundation gave money to government and non-government contraceptive initiatives to support [[population control]], peaking at an estimated $169 million in the last 1960s.<ref>Wooster, Martin. ''Great Philanthropic Mistakes'', second edition (Washington: Hudson Institute, 2010), p. 68–95.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harkavy |first1=Oscar |last2=Saunders |first2=Lyle |last3=Southam |first3=Anna L. |date=1968 |title=An Overview of the Ford Foundation's Strategy for Population Work |journal=Demography |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=541–552 |doi=10.2307/2060244 |issn=0070-3370 |jstor=2060244 |s2cid=46952340 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>[https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2434/1964-annual-report.pdf Ford Foundation Annual Report 1964]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hertz |first=Roy |date=1984-02-01 |title=A quest for better contraception: The Ford foundation's contribution to reproductive science and contraceptive development 1959–1983 |url=https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/0010-7824(84)90024-6/abstract |journal=Contraception |language=English |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–142 |doi=10.1016/0010-7824(84)90024-6 |issn=0010-7824 |pmid=6723310|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The foundation ended most support for contraception programs by the 1970s. | In the 1960s and 1970s, the foundation gave money to government and non-government contraceptive initiatives to support [[population control]], peaking at an estimated $169 million in the last 1960s.<ref>Wooster, Martin. ''Great Philanthropic Mistakes'', second edition (Washington: Hudson Institute, 2010), p. 68–95.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harkavy |first1=Oscar |last2=Saunders |first2=Lyle |last3=Southam |first3=Anna L. |date=1968 |title=An Overview of the Ford Foundation's Strategy for Population Work |journal=Demography |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=541–552 |doi=10.2307/2060244 |issn=0070-3370 |jstor=2060244 |s2cid=46952340 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>[https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2434/1964-annual-report.pdf Ford Foundation Annual Report 1964]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hertz |first=Roy |date=1984-02-01 |title=A quest for better contraception: The Ford foundation's contribution to reproductive science and contraceptive development 1959–1983 |url=https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/0010-7824(84)90024-6/abstract |journal=Contraception |language=English |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–142 |doi=10.1016/0010-7824(84)90024-6 |issn=0010-7824 |pmid=6723310|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The foundation ended most support for contraception programs by the 1970s. | ||
Between 1969 and 1978, the foundation was the biggest funder for research into [[in vitro fertilisation]] in the United Kingdom, which led to the first baby, [[Louise Brown]] born from the technique. The Ford Foundation provided $1,170,194 | Between 1969 and 1978, the foundation was the biggest funder for research into [[in vitro fertilisation]] in the United Kingdom, which led to the first baby, [[Louise Brown]], born from the technique. The Ford Foundation provided $1,170,194 toward the research.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.rbms.2015.04.006 |pmid=28299365 |pmc=5341286 |title=The Oldham Notebooks: An analysis of the development of IVF 1969-1978. VI. Sources of support and patterns of expenditure |journal=Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=58–70 |year=2015 |last1=Johnson |first1=Martin H |last2=Elder |first2=Kay }}</ref> | ||
=== Law school clinics and civil rights litigation === | === Law school clinics and civil rights litigation === | ||
In 1968, the foundation began disbursing $12 million to persuade [[law school]]s to make "law school clinics" part of their curriculum. | In 1968, the foundation began disbursing $12 million to persuade [[law school]]s to make "law school clinics" part of their curriculum. Clinics were intended to give practical experience in law practice while providing [[pro bono]] representation to the poor. Conservative critic [[Heather Mac Donald]] contends that the foundation's financial involvement instead changed the clinics' focus from giving students practical experience to engaging in leftwing advocacy.<ref name="macdonald">{{cite news| first=Heather| last=MacDonald| title=Clinical, Cynical| newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]| date=11 January 2006| page=A14 | access-date=2017-01-11| url=http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/clinical-cynical-1617.html}} Mac Donald's characterization of clinics as primarily vehicles for leftwing advocacy was disputed in several letters to the editor published two weeks later. See "Letters to the Editor" (25 January 2006). Wall Street Journal. p. A13.</ref> | ||
In the late 1960s and the 1970s, the foundation expanded into civil rights litigation, granting $18 million to civil rights litigation groups.<ref name="CSPCS">{{cite web|url=http://cspcs.sanford.duke.edu/sites/default/files/descriptive/civil_rights_litigation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308103035/http://cspcs.sanford.duke.edu/sites/default/files/descriptive/civil_rights_litigation.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-08 |url-status=live|title=Case 36: Social Movements and Civil Rights Litigation", Ford Foundation 1967|last=Schindler|first=Steven|publisher=Center for Strategic Philanthropy & Civil Society, [[Sanford School of Public Policy]]|access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref> The [[Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund]] was incorporated in 1967 with a $2.2 million grant from the foundation.<ref name="CSPCS" /> The same year, the foundation funded the establishment of the Southwest Council of La Raza, the predecessor of the [[National Council of La Raza]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf858006dc/admin/|title=Guide to the National Council of La Raza Records,1968-1996|website=www.oac.cdlib.org|access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref> In 1972, the foundation provided a three-year $1.2 million grant to the [[Native American Rights Fund]].<ref name="CSPCS" /> The same year, the [[Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund]] opened with funding from numerous organizations, including the foundation.<ref name="CSPCS" /><ref name="latino">{{cite web|url=http://latinojustice.org/about/history|title=Four Decades of Protecting Latino Civil Rights|publisher=Latino Justice|access-date=2014-05-14|archive-date=June 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615010345/http://latinojustice.org/about/history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1974, the foundation contributed funds to the [[Southwest Voter Registration Education Project]].<ref name="acosta">{{cite web|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/wcs01|title=Southwest Voter Registration Education Project|last=Acosta|first=Teresa Palomo|date=2010-06-15|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=[[Texas State Historical Association]]|access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref> | |||
=== New York City public school decentralization === | === New York City public school decentralization === | ||
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=== Ford Foundation Symphony Program === | === Ford Foundation Symphony Program === | ||
From 1966 through 1976, to encourage the growth and stability of symphony orchestras across the USA and Puerto Rico, the Ford Foundation invested $80.2 million to: (1) improve orchestra artistic quality, (2) strengthen orchestra finances, and (3) raise the income and prestige of the music profession in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philip |first=Hart |title=Orpheus in the New World the symphony orchestra as an American cultural institution-its past, present, and future |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. New York |year=1973 |isbn=0393021696 |publication-date=1973 |pages=339–347 |language=English}}</ref> | From 1966 through 1976, to encourage the growth and stability of symphony orchestras across the USA and Puerto Rico, the Ford Foundation invested $80.2 million to: (1) improve orchestra artistic quality, (2) strengthen orchestra finances, and (3) raise the income and prestige of the music profession in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philip |first=Hart |title=Orpheus in the New World the symphony orchestra as an American cultural institution-its past, present, and future |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. New York |year=1973 |isbn=0393021696 |publication-date=1973 |pages=339–347 |language=English}}</ref> Sixty-one American symphony orchestras participated in the unprecedented ten-year Ford Foundation Symphony Program.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Hart |first=Philip |title=Orpheus in the New World The Symphony Orchestra as an American Cultural institution-its past, present, and future |publisher=W.W.Norton Company, Inc., New York |year=1973 |isbn=0393021696 |publication-date=1973 |pages=512 |language=English}}</ref> Part of the "Big Bang" of music philanthropy, the Symphony Program represented the single largest gift program ever devised for the arts.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Henahan |first=Donal |date=10 January 1968 |title=Nation's Orchestras unsettled by Need to Match Ford Grants; Foundation's Gift Plan is Raising Standards, but Some Symphonies Fear Demise if Fund Drives Fail |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/01/10/archives/nations-orchestras-unsettled-by-need-to-match-ford-grants.html |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=New York Times |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Michael Sy |date=May 2017 |title=The Big Bang of Music Patronage in the United States: The National Endowment for the Arts, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Ford Foundation |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/77d583c4-cc2a-42ab-ac8f-70ad75b7292b/content |journal=Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences |via=Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard DASH.HARVARD.EDU}}</ref> The Symphony Program infused cash into orchestra budgets throughout the nation resulting in increased orchestra seasons and musician wages.<ref name=":2" /> But many orchestras could not sustain the economic growth provided by the Symphony Program grant.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 1986 |title=Money Blues Is a Sad Tune Orchestras Know By Heart |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1986/01/26/money-blues-is-a-sad-tune-orchestras-know-by-heart/ |access-date=26 April 2025 |work=Orlando Sentinel}}</ref> According to one author, orchestra managers had to "manufacture" work to sustain the longer season which, in turn, generated "boredom and apathy" among professional symphony musicians.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Horowitz |first=Joseph |title=Classical Music in America A History of its Rise and Fall |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company New York London |year=2005 |isbn=9780393057171 |publication-date=2005 |pages=483–484 |language=English}}</ref> | ||
=== Ford Foundation Fellowship Program === | === Ford Foundation Fellowship Program === | ||
The foundation began awarding postdoctoral fellowships in 1980 to increase the diversity of the nation's academic faculties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inaugural Senior Ford Fellows Conference Report |url=https://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/pgasite/documents/webpage/pga_081750.pdf}}</ref> | The foundation began awarding postdoctoral fellowships in 1980 to increase the diversity of the nation's academic faculties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inaugural Senior Ford Fellows Conference Report |url=https://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/pgasite/documents/webpage/pga_081750.pdf}}</ref> In 1986, the foundation added predoctoral and dissertation fellowships to the program. The foundation awards 130 to 140 fellowships annually, and there are 4,132 living fellows.{{When|date=May 2023}} The [[University of California, Berkeley]] was affiliated with 346 fellows at the time of award, the most of any institution, followed by the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] at 205, [[Harvard University]] at 191, [[Stanford University]] at 190, and [[Yale University]] at 175. The 10-campus [[University of California]] system accounts for 947 fellows, and the [[Ivy League]] is affiliated with 726.<ref>{{cite web| title=Ford Foundation Fellowship Programs| url=https://sites.nationalacademies.org/pga/fordfellowships/index.htm| publisher=National Academies| access-date=2022-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Directory of Ford Foundation Fellows| url=https://nrc58.nas.edu/FordFellows20/Directory_Ford30/ModulePage.aspx?Nav=Home| publisher=National Academies| access-date=2022-04-12}}</ref> In 2022, the foundation announced that it would be sunsetting the program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ford Foundation Sunsets Diversity Fellowships |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/ford-foundation-sunsets-diversity-fellowships-70551 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=The Scientist Magazine® |language=en}}</ref> | ||
=== Infectious diseases === | === Infectious diseases === | ||
In 1987, the foundation began making grants to fight the AIDS epidemic<ref name="hamilton">{{cite web| title=30 years of AIDS – Looking back at the Philanthropic Response| url=http://www.fcaaids.org/AboutUs/FCAABlog/ViewBlogEntry/tabid/247/ArticleId/80/30-years-of-AIDS-Looking-back-at-the-Philanthropic-Response.aspx| publisher=Funders Concerned About AIDS| first=Sarah| last=Hamilton| date=21 June 2011| access-date=2014-05-14| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415080244/http://www.fcaaids.org/AboutUs/FCAABlog/ViewBlogEntry/tabid/247/ArticleId/80/30-years-of-AIDS-Looking-back-at-the-Philanthropic-Response.aspx| archive-date=15 April 2013}}</ref> and in 2010 made grant disbursements totaling $29,512,312.<ref name="concerned">{{cite web| url=http://issuu.com/fcaa/docs/final_2011_fcaa_resourcetracking_web/1?viewMode=magazine&mode=embed| title=U.S. Philanthropic Support to Address HIV/AIDS in 2010| publisher=Funders Concerned About AIDS| date=November 2011| pages=29, 41| access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref> | In 1987, the foundation began making grants to fight the [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] epidemic<ref name="hamilton">{{cite web| title=30 years of AIDS – Looking back at the Philanthropic Response| url=http://www.fcaaids.org/AboutUs/FCAABlog/ViewBlogEntry/tabid/247/ArticleId/80/30-years-of-AIDS-Looking-back-at-the-Philanthropic-Response.aspx| publisher=Funders Concerned About AIDS| first=Sarah| last=Hamilton| date=21 June 2011| access-date=2014-05-14| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415080244/http://www.fcaaids.org/AboutUs/FCAABlog/ViewBlogEntry/tabid/247/ArticleId/80/30-years-of-AIDS-Looking-back-at-the-Philanthropic-Response.aspx| archive-date=15 April 2013}}</ref> and in 2010 made grant disbursements totaling $29,512,312.<ref name="concerned">{{cite web| url=http://issuu.com/fcaa/docs/final_2011_fcaa_resourcetracking_web/1?viewMode=magazine&mode=embed| title=U.S. Philanthropic Support to Address HIV/AIDS in 2010| publisher=Funders Concerned About AIDS| date=November 2011| pages=29, 41| access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref> | ||
In June 2020, Ford Foundation decided to raise $1 billion through a combination of 30 and 50- year bonds. The main aim was to help nonprofits hit by the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Manfredi|first=Lucas|date=2020-06-10|title=Ford Foundation to raise $1B for coronavirus-hit nonprofits: Report|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/money/ford-foundation-to-raise-1-billion-for-coronavirus-hit-nonprofits-report|access-date=2020-06-29|website=FOXBusiness|language=en-US}}</ref> | In June 2020, Ford Foundation decided to raise $1 billion through a combination of 30 and 50- year bonds. The main aim was to help nonprofits hit by the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Manfredi|first=Lucas|date=2020-06-10|title=Ford Foundation to raise $1B for coronavirus-hit nonprofits: Report|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/money/ford-foundation-to-raise-1-billion-for-coronavirus-hit-nonprofits-report|access-date=2020-06-29|website=FOXBusiness|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
=== | === Impact investing === | ||
According to ''[[Fast Company]]'' in 2018, "Ford spends between $500 million and $550 million a year to support social justice work around the world. But last year, it also pledged to plow up to $1 billion of its overall $12.5 billion endowment over the next decade into [[Impact investing|impact investing via mission-related investments (MRIs)]] that generate both financial and social returns."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40525515/how-the-ford-foundation-is-investing-in-change|title=How The Ford Foundation Is Investing In Change|date=2018-03-01|work=Fast Company|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/ford-foundation-outlines-new-grantmaking-approach|title=Ford Foundation Outlines New Grantmaking Approach|last=Center|first=Foundation|work=Philanthropy News Digest (PND)|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en}}</ref> Former Foundation president Darren Walker wrote in a 2015 ''New York Times'' op-ed that the grant-making philanthropy of institutions like the Ford Foundation "must not only be generosity, but justice."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/18/opinion/why-giving-back-isnt-enough.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=opinion-c-col-right-region®ion=opinion-c-col-right-region&WT.nav=opinion-c-col-right-region&_r=1|title=Opinion {{!}} Why Giving Back Isn't Enough|work=The New York Times |date=17 December 2015 |access-date=2018-10-20|language=en|last1=Walker |first1=Darren }}</ref> Walker added that the Ford Foundation seeks to address "the underlying causes that perpetuate human suffering" to grapple with and intervene in "''how'' and ''why''" inequality persists.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
=== Disability Futures Fellows === | |||
In October 2020, Ford Foundation partnered with the [[Andrew W. Mellon Foundation]] to establish the Disability Future Fellowship, awarding $50,000 annually to disabled writers, actors, and directors in the fields of creative arts performance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Warner Bros. Issues Apology After 'The Witches' Faces Backlash From Disability Community {{!}} Hollywood Reporter|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/warner-bros-issues-apology-after-the-witches-backlash-from-disability-community|access-date=2020-11-05|website=www.hollywoodreporter.com|date=4 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ford, Mellon Foundations Initiate Disability Futures Fellows, Awarding $50,000 to 20 Artists|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/ford-and-mellon-foundations-name-twenty-inaugural-50-000-disability-futures-fellows-84222|access-date=2020-11-05|website=www.artforum.com|date=October 14, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
===Creative Futures===<!---redirect [[Creative Futures (Ford Foundation)]] targets this section---> | |||
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]] and the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement in 2020, the Ford Foundation commissioned 40 "provocations" from creatives and thinkers who work in various fields in the arts and culture, including documentary film and journalism.<ref name=fusco>{{cite web | last=Fusco | first=Coco| author-link= Coco Fusco | title=We Need New Institutions, Not New Art | website=Hyperallergic | date=26 October 2020 | url=https://hyperallergic.com/596864/ford-foundation-creative-futures-coco-fusco/ | access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref><ref name=ford>{{cite web | title=Creative Futures | website=Ford Foundation | date=24 October 2024 | url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/news-and-stories/big-ideas/creative-futures/ | access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> Written submissions relate to "reimagining of the fundamental ways in which culture and media operate", including funding, place, the future of making art, and novel [[paradigm]]s, such as a cooperative model of sharing resources.<ref name=ford/> | |||
The pieces written by the contributors have been published by both the Ford Foundation and other organizations, such as the arts magazine ''[[Hyperallergic]],''<ref name=fusco/> the [[Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center]],<ref name=smith>{{cite web | title=Creative Futures | website=[[Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center]]: Literature + Museum | date=June 8, 2023 | url=https://apa.si.edu/lit/creativefutures/ | access-date=July 20, 2025}}</ref> and the [[International Documentary Association]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Ford Foundation Creative Futures | website=[[International Documentary Association]] | url=https://www.documentary.org/tags/ford-foundation-creative-futures | access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> Contributors include [[Coco Fusco]],<ref name=fusco/> [[Sofía Gallisá Muriente|Sofía Gallisá]], [[Craig Santos Perez]], [[Chris E. Vargas]], [[Marc Bamuthi Joseph]],<ref name=smith/> [[Aaron Dworkin]], and [[Shaun Leonardo]].<ref name=ford/> | |||
=== America's Cultural Treasures === | |||
In 2020, the Ford Foundation launched [[America's Cultural Treasures]], a joint effort with other philanthropists and foundations to pledge over $165 million to help "arts organizations run by people of color" after the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":02" /> | |||
=== Israel and Palestine === | |||
In April 2011, the foundation announced that it would cease its funding for programs in Israel as of 2013. It had provided $40 million to [[nongovernmental organizations]] in Israel since 2003 exclusively through the [[New Israel Fund]] (NIF), in the areas of advancing civil and human rights, helping Arab citizens in Israel gain equality and promoting Israeli-Palestinian peace. The grants from the foundation were roughly a third of NIF's donor-advised giving, which totaled about $15 million a year.<ref name="guttman">{{cite news| url=http://forward.com/articles/136816/| title=Ford Foundation, Big Funder of Israeli NGOs, Pulling Out| last=Guttman| first=Nathan| work=[[The Jewish Daily Forward]]| date=6 April 2011| access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref> | |||
In 2003, the foundation was critiqued by US news service [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], among others, for supporting Palestinian nongovernmental organizations accused of promoting [[antisemitism]] at the [[World Conference against Racism 2001|2001 World Conference Against Racism]]. Under pressure by several members of Congress, chief among them Representative [[Jerrold Nadler]], the foundation apologized and then prohibited promotion of "violence, terrorism, bigotry or the destruction of any state" among its grantees. This move itself sparked protest among university provosts and various nonprofit groups on free speech grounds.<ref name="sherman">{{cite magazine|last=Sherman|first=Scott|date=5 June 2006|title=Target Ford|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/target-ford|magazine=[[The Nation]]|access-date=2014-05-14|archive-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629052003/https://www.thenation.com/article/target-ford/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
In | |||
The foundation's partnership with the [[New Israel Fund]] (NIF), which began in 2003, was criticized for its choice of mostly progressive grantees and causes. This criticism peaked after the 2001 World Conference Against Racism, where some nongovernmental organizations the foundation funded backed resolutions equating Israeli policies with [[apartheid]]. In response, the Ford Foundation tightened its criteria for funding. In 2011, [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] Israeli politicians and organizations such as [[NGO Monitor]] and [[Im Tirtzu]] claimed the NIF and other recipients of Ford Foundation grants supported the delegitimization of Israel.<ref name="guttman" /> | |||
The Ford Foundation announced in October 2023 that it would no longer provide grants to [[Alliance for Global Justice]], a nonprofit with alleged "Palestinian terrorism ties". "Ford has no plans to support any Alliance for Global Justice projects in the future and it is not eligible for any other funding", a spokeswoman for the foundation said,<ref name="Kaminsky">{{Cite web |last=Kaminsky |first=Gabe |date=2023-10-31 |title=Liberal Ford Foundation to stop funding Palestinian terror-tied group: 'Years of warnings' |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/ford-foundation-palestinian-drops-alliance-for-global-justice |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Washington Examiner |language=en}}</ref> adding, "We will not be funding them in the future".<ref name="Kaminsky" /> | |||
== Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice == | |||
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|caption2=Atrium with garden | |caption2=Atrium with garden | ||
}} | }} | ||
Completed in 1968 by the firm of [[Roche-Dinkeloo]], the [[Ford Foundation Building|Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice]] in New York City (originally the Ford Foundation Building) was the first large-scale architectural building in the country to devote a substantial portion of its space to horticultural pursuits. Its [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] was designed with the notion of having urban [[Open space reserve|greenspace]] accessible to all and is an example of the application in architecture of [[environmental psychology]]. The building, 321 E. 42nd St., was recognized in 1968 by the [[Architectural Record]] as "a new kind of urban space". This design concept was used by others for many of the indoor shopping malls and skyscrapers built in subsequent decades. The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] designated the building a landmark in 1997.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barron|first=James|date=1997-10-22|title=3 Buildings Are Declared Landmarks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/22/nyregion/3-buildings-are-declared-landmarks.html|access-date=2020-06-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | Completed in 1968 by the firm of [[Roche-Dinkeloo]], the [[Ford Foundation Building|Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice]] in New York City (originally the Ford Foundation Building) was the first large-scale architectural building in the country to devote a substantial portion of its space to [[Horticulture|horticultural]] pursuits. Its [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] was designed with the notion of having urban [[Open space reserve|greenspace]] accessible to all and is an example of the application in architecture of [[environmental psychology]].<ref name=barron1997/> | ||
The building, 321 E. 42nd St., was recognized in 1968 by the [[Architectural Record]] as "a new kind of urban space". This design concept was used by others for many of the indoor shopping malls and skyscrapers built in subsequent decades. The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] designated the building a landmark in 1997.<ref name=barron1997>{{Cite news|last=Barron|first=James|date=1997-10-22|title=3 Buildings Are Declared Landmarks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/22/nyregion/3-buildings-are-declared-landmarks.html|access-date=2020-06-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | |||
<!---not sure this belong here as all, per [[WP:CRIT]], [[WP:CONTROVERSY]], etc. - among other things, it's not specific to this institution, and the first sentence mentions a 2000 book, with a 1994 reference - but just commenting it out for now.--- | |||
==Criticism== | |||
American author, philosopher, and critic of [[feminism]] [[Christina Hoff Sommers]] criticized The Ford Foundation in her book ''The War Against Boys'' (2000) as well as other institutions in education and government.<ref name="sommers">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIUtJziqIqAC&q=ford+foundation|title=Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women|last=Sommers|first=Christina Hoff|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=1994|isbn=978-0-671-79424-8|pages=53, 82}}</ref> Sommers alleged that the Ford Foundation funded feminist ideologies that marginalize boys and men. A ''[[Washington Post]]'' book review by E. Anthony Rotundo, author of ''"American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era''", alleges that Sommers "persistently misrepresents scholarly debate, [and] ignores evidence that contradicts her assertions" about a gender war against boys and men.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/books/reviews/waragainstboys0703.htm|title=Washingtonpost.com: The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism Is Harming Our Young Men|website=www.washingtonpost.com|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref> Spanish judge Francisco Serrano Castro made similar claims to Sommers in his 2012 book ''The Dictatorship of Gender''.<ref name="castro">{{cite book|title=La dictadura de género|last=Castro|first=Francisco Serrano|publisher={{Interlanguage link|Grupo Almuzara|es}}|isbn=978-84-15338-81-9}}</ref>---> | |||
== Presidents == | == Presidents == | ||
| Line 142: | Line 153: | ||
* [[Susan Berresford]]: 1996–2007 | * [[Susan Berresford]]: 1996–2007 | ||
* [[Luis Ubiñas]]: 2008–2013 | * [[Luis Ubiñas]]: 2008–2013 | ||
* [[Darren Walker]]: | * [[Darren Walker]]: 2013–2025 | ||
* [[Heather Gerken]]: 2025– | |||
''Source'': History of Ford Foundation<ref name=presidents>{{cite web| url=http://www.fordfoundation.org/about-us/history/presidents| title=Presidents| publisher=Ford Foundation| access-date=2014-05-14| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708163121/http://www.fordfoundation.org/about-us/history/presidents| archive-date=2014-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/about/about-ford/our-origins/ |title=Our origins |publisher=Ford Foundation |access-date=2019-06-06 }}</ref> | ''Source'': History of Ford Foundation<ref name=presidents>{{cite web| url=http://www.fordfoundation.org/about-us/history/presidents| title=Presidents| publisher=Ford Foundation| access-date=2014-05-14| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708163121/http://www.fordfoundation.org/about-us/history/presidents| archive-date=2014-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/about/about-ford/our-origins/ |title=Our origins |publisher=Ford Foundation |access-date=2019-06-06 }}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
{{cmn| | {{cmn|* [[List of projects of the Ford Foundation]] | ||
* [[Carnegie Corporation]] | * [[Carnegie Corporation]] | ||
* [[Contemporary Music Project]] | * [[Contemporary Music Project]] | ||
Latest revision as of 06:03, 19 November 2025
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The Ford Foundation is an American private foundation with the stated goal of advancing human welfare.[1][2][3][4] Created in 1936[5] by Edsel Ford and his father Henry Ford, it was originally funded by a $25,000 (about $550,000 in 2023) gift from Edsel Ford.[2] By 1947, after the death of the two founders, the foundation owned 90% of the non-voting shares of the Ford Motor Company; the Ford family retained the voting shares.[6] Between 1955 and 1974, the foundation sold its Ford Motor Company holdings and now plays no role in the automobile company.
In 1949, Henry Ford II created Ford Philanthropy, a separate corporate foundation that to this day serves as the philanthropic arm of the Ford Motor Company and is not associated with the foundation. For many years, the foundation's financial endowment was the largest private endowment in the world; it remains among the wealthiest. For fiscal year 2023, it reported assets of $16.8 billion and expenses of $852 million.[7]
Mission
Template:Progressivism After its establishment in 1936, the Ford Foundation shifted its focus from Michigan philanthropic support to five areas of action. In the 1950 Report of the Study of the Ford Foundation on Policy and Program, the trustees set forth five "areas of action", according to Richard Magat (2012): economic improvements, education, freedom and democracy, human behavior, and world peace.[8] These areas of action were identified in a 1949 report by Horace Rowan Gaither.[9][10]
Since the middle of the 20th century, many of the Ford Foundation's programs have focused on increased under-represented or "minority" group representation in education, science, and policy-making. For over eight decades their mission has decisively advocated and supported the reduction of poverty and injustice, among other values, including the maintenance of democratic values, promoting engagement with other nations, and sustaining human progress and achievement at home and abroad.[8]
The Ford Foundation is one of the primary foundations offering grants that support and maintain diversity in higher education, with fellowships for pre-doctoral, dissertation, and post-doctoral scholarship to increase diverse representation among Native Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans, and other under-represented Asian and Latino sub-groups throughout the U.S. academic labor market.[11][12] The outcomes of scholarship by its grantees from the late 20th century through the 21st century have contributed to substantial data and scholarship, including national surveys such as the Nelson Diversity Surveys in STEM.[13][14][15][16]
History
The foundation was established on January 15, 1936,[2] in Michigan by Edsel Ford (president of the Ford Motor Company) and two other executives "to receive and administer funds for scientific, educational and charitable purposes, all for the public welfare."[17] It was a reaction to FDR's 1935 tax reform introducing 70% tax on large inheritances.[18] During its early years, the foundation operated in Michigan under the leadership of Ford family members and their associates and supported the Henry Ford Hospital and the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village, among other organizations.
After the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and Henry Ford in 1947, the presidency of the foundation fell to Edsel's eldest son, Henry Ford II. It quickly became clear that the foundation would become the largest philanthropic organization in the world. The board of trustees then commissioned the Gaither Study Committee to chart the foundation's future. The committee, headed by California attorney H. Rowan Gaither, recommended that the foundation become an international philanthropic organization dedicated to the advancement of human welfare and "urged the foundation to focus on solving humankind's most pressing problems, whatever they might be, rather than work in any particular field". The report was endorsed by the foundation's board of trustees, and in 1953 it voted to move the foundation to New York City.[2][19][20][21]
At the height of the Cold War, the Ford Foundation was involved in several covert operations. At least one of these involved the Fighting Group Against Inhumanity, a CIA-controlled group based in West Berlin that undertook various missions in the East Zone, including intelligence-gathering and sabotage. In 1950, the U.S. government sought to bolster the Fighting Group's legitimacy as a credible independent organization, so the International Rescue Committee was recruited to act as its advocate. With the support of Eleanor Roosevelt, the Ford Foundation was persuaded to give the Fighting Group a grant of $150,000. A press release announcing the grant pointed to the assistance the Fighting Group gave to "carefully screened" defectors to come to the West. The National Committee for a Free Europe, a CIA proprietary, actually administered the grant.[22]
From 1958 to 1965, the Foundation's chairman was John J. McCloy, who in 1942 had founded the Office of Strategic Services, a secretive intelligence agency that became the Central Intelligence Agency.[23] McCloy knowingly employed numerous US intelligence agents and, based on the premise that a relationship with the CIA was inevitable, set up a three-person committee responsible for dealing with its requests.[24]Template:Sfn The CIA channeled funds through the Ford Foundation as part of its efforts to influence culture.[25][26][27]
Writer and activist Arundhati Roy has said that the foundation, along with the Rockefeller Foundation, supported imperialist efforts by the U.S. government during the Cold War. For example, Roy wrote that the Ford Foundation's establishment of an economics course at the Indonesian University helped align students with the 1965 coup that installed Suharto as president.[28]
The board of directors decided to diversify the foundation's portfolio and gradually divested itself of its substantial Ford Motor Company stock between 1955 and 1974.[2] This divestiture allowed Ford Motor to become a public company. Finally, Henry Ford II resigned from his trustee's role in a surprise move in December 1976. In his resignation letter, he cited his dissatisfaction with the foundation holding on to its old programs, large staff and what he saw as anti-capitalist undertones in the foundation's work.[29][30] In February 2019, Henry Ford III was elected to the Foundation's Board of Trustees, becoming the first Ford family member to serve on the board since his grandfather resigned in 1976.[31][32]
For many years, the foundation topped annual lists compiled by the Foundation Center of US foundations with the most assets and the highest annual giving. The foundation has fallen a few places in those lists in recent years, especially with the establishment of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2000. As of May 4, 2013, the foundation was second in terms of assets[33] and tenth in terms of annual grant giving.[34]
In 2012, the foundation declared that it was not a research library and transferred its archives from New York City to the Rockefeller Archive Center in Sleepy Hollow, New York.[35]
In 2020, the Ford Foundation issued a bond offering earlier in the year that allowed it to raise $1 billion and thus "substantially increase the amount of money it distributes."[36]
Grants and initiatives
Media and public broadcasting
In 1951, the foundation made its first grant to support the development of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), then known as National Educational Television (NET), which went on the air in 1952.[37] These grants continued, and in 1969 the foundation gave $1 million to the Children's Television Workshop to help create and launch Sesame Street.[38]
Fund for Adult Education
Active from 1951 to 1961, this subsidiary of the Ford Foundation supported initiatives in the field of adult education, including educational television and public broadcasting. During its existence, the FAE spent over $47 million.[39]Template:Rp Among its funding programs were a series of individual awards for people working in adult education to support training and field study experiences.[40] The FAE also sponsored conferences on the topic of adult education, including the Bigwin Institute on Community Leadership in 1954 and the Mountain Plains Adult Education Conference in 1957. These conferences were open to academics, community organizers, and members of the public involved in the field of adult education.[41][42]
In addition to grantmaking to organizations and projects, the FAE established its own programs, including the Test Cities Project and the Experimental Discussion Project.[39]Template:Rp The Experimental Discussion Project produced media that was distributed to local organizations to conduct viewing or listening and discussion sessions. Topics covered included international affairs, world cultures, and United States history.[43][44]
Educational theorist Robert Maynard Hutchins helped to found the FAE, and educational television advocate C. Scott Fletcher served as its president.[39]Template:Rp
Arts and free speech
The foundation underwrote the Fund for the Republic in the 1950s. Throughout the 1950s, the foundation provided arts and humanities fellowships that supported the work of figures like Josef Albers, James Baldwin, Saul Bellow, Herbert Blau, E. E. Cummings, Anthony Hecht, Flannery O'Connor, Jacob Lawrence, Maurice Valency, Robert Lowell, and Margaret Mead. In 1961, Kofi Annan received an educational grant from the foundation to finish his studies at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota.[45]
Under its "Program for Playwrights", the foundation helped to support writers in professional regional theaters such as San Francisco's Actor's Workshop and offered similar help to Houston's Alley Theatre and Washington's Arena Stage.[46]
Reproductive rights
In the 1960s and 1970s, the foundation gave money to government and non-government contraceptive initiatives to support population control, peaking at an estimated $169 million in the last 1960s.[47][48][49][50] The foundation ended most support for contraception programs by the 1970s.
Between 1969 and 1978, the foundation was the biggest funder for research into in vitro fertilisation in the United Kingdom, which led to the first baby, Louise Brown, born from the technique. The Ford Foundation provided $1,170,194 toward the research.[51]
Law school clinics and civil rights litigation
In 1968, the foundation began disbursing $12 million to persuade law schools to make "law school clinics" part of their curriculum. Clinics were intended to give practical experience in law practice while providing pro bono representation to the poor. Conservative critic Heather Mac Donald contends that the foundation's financial involvement instead changed the clinics' focus from giving students practical experience to engaging in leftwing advocacy.[52]
In the late 1960s and the 1970s, the foundation expanded into civil rights litigation, granting $18 million to civil rights litigation groups.[53] The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund was incorporated in 1967 with a $2.2 million grant from the foundation.[53] The same year, the foundation funded the establishment of the Southwest Council of La Raza, the predecessor of the National Council of La Raza.[54] In 1972, the foundation provided a three-year $1.2 million grant to the Native American Rights Fund.[53] The same year, the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund opened with funding from numerous organizations, including the foundation.[53][55] In 1974, the foundation contributed funds to the Southwest Voter Registration Education Project.[56]
New York City public school decentralization
In 1967 and 1968, the foundation provided financial support for decentralization and community control of public schools in New York City. Decentralization in Ocean Hill–Brownsville led to the firing of some white teachers and administrators, which provoked a citywide teachers' strike led by the United Federation of Teachers.[57]
Ford Foundation Symphony Program
From 1966 through 1976, to encourage the growth and stability of symphony orchestras across the USA and Puerto Rico, the Ford Foundation invested $80.2 million to: (1) improve orchestra artistic quality, (2) strengthen orchestra finances, and (3) raise the income and prestige of the music profession in the U.S.[58] Sixty-one American symphony orchestras participated in the unprecedented ten-year Ford Foundation Symphony Program.[59] Part of the "Big Bang" of music philanthropy, the Symphony Program represented the single largest gift program ever devised for the arts.[60][61] The Symphony Program infused cash into orchestra budgets throughout the nation resulting in increased orchestra seasons and musician wages.[62] But many orchestras could not sustain the economic growth provided by the Symphony Program grant.[60][63] According to one author, orchestra managers had to "manufacture" work to sustain the longer season which, in turn, generated "boredom and apathy" among professional symphony musicians.[62]
Ford Foundation Fellowship Program
The foundation began awarding postdoctoral fellowships in 1980 to increase the diversity of the nation's academic faculties.[64] In 1986, the foundation added predoctoral and dissertation fellowships to the program. The foundation awards 130 to 140 fellowships annually, and there are 4,132 living fellows.Template:When The University of California, Berkeley was affiliated with 346 fellows at the time of award, the most of any institution, followed by the University of California, Los Angeles at 205, Harvard University at 191, Stanford University at 190, and Yale University at 175. The 10-campus University of California system accounts for 947 fellows, and the Ivy League is affiliated with 726.[65][66] In 2022, the foundation announced that it would be sunsetting the program.[67]
Infectious diseases
In 1987, the foundation began making grants to fight the AIDS epidemic[68] and in 2010 made grant disbursements totaling $29,512,312.[69]
In June 2020, Ford Foundation decided to raise $1 billion through a combination of 30 and 50- year bonds. The main aim was to help nonprofits hit by the pandemic.[70]
Impact investing
According to Fast Company in 2018, "Ford spends between $500 million and $550 million a year to support social justice work around the world. But last year, it also pledged to plow up to $1 billion of its overall $12.5 billion endowment over the next decade into impact investing via mission-related investments (MRIs) that generate both financial and social returns."[71][72] Former Foundation president Darren Walker wrote in a 2015 New York Times op-ed that the grant-making philanthropy of institutions like the Ford Foundation "must not only be generosity, but justice."[73] Walker added that the Ford Foundation seeks to address "the underlying causes that perpetuate human suffering" to grapple with and intervene in "how and why" inequality persists.[73]
Disability Futures Fellows
In October 2020, Ford Foundation partnered with the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to establish the Disability Future Fellowship, awarding $50,000 annually to disabled writers, actors, and directors in the fields of creative arts performance.[74][75]
Creative Futures
During the COVID-19 pandemic and the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020, the Ford Foundation commissioned 40 "provocations" from creatives and thinkers who work in various fields in the arts and culture, including documentary film and journalism.[76][77] Written submissions relate to "reimagining of the fundamental ways in which culture and media operate", including funding, place, the future of making art, and novel paradigms, such as a cooperative model of sharing resources.[77]
The pieces written by the contributors have been published by both the Ford Foundation and other organizations, such as the arts magazine Hyperallergic,[76] the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center,[78] and the International Documentary Association.[79] Contributors include Coco Fusco,[76] Sofía Gallisá, Craig Santos Perez, Chris E. Vargas, Marc Bamuthi Joseph,[78] Aaron Dworkin, and Shaun Leonardo.[77]
America's Cultural Treasures
In 2020, the Ford Foundation launched America's Cultural Treasures, a joint effort with other philanthropists and foundations to pledge over $165 million to help "arts organizations run by people of color" after the COVID-19 pandemic.[36]
Israel and Palestine
In April 2011, the foundation announced that it would cease its funding for programs in Israel as of 2013. It had provided $40 million to nongovernmental organizations in Israel since 2003 exclusively through the New Israel Fund (NIF), in the areas of advancing civil and human rights, helping Arab citizens in Israel gain equality and promoting Israeli-Palestinian peace. The grants from the foundation were roughly a third of NIF's donor-advised giving, which totaled about $15 million a year.[80]
In 2003, the foundation was critiqued by US news service Jewish Telegraphic Agency, among others, for supporting Palestinian nongovernmental organizations accused of promoting antisemitism at the 2001 World Conference Against Racism. Under pressure by several members of Congress, chief among them Representative Jerrold Nadler, the foundation apologized and then prohibited promotion of "violence, terrorism, bigotry or the destruction of any state" among its grantees. This move itself sparked protest among university provosts and various nonprofit groups on free speech grounds.[81]
The foundation's partnership with the New Israel Fund (NIF), which began in 2003, was criticized for its choice of mostly progressive grantees and causes. This criticism peaked after the 2001 World Conference Against Racism, where some nongovernmental organizations the foundation funded backed resolutions equating Israeli policies with apartheid. In response, the Ford Foundation tightened its criteria for funding. In 2011, right-wing Israeli politicians and organizations such as NGO Monitor and Im Tirtzu claimed the NIF and other recipients of Ford Foundation grants supported the delegitimization of Israel.[80]
The Ford Foundation announced in October 2023 that it would no longer provide grants to Alliance for Global Justice, a nonprofit with alleged "Palestinian terrorism ties". "Ford has no plans to support any Alliance for Global Justice projects in the future and it is not eligible for any other funding", a spokeswoman for the foundation said,[82] adding, "We will not be funding them in the future".[82]
Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice
Template:Multiple image Completed in 1968 by the firm of Roche-Dinkeloo, the Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice in New York City (originally the Ford Foundation Building) was the first large-scale architectural building in the country to devote a substantial portion of its space to horticultural pursuits. Its atrium was designed with the notion of having urban greenspace accessible to all and is an example of the application in architecture of environmental psychology.[83]
The building, 321 E. 42nd St., was recognized in 1968 by the Architectural Record as "a new kind of urban space". This design concept was used by others for many of the indoor shopping malls and skyscrapers built in subsequent decades. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building a landmark in 1997.[83]
Presidents
- Edsel Ford (founder): 1936–1943
- Henry Ford II: 1943–1950
- Paul G. Hoffman: 1950–1953
- H. Rowan Gaither: 1953–1956
- Henry T. Heald: 1956–1965
- McGeorge Bundy: 1966–1979
- Franklin Thomas: 1979–1996
- Susan Berresford: 1996–2007
- Luis Ubiñas: 2008–2013
- Darren Walker: 2013–2025
- Heather Gerken: 2025–
Source: History of Ford Foundation[84][85]
See also
References
Further reading
- Michael Sy Uy, Ask the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music (Oxford University Press, 2020), 270pp.
- Inderjeet Parmar, Foundations of the American Century: The Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller Foundations in the Rise of American Power. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
- Frances Stonor Saunders (2001), The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters, New Press, Template:ISBN. [Aka, Who Paid the Piper?: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War 1999, Granta (UK edition)].
° Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network, Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M. E. Sharpe, 1995, Routledge, 2015.
- Edward H Berman The Ideology of Philanthropy: The influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller foundations on American foreign policy, State University of New York Press, 1983.
- Yves Dezalay and Bryant G Garth, The Internationalization of Palace Wars: lawyers, economists, and the contest to transform Latin American states, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2002.
- Template:Webarchive
- Template:Webarchive
- "Target Ford Template:Webarchive" (2006), by Scott Sherman in The Nation.
- Template:Webarchive, collaboration of the Rockefeller, Ford and Carnegie Foundations with the Council on Foreign Relations.
- The Ford Foundation and the CIA, a 2001 study by James Petras.
- Napoleon, Davi. Chelsea on the Edge: The Adventures of an American Theater.. The Ford Foundation gave the Chelsea Theater a grant in the early 1970s that enabled the theater to do groundbreaking multimedia work. The funding was abruptly halted after three years, an event that along with decreased funding from the National Endowment for the Arts helped precipitate the theater's collapse. This is a history that explores the on-stage and backstage dramas at the Chelsea, with special attention to how theaters are funded.
External links
- Template:Official website
- Template:ProPublicaNonprofitExplorer
- List of grant recipients
- Guide to the Robert Redfield, Ford Foundation Cultural Studies Program Records 1951-1961 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
- James Armsey oversaw the formation of educational television at the Foundation in the 1950s and 1960s. His papers can be found at the University of Maryland Libraries.
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- ↑ Chester, Covert Network, pp. 89–94.
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- ↑ Petras, James. "The CIA and the Cultural Cold War Revisited" (Archive ). Monthly Review. November 1, 1999. Retrieved on April 18, 2015.
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- ↑ Wooster, Martin. Great Philanthropic Mistakes, second edition (Washington: Hudson Institute, 2010), p. 68–95.
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Mac Donald's characterization of clinics as primarily vehicles for leftwing advocacy was disputed in several letters to the editor published two weeks later. See "Letters to the Editor" (25 January 2006). Wall Street Journal. p. A13.
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