Holy Roman Emperor: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:51, 18 November 2025

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The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period^[1] (Template:Langx; Template:Langx), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire. The title was held in conjunction with the title of King of Italy (Rex Italiae) from the 8th to the 16th century, and, almost without interruption, with the title of King of Germany (Rex Teutonicorum, Template:Lit) throughout the 12th to 18th centuries.^[2]

The Holy Roman Emperor title provided the highest prestige among medieval Catholic monarchs, because the empire was considered by the Catholic Church to be the only successor of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. Thus, in theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered Script error: No such module "Lang".—first among equals—among other Catholic monarchs across Europe.^[3]

From an autocracy in Carolingian times (AD 800–924), the title by the 13th century evolved into an elective monarchy, with the emperor chosen by the prince-electors. Various royal houses of Europe, at different times, became de facto hereditary holders of the title, notably the Ottonians (962–1024),the Salians (1027–1125) and the Hohenstaufen (1138–1254). Following the late medieval crisis of government, the Habsburgs kept possession of the title (with only one interruption) from 1452 to 1806. The final emperors were from the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, from 1765 to 1806. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by Francis II, after a devastating defeat by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz.

The emperor was widely perceived to rule by divine right, though he often contradicted or rivaled the pope, most notably during the Investiture controversy. The Holy Roman Empire never had an empress regnant, though women such as Theophanu and Maria Theresa exerted strong influence. Throughout its history, the position was viewed as a defender of the Catholic faith. Until Maximilian I in 1508, the Emperor-elect (Imperator electus) was required to be crowned by the pope before assuming the imperial title. Charles V was the last to be crowned by the pope in 1530. There were short periods in history when the electoral college was dominated by Protestants, and the electors usually voted in their own political interest. However, even after the Reformation, the elected emperor was always a Catholic.

Title

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File:Wapen 1545 Kaiserwappen des Heiligen Römischen Reichs Polychromie.jpg

Coats of arms of prince electors surround the imperial coat of arms; from a 1545 armorial. Electors voted in an Imperial Diet for a new Holy Roman Emperor.

File:Empereur en majesté (musée de l'Oeuvre Notre-Dame, Strasbourg) (36005712991).jpg

Depiction of Charlemagne in a 12th-century stained glass window, Strasbourg Cathedral, now at Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame.

From the time of Constantine I (Template:Reign), the Roman Emperors had, with very few exceptions, taken on a role as promoters and defenders of Christianity. The reign of Constantine established a precedent for the position of the Christian emperor in the Great Church. Emperors considered themselves responsible to God for the spiritual health of their subjects, and after Constantine they had a duty to help the Church define and maintain orthodoxy. The emperor's role was to enforce doctrine, root out heresies, and uphold ecclesiastical unity.^[4] Both the title and connection between Emperor and Church continued in the Eastern Roman Empire throughout the medieval period (in exile during 1204–1261). The ecumenical councils of the 5th to 8th centuries were convoked by the Eastern Roman Emperors.Template:Sfn

In Western Europe, the title of Emperor in the West lapsed after the death of Julius Nepos in 480, although the rulers of the barbarian kingdoms continued to recognize the authority of the Eastern Emperor at least nominally well into the 6th century. While the reconquest of Justinian I had re-established Byzantine presence in the Italian Peninsula, religious frictions existed with the Papacy who sought dominance over the Church of Constantinople. Toward the end of the 8th century, the Papacy still recognised the ruler at Constantinople as the Roman Emperor, though Byzantine military support in Italy had increasingly waned, leading to the Papacy to look to the Franks for protection. In 800 Pope Leo III owed a great debt to Charlemagne, the King of the Franks and King of Italy, for securing his life and position. By this time, the Eastern Emperor Constantine VI had been deposed in 797 and replaced as monarch by his mother, Irene.^[5]

Under the pretext that a woman could not rule the empire, Pope Leo III declared the throne vacant and crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans (Script error: No such module "Lang".), the successor of Constantine VI as Roman emperor, using the concept of translatio imperii.^[5] On his coins, the name and title used by Charlemagne is Karolus Imperator Augustus. In documents, he used Imperator Augustus Romanum gubernans Imperium ("Emperor Augustus, governing the Roman Empire") and Script error: No such module "Lang". ("most serene Augustus crowned by God, great peaceful emperor governing the empire of the Romans"). The Eastern Empire eventually relented to recognizing Charlemagne and his successors as emperors, but as "Frankish" and "German emperors", at no point referring to them as Roman, a label they reserved for themselves.^[6]

The title of emperor in the West implied recognition by the pope. As the power of the papacy grew during the Middle Ages, popes and emperors came into conflict over church administration. The best-known and most bitter conflict was that known as the investiture controversy, fought during the 11th century between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII.

After the coronation of Charlemagne, his successors maintained the title until the death of Berengar I of Italy in 924. The comparatively brief interregnum between 924 and the coronation of Otto the Great in 962 is taken as marking the transition from the Frankish Empire to the Holy Roman Empire. Under the Ottonians, much of the former Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia fell within the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire.

Since 911, the various German princes had elected the King of the Germans from among their peers. The King of the Germans would then be crowned as emperor following the precedent set by Charlemagne, during the period of 962–1530. Charles V was the last emperor to be crowned by the pope, and his successor, Ferdinand I, merely adopted the title of "Emperor elect" in 1558. The final Holy Roman emperor-elect, Francis II, abdicated in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars that saw the Empire's final dissolution.

The term sacrum (i.e., "holy") in connection with the German Roman Empire was first used in 1157 under Frederick I Barbarossa.^[7]

The Holy Roman Emperor's standard designation was "August Emperor of the Romans" (Romanorum Imperator Augustus). When Charlemagne was crowned in 800, he was styled as "most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman Empire," thus constituting the elements of "Holy" and "Roman" in the imperial title.Template:Sfn

The word Roman was a reflection of the principle of translatio imperii (or in this case restauratio imperii) that regarded the Holy Roman emperors as the inheritors of the title of emperor of the Western Roman Empire.

In German-language historiography, the term Römisch-deutscher Kaiser ("Roman-German emperor") is used to distinguish the title from that of Roman emperor on one hand, and that of German emperor (Deutscher Kaiser) on the other. The English term "Holy Roman Emperor" is a modern shorthand for "emperor of the Holy Roman Empire" not corresponding to the historical style or title, i.e., the adjective "holy" is not intended as modifying "emperor"; the English term "Holy Roman Emperor" gained currency in the interbellum period (the 1920s to 1930s); formerly the title had also been rendered as "German-Roman emperor" in English.^[1]

Succession

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File:Balduineum Wahl Heinrich VII.jpg

Illustration of the election of Henry VII (27 November 1308) showing (left to right) the Archbishop of Cologne, Archbishop of Mainz, Archbishop of Trier, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Saxony, Margrave of Brandenburg and King of Bohemia (Codex Balduini Trevirorum, Template:Circa).

The elective monarchy of the Kingdom of Germany goes back to the early 10th century, the election of Conrad I of Germany in 911 following the death without issue of Louis the Child, the last Carolingian ruler of Germany. Elections meant the kingship of Germany was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of England, although sovereignty frequently remained in a dynasty until there were no more male successors. The process of an election meant that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on his side, which was known as Wahlkapitulationen (electoral capitulation).

Conrad was elected by the German dukes, and it is not known precisely when the system of seven prince-electors was established. The papal decree Venerabilem by Innocent III (1202), addressed to Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen, establishes the election procedure by (unnamed) princes of the realm, reserving for the pope the right to approve of the candidates. A letter of Pope Urban IV (1263), in the context of the disputed vote of 1256 and the subsequent interregnum, suggests that by "immemorial custom", seven princes had the right to elect the king and future emperor. The seven prince-electors are named in the Golden Bull of 1356: the archbishop of Mainz, the archbishop of Trier, the archbishop of Cologne, the king of Bohemia, the count palatine of the Rhine, the duke of Saxony and the margrave of Brandenburg.

After 1438, the title remained in the House of Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine, with the brief exception of Charles VII, who was a Wittelsbach. Maximilian I (emperor 1508–1519) and his successors no longer traveled to Rome to be crowned as emperor by the pope. Maximilian, therefore, named himself elected Roman emperor (Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) in 1508 with papal approval. This title was in use by all his uncrowned successors. Of his successors, only Charles V, the immediate one, received a papal coronation.

The elector palatine's seat was conferred on the duke of Bavaria in 1621, but in 1648, in the wake of the Thirty Years' War, the elector palatine was restored, as the eighth elector. The Electorate of Hanover was added as a ninth elector in 1692, confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708. The whole college was reshuffled in the German mediatization of 1803 with a total of ten electors, a mere three years before the dissolution of the Empire.

List of emperors

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". This list includes all 47 German monarchs crowned from Charlemagne until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806).

Several rulers were crowned king of the Romans (king of Germany) but not emperor, although they styled themselves thus, among whom were: Conrad I and Henry the Fowler in the 10th century, and Conrad IV, Rudolf I, Adolf and Albert I during the interregnum of the late 13th century.

Traditional historiography assumes a continuity between the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, while a modern convention takes the coronation of Otto I in 962 as the starting point of the Holy Roman Empire (although the term Sacrum Imperium Romanum was not in use before the 13th century).

Roman Emperors

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". On Christmas Day, 800, Charlemagne, King of the Franks, was crowned Emperor of the Romans (Script error: No such module "Lang".) by Pope Leo III, in opposition to Empress Irene, who was then ruling the Roman Empire from Constantinople. Charlemagne's descendants from the Carolingian Dynasty continued to be crowned Emperor until 899, excepting a brief period when the Imperial crown was awarded to the Widonid Dukes of Spoleto. There is some contention as to whether the Holy Roman Empire dates as far back as Charlemagne, some histories consider the Carolingian Empire to be a distinct polity from the later Holy Roman Empire as established under Otto I in 962.

800–888: Carolingian dynasty

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Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Reign		Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:1512 Dürer Kaiser Karl der Große anagoria.JPG	File:Armoiries imaginaires de Charlemagne (1).svg	Charlemagne (Charles I) 748–814Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	25 December 800	28 January 814	None	King of the Franks King of the Lombards
File:Ludwik I Pobożny.jpg		Louis I, the Pious 778–840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	11 September 813^[8]	20 June 840	Son of Charles I	King of the Franks King of Italy King of Aquitaine
File:Lothar I.jpg		Lothair I 795–855Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	5 April 823	29 September 855	Son of Louis I	King of Italy King of Middle Francia
File:Louis II of Italy.png		Louis II 825–875Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	29 September 855	12 August 875	Son of Lothair I	King of Italy
File:Карл Лысый.jpg		Charles II, the Bald 823–877Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	25 December 875	6 October 877	Son of Louis I, younger half-brother of Lothair I	King of West Francia King of Italy
File:Sceau de Charles le gros.jpg		Charles III, the Fat 839–888Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	12 February 881	13 January 888	Grandson of Louis I, nephew of Charles the Bald	King of West Francia King of East Francia King of Italy

891–898: Widonid dynasty

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Portrait	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Reign		Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Wido rex Italiae.jpg	Guy ?–894Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	21 February 891	12 December 894	2nd Great-grandson of Charles I	King of Italy Duke of Spoleto
File:Lambert de Spolète.jpg	Lambert 880–898Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	30 April 892	15 October 898	Son of Guy	King of Italy Duke of Spoleto

896–899: Carolingian dynasty

Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Reign		Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Seal of Arnulph of Carinthia (896).jpg	File:Armoiries imaginaires de Charlemagne (1).svg	Arnulf 850–899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	22 February 896	8 December 899	Nephew of Charles III Great-grandson of Louis I	King of Italy King of East Francia

901–905: Bosonid dynasty (Carolingian by adoption)

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Portrait	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Reign		Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Coins of Pope Benedict IV and Emperor Louis III.PNG	Louis III, the Blind 880–928Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	22 February 901	21 July 905	Grandson of Louis II Adopted son of Charles III	King of Italy King of Provence

915–924: Unruoching dynasty

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Portrait	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Reign		Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Berengar I on a seal.jpg	Berengar 845–924Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	December 915	7 April 924	Grandson of Louis I	King of Italy Margrave of Friuli

Holy Roman Emperors

While earlier Frankish and Italian monarchs had been crowned as Roman emperors, the actual Holy Roman Empire is often considered to have begun with the crowning of Frederick Barbarossa who called the empire "the holy empire", however in general it is already attributed to Otto I, at the time Otto was Duke of Saxony and King of Germany. Because the King of Germany was an elected position, being elected King of Germany was functionally a pre-requisite to being crowned Holy Roman Emperor. By the 13th century, the Prince-electors became formalized as a specific body of seven electors, consisting of three bishops and four secular princes. Up to the mid-14th century, the electors chose freely from among a number of dynasties. A period of dispute during the second half of the 13th century over the kingship of Germany led to there being no emperor crowned for several decades, though this ended in 1312 with the coronation of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor. The period of free election ended with the ascension of the Austrian House of Habsburg, as an unbroken line of Habsburgs held the imperial throne until the 18th century. Later a cadet branch known as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine passed it from father to son until the abolition of the Empire in 1806. Notably, from the 16th century, the Habsburgs dispensed with the requirement that emperors be crowned by the pope before exercising their office. Starting with Ferdinand I, all successive emperors forwent the traditional coronation.

962–1024: Ottonian dynasty

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Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:017 otto siegel 2.jpg	File:Shield and Coat of Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (c.1200-c.1300).svg	Otto I, the Great 912–973Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	7 August 936	2 February 962	7 May 973	None	King of Italy King of Germany Duke of Saxony
File:Otto II. (HRR).jpg		Otto II, the Red 955–983Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	26 May 961	25 December 967	7 December 983	Son of Otto I Template:NoteTag	King of Italy King of Germany
File:Clm 4453 fol 24r Detail Herrscherbild.jpg		Otto III 980–1002Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	25 December 983	21 May 996	23 January 1002	Son of Otto II	King of Italy King of Germany
File:Kronung Heinrich II.jpg		Henry II Template:NoteTag 973–1024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	7 June 1002	14 February 1014	13 July 1024	Second cousin of Otto III, grandnephew of Otto I, 7th generation descendant of Louis the Pious^[9]Template:NoteTag	King of Italy King of Germany Duke of Bavaria Duke of Carinthia

1027–1125: Salian dynasty

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Portrait	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Konrad2Salsky-2.jpg	Conrad II, the ElderTemplate:NoteTag 990–1039Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	8 September 1024	26 March 1027	4 June 1039	2nd Great-grandson of Otto I and Eadgyth of England through Liutgarde, Duchess of Lorraine	King of Burgundy King of Italy King of Germany
File:Heinrich III. (HRR) Miniatur.jpg	Henry III, the Black 1017–1056Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	14 April 1028	25 December 1046	5 October 1056	Son of Conrad II, 7th generation descendant of emperor Charles II through his Carolingian great-grandmother Matilda of France	King of Burgundy King of Italy King of Germany Duke of Bavaria Duke of Swabia Duke of Carinthia Margrave of Meissen
File:Heinrich 4 g.jpg	Henry IV 1050–1106Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	17 July 1054	1 April 1084	7 August 1106	Son of Henry III	King of Burgundy King of Italy King of Germany Duke of Bavaria
File:Paschalis.jpg	Henry V^[10] 1086–1125Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	6 January 1099	13 April 1111	23 May 1125	Son of Henry IV	King of Italy King of Germany King of Burgundy

1133–1137: Supplinburg dynasty

Portrait	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg	Lothair II Template:NoteTag 1075–1137Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	30 August 1125	4 June 1133	4 December 1137	6th Great-grandnephew of Otto I Script error: No such module "Unsubst".	King of Italy King of Germany King of Burgundy Duke of Saxony

1155–1197: Staufen dynasty

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Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Frederick I (HRE).jpg	File:Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg	Frederick I Barbarossa 1122–1190Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	4 March 1152	18 June 1155	10 June 1190	Great-grandson of Henry IV through Agnes of Waiblingen Descendant of Otto II through Matilda of Germany	King of Germany King of Italy King of Burgundy
File:Codex Manesse Heinrich VI. (HRR).jpg	File:Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg	Henry VI 1165–1197Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	15 August 1169	14 April 1191	28 September 1197	Son of Frederick I	King of Germany King of Italy King of Burgundy Co-King of Sicily

1209–1215: Welf dynasty

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Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg	File:Arms of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	Otto IV 1175–1218Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	9 June 1198	21 October 1209	1215	Great-grandson of Lothair II through Gertrude of Süpplingenburg	King of Germany King of Italy King of Burgundy

1220–1250: Staufen dynasty

Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Frederick II and eagle.jpg	File:Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg	Frederick II, Stupor Mundi 1194–1250Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	5 December 1212	22 November 1220	13 December 1250	Son of Henry VI	King of Germany King of Italy King of Sicily King of Jerusalem

The interregnum of the Holy Roman Empire is taken to have lasted from the deposition of Frederick II by Pope Innocent IV in 1245 (or alternatively from Frederick's death in 1250 or from the death of Conrad IV in 1254) to the election of Rudolf I of Germany (1273). Rudolf was not crowned emperor, nor were his successors Adolf and Albert. The next emperor was Henry VII, crowned on 29 June 1312 by legates of Pope Clement V.

1312–1313: House of Luxembourg

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Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Henry Lux head.jpg	File:Arms of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	Henry VII 1273–1313Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	27 November 1308	29 June 1312	24 August 1313	Descendant of emperor Berengar I Template:NoteTag, Descendant of Charles II	King of Germany King of Italy Count of Luxemburg

1328–1347: House of Wittelsbach

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Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Deutsch 19. Jahrhundert - Kaiser Ludwig der Bayer - 4329 - Bavarian State Painting Collections.jpg	File:Arms of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	Louis IV, the Bavarian 1282–1347Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	20 October 1314	17 January 1328	11 October 1347	Descendant of Otto II (through Matilda of Germany), Henry IV (through Agnes of Waiblingen and Lothair II (through Gertrude of Süpplingenburg)	King of Germany King of Italy Duke of Bavaria

1355–1437: House of Luxembourg

Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Charles IV-John Ocko votive picture-fragment.jpg	File:Arms of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	Charles IV 1316–1378Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	11 July 1346	5 April 1355	29 November 1378	Grandson of Henry VII Descendant of Frederick I through Philip of Swabia	King of Germany King of Italy King of Bohemia King of Burgundy Count of Luxemburg King of the Lombards
File:1512 Dürer Kaiser Sigismund anagoria (cropped).JPG	File:Arms of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	Sigismund 1368–1437Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	10 September 1410 /21 July 1411	31 May 1433	9 December 1437	Son of Charles IV	King of Germany King of Italy King of Bohemia King of Hungary and Croatia

1452–1740: House of Habsburg

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In 1508, Pope Julius II allowed Maximilian I to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as Electus Romanorum Imperator ("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Maximilian's successors each adopted the same titulature, usually on becoming the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Maximilian's predecessor Frederick III was the last to be crowned Emperor by the Pope in Rome, while Maximilian's successor Charles V was the last to be crowned by the pope, though in Bologna, in 1530.^[11]

Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Porträt von Kaiser Frederick III. von Habsburg.png	File:CoA Frederick III of Habsburg.svg	Frederick III, the Peaceful 1415–1493Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	2 February 1440	16 March 1452	19 August 1493	Second cousin of Albert II of Germany, Emperor designate Descendant of Frederick I (through Otto I, Count of Burgundy) Descendant of Lothair II (through Gertrude of Süpplingenburg)	King of Germany King of Italy Archduke of Austria
File:Porträt von Kaiser Maximilian I. von Habsburg.png	File:CoA Maximilian I of Habsburg.svg	Maximilian I 1459–1519Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	16 February 1486	4 February 1508	12 January 1519	Son of Frederick III Descendant of Frederick II through Manfred, King of Sicily	King of Germany Archduke of Austria
File:Juan Pantoja de la Cruz (1553-1608) - Retrato de Carlos V armado - 10034482 - Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.jpg	File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain.svg	Charles V 1500–1558Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	28 June 1519		27 August 1556	Grandson of Maximilian I	King of Germany King of Italy Archduke of Austria King of Spain Lord of the Netherlands and Duke of Burgundy
File:Römisches Kaiser Ferdinand I.png	File:Middle Coat of Arms of Ferdinand I and Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperors.svg	Ferdinand I 1503–1564Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	5 January 1531	27 August 1556	25 July 1564	Brother of Charles V Grandson of Maximilian I	King of Germany King of Bohemia King of Hungary King of Croatia Archduke of Austria
File:Römisches Kaiser Maximilian II.png		Maximilian II 1527–1576Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	22 November 1562	25 July 1564	12 October 1576	Son of Ferdinand I Descendant of Sigismund through Elizabeth of Luxembourg
File:Portrait des Kaiser Rudolph II (20).png	File:Middle Coat of Arms of Rudolf II, Matthias and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperors.svg	Rudolf II Template:NoteTag 1552–1612Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	27 October 1575	12 October 1576	20 January 1612	Son of Maximilian II Grandson of Charles V
File:Kaiser Matthias im Krönungsornat c1612.jpg		Matthias 1557–1619Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	13 June 1612		20 March 1619	Brother of Rudolf II Son of Maximilian II Grandson of Charles V
File:Kaiser Ferdinand II im Reichsinsignien Ornat.jpg		Ferdinand II 1578–1637Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	28 August 1619		15 February 1637	Cousin of Rudolf II and Matthias Grandson of Ferdinand I
File:Frans Luycx - Portrait of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg	File:Coat of Arms of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	Ferdinand III 1608–1657Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	22 December 1636	15 February 1637	2 April 1657	Son of Ferdinand II
File:Kaiser Leopold I im Reichsinsignien Ornat.png	File:Greater Coat of Arms of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	Leopold I 1640–1705Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	18 July 1658		5 May 1705	Son of Ferdinand III Great-great-grandson of Charles V and Maximilian II
File:Joseph I Holy Roman Emperor 002.jpg	File:Coat of Arms of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	Joseph I 1678–1711Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	23 January 1690	5 May 1705	17 April 1711	Son of Leopold I
File:Porträt des Kaiser Karl VI im Krönungsornat.png	File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	Charles VI 1685–1740Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	12 October 1711		20 October 1740	Brother of Joseph I Son of Leopold I	Template:Collapsible list

1742–1745: House of Wittelsbach

Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Carl Albrecht VII, by workshop of George Desmarees.jpg	File:Coat of Arms of Charles VII Albert, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	Charles VII 1697–1745Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	24 January 1742		20 January 1745	Great-great-grandson of Ferdinand II Son-in-law of Joseph I	King of Germany King of Bohemia Elector of Bavaria

1745–1765: House of Lorraine

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Kaiser Franz I Stephan im Krönungsornat.jpg	File:Coat of Arms of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	Francis I 1708–1765Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	13 September 1745		18 August 1765	Great-grandson of Ferdinand III Son-in-law of Charles VI	King of Germany Archduke of Austria Grand Duke of Tuscany Duke of Lorraine

1765–1806: House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Portrait	Coat of arms	Name LifespanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Term as King began	Term as Emperor began	Term(s) ended	Relationship with predecessor(s)	Other title(s)
File:Kaiser Joseph II. mit den Reichsinsignien.png	File:Greater Coat of Arms of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor.svg	Joseph II 1741–1790Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	27 March 1764	18 August 1765	20 February 1790	Son of Francis I and Empress Maria Theresa of Austria Template:NoteTag Grandson of Charles VI	King of Germany King of Bohemia King of Hungary and Croatia Archduke of Austria
File:Kaiser Leopold II im Reichsinsignien Ornat.jpg	File:Greater coat of arms of Leopold II and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperors.svg	Leopold II 1747–1792Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	30 September 1790		1 March 1792	Brother of Joseph II	King of Germany King of Bohemia King of Hungary and Croatia Archduke of Austria Grand Duke of Tuscany
File:Ludwig Streitenfeld 001.jpg		Francis II 1768–1835Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	5 July 1792		6 August 1806	Son of Leopold II	King of Germany King of Bohemia King of Hungary and Croatia Archduke of Austria Emperor of Austria

Coronation

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Emperor was crowned in a special ceremony, traditionally performed by the Pope in Rome. Without that coronation, no king, despite exercising all powers, could call himself Emperor. In 1508, Pope Julius II allowed Maximilian I to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as Electus Romanorum Imperator ("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Maximilian's successors adopted the same titulature, usually when they became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.^[12] Maximilian's first successor Charles V was the last to be crowned Emperor.

Emperor	Coronation date	Officiant	Location
Charles I	25 December 800	Pope Leo III	Rome, Italy
Louis I	5 October 816	Pope Stephen IV	Reims, France
Lothair I	5 April 823	Pope Paschal I	Rome, Italy
Louis II	15 June 844	Pope Leo IV	Rome, Italy
Charles II	29 December 875	Pope John VIII	Rome, Italy
Charles III	12 February 881	Pope John VIII	Rome, Italy
Guy III of Spoleto	21 February 891	Pope Stephen V	Rome, Italy
Lambert II of Spoleto	30 April 892	Pope Formosus	Ravenna, Italy
Arnulf of Carinthia	22 February 896	Pope Formosus	Rome, Italy
Louis III	15 or 22 February 901	Pope Benedict IV	Rome, Italy
Berengar	December 915	Pope John X	Rome, Italy
Otto I	2 February 962	Pope John XII	Rome, Italy
Otto II	25 December 967	Pope John XIII	Rome, Italy
Otto III	21 May 996	Pope Gregory V	Monza, Italy
Henry II	14 February 1014	Pope Benedict VIII	Rome, Italy
Conrad II	26 March 1027	Pope John XIX	Rome, Italy
Henry III	25 December 1046	Pope Clement II	Rome, Italy
Henry IV	31 March 1084	Antipope Clement III	Rome, Italy
Henry V	13 April 1111	Pope Paschal II	Rome, Italy
Lothair III	4 June 1133	Pope Innocent II	Rome, Italy
Frederick I	18 June 1155	Pope Adrian IV	Rome, Italy
Henry VI	14 April 1191	Pope Celestine III	Rome, Italy
Otto IV	4 October 1209	Pope Innocent III	Rome, Italy
Frederick II	22 November 1220	Pope Honorius III	Rome, Italy
Henry VII	29 June 1312	Ghibellines cardinals	Rome, Italy
Louis IV	17 January 1328	Senator Sciarra Colonna	Rome, Italy
Charles IV	5 April 1355	Pope Innocent VI's cardinal	Rome, Italy
Sigismund	31 May 1433	Pope Eugenius IV	Rome, Italy
Frederick III	19 March 1452	Pope Nicholas V	Rome, Italy
Charles V	24 February 1530	Pope Clement VII	Bologna, Italy

Notes

Template:NoteFoot

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister-inline

Template:Holy Roman Emperors

Template:Authority control

↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".; Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Peter Hamish Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806, MacMillan Press 1999, London, p. 2. Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn: The Menace of the Herd or Procrustes at Large – p. 164. Robert Edwin Herzstein, Robert Erwin Herzstein: "The Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages: universal state or German catastrophe?"Script error: No such module "Unsubst".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Egon Boshof: Ludwig der Fromme. Darmstadt 1996, p. 89
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Brinckmeier, Eduard (1882). Praktisches Handbuch der historischen Chronologie aller Zeiten und Völker, besonders des Mittelalters. p. 311.
↑ " Wir Franz der Zweyte, von Gottes Gnaden erwählter römischer Kaiser Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[German-Roman-1] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".; Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[2] Peter Hamish Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806, MacMillan Press 1999, London, p. 2. Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn: The Menace of the Herd or Procrustes at Large – p. 164. Robert Edwin Herzstein, Robert Erwin Herzstein: "The Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages: universal state or German catastrophe?"Script error: No such module "Unsubst".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

[3] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[4] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[:0-5] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[6] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[7] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[8] Egon Boshof: Ludwig der Fromme. Darmstadt 1996, p. 89

[Kruppa-9] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[10] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[11] Brinckmeier, Eduard (1882). Praktisches Handbuch der historischen Chronologie aller Zeiten und Völker, besonders des Mittelalters. p. 311.

[12] " Wir Franz der Zweyte, von Gottes Gnaden erwählter römischer Kaiser Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

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[12]

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 }}
-The '''Holy Roman Emperor''', originally and officially the '''[[Emperor of the Romans (disambiguation)|Emperor of the Romans]]''' ({{langx|la|[[Imperator]] Romanorum}}; {{langx|de|[[Kaiser]] der Römer}}) during the [[Middle Ages]], and also known as the '''Roman-German Emperor''' since the [[early modern period]]<ref name="German-Roman"/> ({{langx|la|Imperator Germanorum}}; {{langx|de|Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser}}), was the ruler and [[head of state]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The title was held in conjunction with the title of [[King of Italy#Kingdom of Italy (781–962)|King of Italy]] (''Rex Italiae'') from the 8th to the 16th century, and, almost without interruption, with the title of [[King of Germany]] (''Rex Teutonicorum'', {{Lit|King of the [[Teutons]]}}) throughout the 12th to 18th centuries.<ref>Peter Hamish Wilson, ''The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806'', MacMillan Press 1999, London, p. 2. Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn: The Menace of the Herd or Procrustes at Large – p. 164. Robert Edwin Herzstein, Robert Edwin Herzstein: "The Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages: universal state or German catastrophe?"{{year needed|date=January 2019}}{{page needed|date=January 2019}}</ref>
+The '''Holy Roman Emperor''', originally and officially the '''Emperor of the Romans''' ({{langx|la|[[Imperator]] Romanorum}}; {{langx|de|[[Kaiser]] der Römer}}) during the [[Middle Ages]], and also known as the '''Roman-German Emperor''' since the [[early modern period]]<ref name="German-Roman"/> ({{langx|la|Imperator Germanorum}}; {{langx|de|Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser}}), was the ruler and [[head of state]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The title was held in conjunction with the title of [[King of Italy#Kingdom of Italy (781–962)|King of Italy]] (''Rex Italiae'') from the 8th to the 16th century, and, almost without interruption, with the title of [[King of Germany]] (''Rex Teutonicorum'', {{Lit|King of the [[Teutons]]}}) throughout the 12th to 18th centuries.<ref>Peter Hamish Wilson, ''The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806'', MacMillan Press 1999, London, p. 2. Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn: The Menace of the Herd or Procrustes at Large – p. 164. Robert Edwin Herzstein, Robert Erwin Herzstein: "The Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages: universal state or German catastrophe?"{{year needed|date=January 2019}}{{page needed|date=January 2019}}</ref>
 The Holy Roman Emperor title provided the highest prestige among [[Christianity in the Middle Ages|medieval Catholic monarchs]], because the empire was considered by the [[Catholic Church]] to be [[Translatio imperii|the only successor]] of the [[Roman Empire]] during the [[Middle Ages]] and the [[early modern period]]. Thus, in theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered {{lang|la|[[primus inter pares]]}}{{em dash}}first among equals{{em dash}}among other Catholic monarchs across Europe.<ref>{{cite book|author=Terry Breverton|author-link=Terry Breverton|title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Tudors but Were Afraid to Ask|publisher=[[Amberley Publishing]]|year=2014|page=104|isbn=978-1-4456-3845-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQ4yAQAAIAAJ&q=%22catholic+church%22+%22holy+roman+empire%22+%22successor+of+the+roman+empire%22&pg=PP36}}</ref>
-From an [[autocracy]] in [[Carolingian]] times (AD 800–924), the title by the 13th century evolved into an [[elective monarchy]], with the emperor chosen by the [[prince-elector]]s. Various royal houses of Europe, at different times, became ''de facto'' hereditary holders of the title, notably the [[Ottonian dynasty|Ottonians]] (962–1024) and the [[Salian dynasty|Salians]] (1027–1125). Following the late medieval [[Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)|crisis of government]], the [[Habsburg]]s kept possession of the title (with only [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|one interruption]]) from 1452 to 1806. The final emperors were from the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]], from 1765 to 1806. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], after a devastating defeat by [[Napoleon]] at the [[Battle of Austerlitz]].
+From an [[autocracy]] in [[Carolingian]] times (AD 800–924), the title by the 13th century evolved into an [[elective monarchy]], with the emperor chosen by the [[prince-elector]]s. Various royal houses of Europe, at different times, became ''de facto'' hereditary holders of the title, notably the [[Ottonian dynasty|Ottonians]] (962–1024),the  [[Salian dynasty|Salians]] (1027–1125) and the [[Hohenstaufen]] (1138–1254). Following the late medieval [[Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)|crisis of government]], the [[Habsburg]]s kept possession of the title (with only [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|one interruption]]) from 1452 to 1806. The final emperors were from the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]], from 1765 to 1806. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], after a devastating defeat by [[Napoleon]] at the [[Battle of Austerlitz]].
 The emperor was widely perceived to rule by [[divine right of kings|divine right]], though he often contradicted or rivaled the [[pope]], most notably during the [[Investiture controversy]]. The Holy Roman Empire never had an [[empress regnant]], though women such as [[Theophanu]] and [[Maria Theresa]] exerted strong influence. Throughout its history, the position was viewed as a defender of the Catholic faith. Until [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] in 1508, the Emperor-elect (''Imperator electus'') was required to be crowned by the pope before assuming the imperial title. [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] was the last to be crowned by the pope in 1530. There were short periods in history when the electoral college was dominated by [[Protestants]], and the electors usually voted in their own political interest. However, even after the [[Reformation]], the elected emperor was always a [[Catholic]].
@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 ! Portrait
+!Coat of arms
 ! Name<br/>{{Small|Lifespan}}
 ! colspan=2 | Reign
@@ Line 91: / Line 92: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Charlemagne denier Mayence 812 814.jpg|100px|]]
+| [[File:1512 Dürer Kaiser Karl der Große anagoria.JPG |100px|]]
+| rowspan="6" |[[File:Armoiries_imaginaires_de_Charlemagne_(1).svg|frameless|119x119px]]
 | [[Charlemagne]] (Charles I)<br/>{{Small|748–814}}
 | 25 December 800
@@ Line 187: / Line 189: @@
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 ! Portrait
+!Coat of arms
 ! Name<br/>{{Small|Lifespan}}
 ! colspan=2 | Reign
@@ Line 194: / Line 197: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Seal of Arnulph of Carinthia (896).jpg|100px|]]
+|[[File:Armoiries_imaginaires_de_Charlemagne_(1).svg|frameless|119x119px]]
 | [[Arnulf of Carinthia|Arnulf]]<br/>{{Small|850–899}}
 | 22 February 896
@@ Line 204: / Line 208: @@
 |}
-====901–905: Bosonid dynasty====
+====901–905: Bosonid dynasty (Carolingian by adoption)====
 {{Main|Bosonids}}
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
@@ Line 248: / Line 252: @@
 ===Holy Roman Emperors===
-While earlier Frankish and Italian monarchs had been crowned as Roman emperors, the actual [[Holy Roman Empire]] is often considered to have begun with the crowning of Frederick Barbarossa who called the empire "the holy empire", however in general it is already attributed to [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]], at the time Otto was [[Duke of Saxony]] and [[King of Germany]]. Because the King of Germany was an elected position, being elected King of Germany was functionally a pre-requisite to being crowned Holy Roman Emperor. By the 13th century, the [[Prince-elector]]s became formalized as a specific body of seven electors, consisting of three bishops and four secular princes. Through the middle 14th century, the electors chose freely from among a number of dynasties. A period of dispute during the second half of the 13th century over the kingship of Germany led to there being no emperor crowned for several decades, though this ended in 1312 with the coronation of [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor]]. The period of free election ended with the ascension of the Austrian [[House of Habsburg]], as an unbroken line of Habsburgs held the imperial throne until the 18th century. Later a cadet branch known as the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] passed it from father to son until the abolition of the Empire in 1806. Notably, from the 16th century, the Habsburgs dispensed with the requirement that emperors be crowned by the pope before exercising their office. Starting with [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], all successive emperors forwent the traditional coronation.
+While earlier Frankish and Italian monarchs had been crowned as Roman emperors, the actual [[Holy Roman Empire]] is often considered to have begun with the crowning of Frederick Barbarossa who called the empire "the holy empire", however in general it is already attributed to [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]], at the time Otto was [[Duke of Saxony]] and [[King of Germany]]. Because the King of Germany was an elected position, being elected King of Germany was functionally a pre-requisite to being crowned Holy Roman Emperor. By the 13th century, the [[Prince-elector]]s became formalized as a specific body of seven electors, consisting of three bishops and four secular princes. Up to the mid-14th century, the electors chose freely from among a number of dynasties. A period of dispute during the second half of the 13th century over the kingship of Germany led to there being no emperor crowned for several decades, though this ended in 1312 with the coronation of [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor]]. The period of free election ended with the ascension of the Austrian [[House of Habsburg]], as an unbroken line of Habsburgs held the imperial throne until the 18th century. Later a cadet branch known as the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] passed it from father to son until the abolition of the Empire in 1806. Notably, from the 16th century, the Habsburgs dispensed with the requirement that emperors be crowned by the pope before exercising their office. Starting with [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], all successive emperors forwent the traditional coronation.
 ====962–1024: Ottonian dynasty====
@@ Line 254: / Line 258: @@
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 ! Portrait
+!Coat of arms
 ! Name<br/>{{Small|Lifespan}}
 ! Term as King began
@@ Line 263: / Line 268: @@
 |-
 | [[File:017 otto siegel 2.jpg|100px|]]
+| rowspan="4" |[[File:Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(c.1200-c.1300).svg|frameless|119x119px]]
 | [[Otto the Great|Otto I]], ''the Great''<br/>{{Small|912–973}}
 | 7 August 936
@@ Line 298: / Line 304: @@
 | 14 February 1014
 | 13 July 1024
-| Second cousin of [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]], grandnephew of [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]]
+| Second cousin of [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]], grandnephew of [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]], 7th generation descendant of [[Louis the Pious]]<ref name="Kruppa">{{cite book |last1=Kruppa |first1=Nathalie |title=Adlige - Stifter - Mönche (zum Verhältnis zwischen Klöstern und mittelalterlichem Adel) |date=2007 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |page=23 |isbn=9783525358863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fasCTXul-AYC |language=de}}</ref>{{NoteTag|Descent through [[Judith of Sülichgau]]}}
 | class=small |
 * [[King of Italy]]
@@ Line 336: / Line 342: @@
 | 25 December 1046
 | 5 October 1056
-| Son of [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]]
+| Son of [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]], 7th generation descendant of emperor [[Charles the bald|Charles II]] through his Carolingian great-grandmother [[Matilda of France]]
 | class=small |
 * [[List of kings of Burgundy|King of Burgundy]]
@@ Line 385: / Line 391: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg|100px]]
-| [[Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair II]]{{NoteTag|Enumerated also Lothair III as successor of Lothair II, who was King of Lotharingia 855–869 but not Emperor}}<br/>{{Small|1075–1137}}
+| [[Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair II]]{{NoteTag|Enumerated also Lothair III as successor of [[Lothair II of Italy]], who was King of Italy from 947–950 but not Emperor}}<br/>{{Small|1075–1137}}
 | [[1125 German royal election|30 August 1125]]
 | 4 June 1133
 | 4 December 1137
-| 6th Great-grandnephew of [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]]
+| 6th Great-grandnephew of [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}
 | class=small |
 * [[King of Italy]]
@@ Line 402: / Line 408: @@
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 ! Portrait
+!Coat of arms
 ! Name<br/>{{Small|Lifespan}}
 ! Term as King began
@@ Line 411: / Line 418: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Frederick I (HRE).jpg|100px]]
+| rowspan="2" |[[File:Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(Hohenstaufen).svg|frameless|118x118px]]
 | [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] ''Barbarossa''<br/>{{Small|1122–1190}}
 | [[1152 imperial election|4 March 1152]]
@@ Line 450: / Line 458: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg|100px]]
-| [[File:Coat of arms of Otto IV of Brunswick as Holy Roman Emperor (Chronica Maiora).svg|100px]]
+| [[File:Arms of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|118x118px]]
 | [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]]<br/>{{Small|1175–1218}}
 | 9 June 1198
@@ Line 466: / Line 474: @@
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 ! Portrait
+!Coat of arms
 ! Name<br/>{{Small|Lifespan}}
 ! Term as King began
@@ Line 474: / Line 483: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Frederick II (HRE).jpg|100px]]
+| [[File:Frederick II and eagle.jpg|137x137px]]
+|[[File:Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(Hohenstaufen).svg|frameless|118x118px]]
 | [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]],<br/> ''Stupor Mundi'' {{Small|1194–1250}}
 | 5 December 1212
@@ Line 488: / Line 498: @@
 |}
-The [[List of German monarchs#Interregnum|interregnum]] of the Holy Roman Empire is taken to have lasted from the deposition of Frederick II by [[Pope Innocent IV]] in 1245 (or alternatively from Frederick's death in 1250 or from the death of [[Conrad IV]] in 1254) to the election of [[Rudolf I of Germany]] (1273). Rudolf was not crowned emperor, nor were his successors [[Adolf, King of the Romans|Adolf]] and [[Albert I of Germany|Albert]]. The next emperor was [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII]], crowned on 29 June 1312 by [[Pope Clement V]].
+The [[List of German monarchs#Interregnum|interregnum]] of the Holy Roman Empire is taken to have lasted from the deposition of Frederick II by [[Pope Innocent IV]] in 1245 (or alternatively from Frederick's death in 1250 or from the death of [[Conrad IV]] in 1254) to the election of [[Rudolf I of Germany]] (1273). Rudolf was not crowned emperor, nor were his successors [[Adolf, King of the Romans|Adolf]] and [[Albert I of Germany|Albert]]. The next emperor was [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII]], crowned on 29 June 1312 by legates of [[Pope Clement V]].
 ====1312–1313: House of Luxembourg====
@@ Line 505: / Line 515: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Henry Lux head.jpg|100px]]
-| {{Holy Roman Emperor coats of arms|henry7}}
+| [[File:Arms_of_Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg|frameless|115x115px]]
 | [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII]]<br/>{{Small|1273–1313}}
 | 27 November 1308
 | 29 June 1312
 | 24 August 1313
-| Descendant of [[Charles the Bald|Charles II]]
+| Descendant of emperor [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar I]]{{NoteTag|Descent through his great-grandmother [[Margaret II, Countess of Flanders]], whose direct ancestor [[Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders]] was the grandson of [[Berengar II of Italy]], the grandson of emperor [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar I]]}}, Descendant of [[Charles the Bald|Charles II]]
 | class=small |
 * [[King of Germany]]
@@ Line 531: / Line 541: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Ignoto, re ludovico IV, bull d'oro, 1329.JPG|100px]]
+| [[File:Deutsch 19. Jahrhundert - Kaiser Ludwig der Bayer - 4329 - Bavarian State Painting Collections.jpg|100px]]
-| {{Holy Roman Emperor coats of arms|louis4}}
+| [[File:Arms_of_Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg|frameless|115x115px]]
 | [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]], ''the Bavarian''<br/>{{Small|1282–1347}}
 | [[20 October 1314 imperial election|20 October 1314]]
@@ Line 559: / Line 569: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Charles IV-John Ocko votive picture-fragment.jpg|100px]]
-| {{Holy Roman Emperor coats of arms|charles4}}
+| [[File:Arms_of_Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg|frameless|115x115px]]
 | [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]]<br/>{{Small|1316–1378}}
 | [[1346 imperial election|11 July 1346]]
@@ Line 574: / Line 584: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Pisanello 024b.jpg |100px]]
+| [[File:1512 Dürer Kaiser Sigismund anagoria (cropped).JPG|100px]]
-| {{Holy Roman Emperor coats of arms|sigismund}}
+| [[File:Arms_of_Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.svg|frameless|120x120px]]
 | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]<br/>{{Small|1368–1437}}
 | [[1410–1411 elections (Holy Roman Empire)|10 September 1410<br/>/21 July 1411]]
@@ Line 595: / Line 605: @@
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 ! Portrait
-! [[Coats of arms of Holy Roman Emperors|Coat of arms]]
+! Coat of arms
 ! Name<br/>{{Small|Lifespan}}
 ! Term as King began
@@ Line 604: / Line 614: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (Burgkmair).jpg|152x152px]]
+| [[File:Porträt von Kaiser Frederick III. von Habsburg.png|152x152px]]
 | [[File:CoA Frederick III of Habsburg.svg|100px]]
 | [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], ''the Peaceful''<br/>{{Small|1415–1493}}
@@ Line 617: / Line 627: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Bernhard Strigel 014.jpg|157x157px]]
+| [[File:Porträt von Kaiser Maximilian I. von Habsburg.png|157x157px]]
 | [[File:CoA Maximilian I of Habsburg.svg|100px]]
 | [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]<br/>{{Small|1459–1519}}
@@ Line 629: / Line 639: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Pantoja de la Cruz after Titian - Charles V in Armour (2).jpg|168x168px]]
+| [[File:Juan Pantoja de la Cruz (1553-1608) - Retrato de Carlos V armado - 10034482 - Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.jpg|191x191px]]
 | [[File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain.svg|100px]]
 | [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]<br/>{{Small|1500–1558}}
@@ Line 675: / Line 685: @@
 |-
-| [[File:Kaiser Matthias I im Reichsinsignien.png|100px]]
+| [[File:Kaiser Matthias im Krönungsornat c1612.jpg|100px]]
 | [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]]<br/>{{Small|1557–1619}}
 | colspan=2 | [[1612 imperial election|13 June 1612]]

Holy Roman Emperor: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:51, 18 November 2025

Contents

Title

Succession

List of emperors

Roman Emperors

800–888: Carolingian dynasty

891–898: Widonid dynasty

896–899: Carolingian dynasty

901–905: Bosonid dynasty (Carolingian by adoption)

915–924: Unruoching dynasty

Holy Roman Emperors

962–1024: Ottonian dynasty

1027–1125: Salian dynasty

1133–1137: Supplinburg dynasty

1155–1197: Staufen dynasty

1209–1215: Welf dynasty

1220–1250: Staufen dynasty

1312–1313: House of Luxembourg

1328–1347: House of Wittelsbach

1355–1437: House of Luxembourg

1452–1740: House of Habsburg

1742–1745: House of Wittelsbach

1745–1765: House of Lorraine

1765–1806: House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Coronation

See also

Notes

References

External links

Navigation menu

Holy Roman Emperor: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:51, 18 November 2025

Title

Succession

List of emperors

Roman Emperors

800–888: Carolingian dynasty

891–898: Widonid dynasty

896–899: Carolingian dynasty

901–905: Bosonid dynasty (Carolingian by adoption)

915–924: Unruoching dynasty

Holy Roman Emperors

962–1024: Ottonian dynasty

1027–1125: Salian dynasty

1133–1137: Supplinburg dynasty

1155–1197: Staufen dynasty

1209–1215: Welf dynasty

1220–1250: Staufen dynasty

1312–1313: House of Luxembourg

1328–1347: House of Wittelsbach

1355–1437: House of Luxembourg

1452–1740: House of Habsburg

1742–1745: House of Wittelsbach

1745–1765: House of Lorraine

1765–1806: House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Coronation

See also

Notes

References

External links

Navigation menu

Search