Brecon Beacons: Difference between revisions

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==Toponymy==
==Toponymy==
The name ''Bannau Brycheiniog'' is first attested in the sixteenth century, and 'Brecon Beacons' first occurs in the eighteenth century as "Brecknock Beacons".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Hywel Wyn |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191731809 |title=Dictionary of the Place-Names of Wales |last2=Morgan |first2=Richard |year=2007 |publisher=Gomer |isbn=978-1-84323-901-7 |location=Llandysul |publication-date=2007 |pages=45 |oclc=191731809}}</ref> ''Bannau Brycheiniog'' derives from the Welsh ''bannau'', "peaks", and ''[[Brycheiniog]]'', the name of an early medieval kingdom which covered the area.<ref name="Gomer">{{Cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Hywel Wyn |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191731809 |title=Dictionary of the Place-Names of Wales |last2=Morgan |first2=Richard |publisher=Gomer |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84323-901-7 |location=Llandysul |pages=45 |oclc=191731809}}</ref> The English name is derived from the Welsh one; in the eleventh century the town of Brecon is recorded as 'Brecheniauc', which became "Brecknock" and "Brecon".<ref>{{Citation |last=Mills |first=A. D. |title=Brecon |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199609086.001.0001/acref-9780199609086-e-2171 |work=A Dictionary of British Place Names |access-date=2023-06-09 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199609086.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-960908-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
''Bannau Brycheiniog'' derives from the Welsh ''bannau'', "peaks" and ''[[Brycheiniog]]'', the early medieval kingdom which covered the area. The English name is derived from the Welsh.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mills |first=A. D. |title=Brecon |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199609086.001.0001/acref-9780199609086-e-2171 |work=A Dictionary of British Place Names |access-date=2023-06-09 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199609086.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-960908-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Gomer">{{Cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Hywel Wyn |title=Dictionary of the Place-Names of Wales |last2=Morgan |first2=Richard |publisher=Gomer |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84323-901-7 |location=Llandysul |pages=45 |oclc=191731809}}</ref> This name is first attested in the sixteenth century in [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]]'s 1536–1539 ''Itinerary of Wales''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Hywel Wyn |title=Dictionary of the Place-Names of Wales |last2=Morgan |first2=Richard |year=2007 |publisher=Gomer |isbn=978-1-84323-901-7 |location=Llandysul |publication-date=2007 |pages=45 |oclc=191731809}}</ref> Under his description of the Brecknockshire landscape Leland states :


In a paragraph on Brecknockshire, [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]]'s 1536–1539 ''Itinerary'' notes that:
{{Blockquote|text="[[Pen y Fan|Artures Hille]] is three good Welsh (almost five English) miles south west from [[Brecon|Brekenok]], and on the very top of the hill is a fair wellspring. This hill of some is counted the highest hill of Wales, and in a very clear day a man may see from it a part of [[Malvern Hills|Malvern Hilles]], and [[Gloucester|Glocestre]], and [[Bristol|Bristow]], and part of [[Devon|Devenshir]] and [[Cornwall|Cornwale]]. There be other diverse hills by Artures Hille, that which, with it, be communally called ''Banne Brekeniauc''."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/itineraryinwales00lelauoft/page/104 |title=The Itinerary in Wales of John Leland in or about the years 1536–9 |publisher=George Bell and Sons |year=1906 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Lucy Toulmin |location=London |pages=104, 106, 110}}</ref>}}


{{Blockquote|text=<nowiki>Blak Montayne is most famose, for he strecchith, as I have lerned, his rootes on one side within a iiii. or v. myles of </nowiki>[[Monmouth|Monemuth]], and on the other side as nere to Cairmerdin ([[Carmarthen]]). Though this be al one montayne, yet many partes of him have sundry names.}}
The name ''Brecon Beacons'' first occurs in the eighteenth century (as "Brecknock Beacons") and referred to the area around Pen y Fan (which itself was sometimes referred to as "the Brecknock Beacon"). For instance, Emanuel Bowen's ''A New and accurate map of South Wales'' (1729) labels the peak as 'The Vann or Brecknock Beacon', John Clark's 1794 ''General View of the Agriculture of the County of Brecknock'' refers to 'the Vann, or Brecknock Beacon, the undisputed sovereign of all the mountains in South Wales', and an 1839 [[tithe map]] of Cantref parish labels the mountain simply 'Beacon'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowen |first=Emanuel |date=1729 |title=A New and accurate map of South Wales containing the counties of Pembroke, Glamorgan, Carmarthen, Brecknock, Cardigan and Radnor wherein are exactly laid down and delineated from an actual survey and admeasurement all the towns, villages, churches, chaples, gentlemen's seats |url=https://viewer.library.wales/4997624 |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=National Library of Wales |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615083859/https://viewer.library.wales/4997624 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qsQAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+Vann+or+Brecknock+Beacon%22&pg=RA4-PA9 |title=General View of the Agriculture of the County of Brecknock |year=1794 |location=London |pages=9 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418105933/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qsQAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+Vann+or+Brecknock+Beacon%22&pg=RA4-PA9 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan of the parish of Cantref in the County of Brecon |url=https://www.peoplescollection.wales/items/767251 |url-status=live |access-date=15 February 2023 |website=People's Collection Wales |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216172656/https://www.peoplescollection.wales/items/767251 }}</ref> A slightly wider definition was used in 1809 by the Breconshire historian [[Theophilus Jones (historian)|Theophilus Jones]], who wrote that 'of the lofty summits of the Brecknock Beacons, that most southwards is the lowest, and the other two nearly of a height, they are sometimes called Cader Arthur or Arthur's chair'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Theophilus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZDnAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22brecon+beacons%22&pg=PA388 |title=A History of the County of Brecknock |year=1809 |volume=II.I |location=Brecknock |pages=388 |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418105927/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_History_of_the_County_of_Brecknock/QZDnAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22brecon+beacons%22&pg=PA388&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> This implies that "Brecknock Beacons" referred to only three summits, including Pen y Fan and Corn Du.
 
Leland ascribes the name "Banne Brekeniauc" to the hills surrounding "Artures Hille" (Pen y Fan), also calling the range the "Banne Hilles".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/itineraryinwales00lelauoft/page/104 |title=The Itinerary in Wales of John Leland in or about the years 1536–9 |publisher=George Bell and Sons |year=1906 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Lucy Toulmin |location=London |pages=104, 106, 110}}</ref>
 
The term "Brecknock Beacons" was used in the eighteenth century and referred to the area around Pen y Fan, which was itself sometimes called 'the (Brecknock) Beacon'. For instance, Emanuel Bowen's ''A New and accurate map of South Wales'' (1729) labels the peak as 'The Vann or Brecknock Beacon', John Clark's 1794 ''General View of the Agriculture of the County of Brecknock'' refers to 'the Vann, or Brecknock Beacon, the undisputed sovereign of all the mountains in South Wales', and an 1839 [[tithe map]] of Cantref parish labels the mountain simply 'Beacon'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowen |first=Emanuel |date=1729 |title=A New and accurate map of South Wales containing the counties of Pembroke, Glamorgan, Carmarthen, Brecknock, Cardigan and Radnor wherein are exactly laid down and delineated from an actual survey and admeasurement all the towns, villages, churches, chaples, gentlemen's seats |url=https://viewer.library.wales/4997624 |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=National Library of Wales |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615083859/https://viewer.library.wales/4997624 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qsQAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+Vann+or+Brecknock+Beacon%22&pg=RA4-PA9 |title=General View of the Agriculture of the County of Brecknock |year=1794 |location=London |pages=9 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418105933/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qsQAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+Vann+or+Brecknock+Beacon%22&pg=RA4-PA9 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan of the parish of Cantref in the County of Brecon |url=https://www.peoplescollection.wales/items/767251 |url-status=live |access-date=15 February 2023 |website=People's Collection Wales |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216172656/https://www.peoplescollection.wales/items/767251 }}</ref> A slightly wider definition was used in 1809 by the Breconshire historian [[Theophilus Jones (historian)|Theophilus Jones]], who wrote that 'of the lofty summits of the Brecknock Beacons, that most southwards is the lowest, and the other two nearly of a height, they are sometimes called Cader Arthur or Arthur's chair'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Theophilus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZDnAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22brecon+beacons%22&pg=PA388 |title=A History of the County of Brecknock |year=1809 |volume=II.I |location=Brecknock |pages=388 |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418105927/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_History_of_the_County_of_Brecknock/QZDnAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22brecon+beacons%22&pg=PA388&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> This implies that "Brecknock Beacons" referred to only three summits, including Pen y Fan and Corn Du.


To distinguish the Brecons Beacons range from the national park, the range is sometimes called the "Central Beacons".<ref name="Central Beacons">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=Central Beacons |url=https://geotourismroute.eu/interests/central-beacons/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=European Atlantic Geoparks Route |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Five great places to walk in the Bannau Brycheiniog (Brecon Beacons) National Park |url=https://www.visitwales.com/things-do/adventure-and-activities/walking/five-great-places-walk-brecon-beacons |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=VisitWales |language=en}}</ref>
To distinguish the Brecons Beacons range from the national park, the range is sometimes called the "Central Beacons".<ref name="Central Beacons">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=Central Beacons |url=https://geotourismroute.eu/interests/central-beacons/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=European Atlantic Geoparks Route |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Five great places to walk in the Bannau Brycheiniog (Brecon Beacons) National Park |url=https://www.visitwales.com/things-do/adventure-and-activities/walking/five-great-places-walk-brecon-beacons |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=VisitWales |language=en}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 23:30, 16 August 2025

Template:Short description Template:Hatnote group Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox mountain

The Brecon Beacons (Template:Langx; Script error: No such module "IPA".[1]) are a mountain range in Wales. The range includes South Wales's highest mountain, Pen y Fan (Template:Convert),[2] its twin summit Corn Du (Template:Convert),[3] and Craig Gwaun Taf (Template:Convert),[4] which are the three highest peaks in the range. The Brecon Beacons have given their name to the larger Brecon Beacons National Park, and the range itself is therefore sometimes known as the Central Beacons to differentiate the two.

Toponymy

Bannau Brycheiniog derives from the Welsh bannau, "peaks" and Brycheiniog, the early medieval kingdom which covered the area. The English name is derived from the Welsh.[5][6] This name is first attested in the sixteenth century in John Leland's 1536–1539 Itinerary of Wales.[7] Under his description of the Brecknockshire landscape Leland states :

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

"Artures Hille is three good Welsh (almost five English) miles south west from Brekenok, and on the very top of the hill is a fair wellspring. This hill of some is counted the highest hill of Wales, and in a very clear day a man may see from it a part of Malvern Hilles, and Glocestre, and Bristow, and part of Devenshir and Cornwale. There be other diverse hills by Artures Hille, that which, with it, be communally called Banne Brekeniauc."[8]

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The name Brecon Beacons first occurs in the eighteenth century (as "Brecknock Beacons") and referred to the area around Pen y Fan (which itself was sometimes referred to as "the Brecknock Beacon"). For instance, Emanuel Bowen's A New and accurate map of South Wales (1729) labels the peak as 'The Vann or Brecknock Beacon', John Clark's 1794 General View of the Agriculture of the County of Brecknock refers to 'the Vann, or Brecknock Beacon, the undisputed sovereign of all the mountains in South Wales', and an 1839 tithe map of Cantref parish labels the mountain simply 'Beacon'.[9][10][11] A slightly wider definition was used in 1809 by the Breconshire historian Theophilus Jones, who wrote that 'of the lofty summits of the Brecknock Beacons, that most southwards is the lowest, and the other two nearly of a height, they are sometimes called Cader Arthur or Arthur's chair'.[12] This implies that "Brecknock Beacons" referred to only three summits, including Pen y Fan and Corn Du.

To distinguish the Brecons Beacons range from the national park, the range is sometimes called the "Central Beacons".[13][14]

Geography

File:Brecon Beacons National Park UK relief location map.png
Relief map of the Brecon Beacons National Park (bordered), with the Brecon Beacons located in the central area of the national park.

The Brecon Beacons comprises six main peaks, which from west to east are: Corn Du, Template:Convert; Pen y Fan, the highest peak, Template:Convert; Cribyn, Template:Convert; Fan y Bîg, Template:Convert; Bwlch y Ddwyallt, Template:Convert; and Waun Rydd, Template:Convert. These summits form a long ridge, and the sections joining the first four form a horseshoe shape around the head of the Taf Fechan, which flows away to the southeast. To the northeast of the ridge, interspersed with long parallel spurs, are four cirques (Welsh: cymoedd, sing. cwm) or round-headed valleys; from west to east these are Cwm Sere, Cwm Cynwyn, Cwm Oergwm and Cwm Cwareli.

The Brecon Beacons range, Fforest Fawr, and Black Mountain form a continuous massif of high ground above 300 metres (1000 feet). The A470 road forms an approximate boundary between the central Beacons and Fforest Fawr.

National park

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Brecon Beacons National Park was established in 1957,[15] the third of the three Welsh parks after Snowdonia in 1951[16] and the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park in 1952.[17] It covers an area of Template:Convert, which is much larger than the Brecon Beacons range. Over half of the park is in the south of Powys; the remainder of the park is split between northwestern Monmouthshire, eastern Carmarthenshire, northern Rhondda Cynon Taf and Merthyr Tydfil, and very small areas of Blaenau Gwent, and Torfaen.

Brecon Mountain Railway

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". A railway with narrow gauge trains is run by the Brecon Mountain Railway. The railway is a Template:Track gauge narrow-gauge tourist railway on the south side of the Brecon Beacons range. It climbs northwards from Pant along the full length of the Pontsticill Reservoir (also called 'Taf Fechan' reservoir by Welsh Water) and continues past the adjoining Pentwyn Reservoir to Torpantau railway station. The railway's starting point at Pant is located Template:Convert north of Merthyr Tydfil town centre.

Military training

File:Brecon Beacons UKSF.jpg
A soldier training in the Brecon Beacons above Llyn y Fan Fawr.

The Brecon Beacons are used for training members of the UK armed forces and military reservists. The Army's Infantry Battle School is located at Brecon,[18] and the Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Service use the area to test the fitness of applicants.[19][20] An exercise unique to the area is the 'Fan dance', which takes place on Pen y Fan.[21] In July 2013 three soldiers died from overheating or heatstroke on an SAS selection exercise. An army captain had been found dead on Corn Du earlier in the year after training in freezing weather for the SAS.[18]

See also

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References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage

Template:Settlements of Brecon Beacons National Park Template:Protected areas of Wales Template:National parks in the UK Template:Regions of Wales Template:Authority control

de:Brecon-Beacons-Nationalpark

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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