Pulitzer Prize for Biography: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|American award for distinguished biographies}}
{{short description|American award for distinguished biographies}}
{{Pulitzer}}
{{Pulitzer}}
The '''Pulitzer Prize for Biography''' is one of the seven American [[Pulitzer Prizes]] annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. The award honors "a distinguished and appropriately documented biography by an American author."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/222 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=[[Pulitzer Prize]] |language=en |archive-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628212619/https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/222 |url-status=live }}</ref> Award winners receive $15,000 USD.<ref name=":3" />
The '''Pulitzer Prize for Biography''' is one of the seven American [[Pulitzer Prizes]] annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. The award honors "a distinguished and appropriately documented biography by an American author."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/222 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=[[Pulitzer Prize]] |language=en |archive-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628212619/https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/222 |url-status=live }}</ref> Award winners receive US$15,000.<ref name=":3" />


From 1917 to 2022, this prize was known as the '''Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography''' and was awarded to a distinguished biography, autobiography or memoir<ref name="Pulitzer-list">{{cite web |title=Biography: Prize Winners by Category |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/222 |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Pulitzer Prize]] |archive-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628212619/https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/222 |url-status=live }}</ref> by an American author or co-authors, published during the preceding calendar year. It is one of the original Pulitzers. The program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1917 |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/1917 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=[[Pulitzer Prize]] |language=en |archive-date=December 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224024355/http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1917 |url-status=live }}</ref>
From 1917 to 2022, this prize was known as the '''Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography''' and was awarded to a distinguished biography, autobiography or memoir<ref name="Pulitzer-list">{{cite web |title=Biography: Prize Winners by Category |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/222 |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Pulitzer Prize]] |archive-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628212619/https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/222 |url-status=live }}</ref> by an American author or co-authors, published during the preceding calendar year. It is one of the original Pulitzers. The program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1917 |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/1917 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=[[Pulitzer Prize]] |language=en |archive-date=December 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224024355/http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1917 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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|-
|-
![[1919 in literature|1919]]
![[1919 in literature|1919]]
|{{sortname|last=Adams|first=Henry}}
|{{sortname|last=Adams|first=Henry}}†
|{{Sort|Education of Henry Adams|''[[The Education of Henry Adams]]''}}
|{{Sort|Education of Henry Adams|''[[The Education of Henry Adams]]''}}
|
|
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|-
|-
![[1947 in literature|1947]]
![[1947 in literature|1947]]
|{{sortname|last=White|first=William Allen}}
|{{sortname|last=White|first=William Allen}}†
|''The Autobiography of William Allen White''
|''The Autobiography of William Allen White''
|
|
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|-
|-
![[1958 in literature|1958]]
![[1958 in literature|1958]]
|{{sortname|last=Freeman|first=Douglas Southall}} with [[John Alexander Carroll]] and [[Mary Wells Ashworth]]
|{{sortname|last=Freeman|first=Douglas Southall}}† with [[John Alexander Carroll]] and [[Mary Wells Ashworth]]
|''George Washington'', vols. I-VII
|''George Washington'', vols. I-VII
|
|
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|- style=background-color:lightyellow;
|- style=background-color:lightyellow;
! rowspan="4" |[[1989 in literature|1989]]
! rowspan="4" |[[1989 in literature|1989]]
|{{sortname|last=Ellmann|first=Richard}}
|{{sortname|last=Ellmann|first=Richard}}†
|''Oscar Wilde''
|''Oscar Wilde''
|Winner
|Winner
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|-
|-
|{{sortname|last=Conway|first=Jill Ker}}
|{{sortname|last=Conway|first=Jill Ker}}
|{{Sort|Road from Coorain|''[[The Road from Coorain]]''}}
|{{Sort|Road from Coorain|''[[The Road from Coorain (book)|The Road from Coorain]]''}}
|Finalist
|Finalist
|
|
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|}
|}
===2000s===
===2000s===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
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|- style="background-color:lightyellow;"
|- style="background-color:lightyellow;"
! rowspan="3" |[[2021 in literature|2021]]
! rowspan="3" |[[2021 in literature|2021]]
|{{Sortname|first=Les|last=Payne}} and Tamara Payne
|{{Sortname|first=Les|last=Payne}}† and Tamara Payne
|{{Sort|Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X|''[[The Dead Are Arising|The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X]]''}}
|{{Sort|Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X|''[[The Dead Are Arising|The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X]]''}}
|Winner
|Winner
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|- style="background-color:lightyellow;"
|- style="background-color:lightyellow;"
! rowspan="3" |[[2022 in literature|2022]]
! rowspan="3" |[[2022 in literature|2022]]
|{{Sortname|first=Winfred|last=Rembert}} and [[Erin I. Kelly]]
|{{Sortname|first=Winfred|last=Rembert}}† and [[Erin I. Kelly]]
|''[[Chasing Me to My Grave|Chasing Me to My Grave: An Artist's Memoir of the Jim Crow South]]''
|''[[Chasing Me to My Grave|Chasing Me to My Grave: An Artist's Memoir of the Jim Crow South]]''
|Winner
|Winner

Latest revision as of 02:51, 13 September 2025

Template:Use mdy dates Template:Short description Template:Pulitzer The Pulitzer Prize for Biography is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. The award honors "a distinguished and appropriately documented biography by an American author."[1] Award winners receive US$15,000.[1]

From 1917 to 2022, this prize was known as the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography and was awarded to a distinguished biography, autobiography or memoir[2] by an American author or co-authors, published during the preceding calendar year. It is one of the original Pulitzers. The program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year.[3]

Recipients

In its first 97 years to 2013, the Biography Pulitzer was awarded 97 times. Two were given in 1938, and none in 1962.[4]

1910s-1940s

Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners, 1917-1949[2]
Year Author Title Ref.
1917 Template:Sortname and Maud Howe Elliott, assisted by Florence Howe Hall Julia Ward Howe
1918 Template:Sortname Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed
1919 Template:Sortname† Template:Sort
1920 Template:Sortname Template:Sort, 4 vols.
1921 Template:Sortname Template:Sort
1922 Template:Sortname Template:Sort
1923 Template:Sortname Template:Sort
1924 Template:Sortname From Immigrant to Inventor
1925 Template:Sortname Barrett Wendell and His Letters
1926 Template:Sortname Template:Sort, 2 vols.
1927 Template:Sortname Whitman
1928 Template:Sortname Template:Sort
1929 Template:Sortname Template:Sort
1930 Template:Sortname Template:Sort
1931 Template:Sortname Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University, 1869–1901
1932 Template:Sortname Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography
1933 Template:Sortname Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage
1934 Template:Sortname John Hay
1935 Template:Sortname R. E. Lee
1936 Template:Sortname Template:Sort
1937 Template:Sortname Hamilton Fish
1938 Template:Sortname Andrew Jackson, 2 vols.
Template:Sortname Pedlar's Progress: The Life of Bronson Alcott
1939 Template:Sortname Benjamin Franklin
1940 Template:Sortname Woodrow Wilson, Life and Letters. Vols. VII and VIII
1941 Template:Sortname Jonathan Edwards, 1703–1758: a biography
1942 Template:Sortname Crusader in Crinoline: The Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe
1943 Template:Sortname Admiral of the Ocean Sea
1944 Template:Sortname The American Leonardo: The Life of Samuel F. B. Morse [5]
1945 Template:Sortname George Bancroft: Brahmin Rebel
1946 Template:Sortname Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir
1947 Template:Sortname† The Autobiography of William Allen White
1948 Template:Sortname Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow
1949 Template:Sortname Roosevelt and Hopkins

1950s-1970s

Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners, 1950-1979[2]
Year Author Title Ref.
1950 Template:Sortname John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy
1951 Template:Sortname John C. Calhoun: American Portrait
1952 Template:Sortname Charles Evans Hughes
1953 Template:Sortname Edmund Pendleton 1721–1803
1954 Template:Sortname Template:Sort
1955 Template:Sortname Template:Sort
1956 Template:Sortname Benjamin Henry Latrobe
1957 Template:Sortname Profiles in Courage [6]
1958 Template:Sortname† with John Alexander Carroll and Mary Wells Ashworth George Washington, vols. I-VII
1959 Template:Sortname Woodrow Wilson, American Prophet
1960 Template:Sortname John Paul Jones
1961 Template:Sortname Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War
1962 No award presented[7]
1963 Template:Sortname Henry James
1964 Template:Sortname John Keats
1965 Template:Sortname Henry Adams, 3 vols.
1966 Template:Sortname Template:Sort [8]
1967 Template:Sortname Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain [9]
1968 Template:Sortname Memoirs
1969 Template:Sortname Template:Sort
1970 Template:Sortname Huey Long [10]
1971 Template:Sortname Robert Frost: The Years of Triumph, 1915–1938,
1972 Template:Sortname Eleanor and Franklin
1973 Template:Sortname Luce and His Empire
1974 Template:Sortname O'Neill, Son and Artist
1975 Template:Sortname Template:Sort [11]
1976 Template:Sortname Edith Wharton: A Biography
1977 Template:Sortname Template:Sort
1978 Template:Sortname Samuel Johnson
1979 Template:Sortname Days of Sorrow and Pain: Leo Baeck and the Berlin Jews

1980s

Entries from this point on include the finalists listed after the winner for each year.

Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners and finalists, 1980-1989[2]
Year Author Title Result Ref.
1980 Template:Sortname Template:Sort Winner
Template:Sortname Bernard Berenson, The Making of a Connoisseur Finalist
Template:Sortname Being Bernard Berenson Finalist
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
1981 Template:Sortname Peter the Great: His Life and World Winner [12][13]
Template:Sortname Walt Whitman: A Life Finalist
Template:Sortname Walter Lippmann and the American Century Finalist
1982 Template:Sortname Grant: A Biography Winner [14]
Template:Sortname Waldo Emerson Finalist
Template:Sortname Mornings on Horseback Finalist
1983 Template:Sortname Growing Up Winner [15]
Template:Sortname Churchill: Young Man in a Hurry, 1874–1915 Finalist
Template:Sortname Thomas E. Dewey and His Times Finalist
1984 Template:Sortname Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901–1915 Winner
Template:Sortname Thomas Carlyle: A Biography Finalist
Template:Sortname Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just Finalist
1985 Template:Sortname Template:Sort Winner [16]
Template:Sortname Becoming William James Finalist
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist [17]
1986 Template:Sortname Louise Bogan: A Portrait Winner
Template:Sortname George Washington Williams: A Biography Finalist
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
1987 Template:Sortname Bearing The Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference Winner
Template:Sortname Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation, 1860–1865 Finalist
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
Template:Sortname Murrow: His Life and Times Finalist
1988 Template:Sortname Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe Winner
Template:Sortname Hemingway Finalist
Template:Sortname George Santayana: A Biography Finalist
1989 Template:Sortname† Oscar Wilde Winner
Template:Sortname Freud: A Life for Our Time Finalist
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist [18]
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist

1990s

Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners and finalists, 1990-1999[2]
Year Author(s) Title Result Ref.
1990 Template:Sortname Machiavelli in Hell Winner
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
Template:Sortname Clear Pictures: First Loves, First Guides Finalist
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
1991 Template:Sortname and Gregory White Smith Jackson Pollock: An American Saga Winner [19]
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
Template:Sortname Alfred I. Du Pont: The Man and His Family Finalist
1992 Template:Sortname Fortunate Son: The Autobiography of Lewis B. Puller Jr. Winner
Template:Sortname Frederick Douglass Finalist
Template:Sortname Orwell: The Authorized Biography Finalist
1993 Template:Sortname Truman Winner [20]
Template:Sortname Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman Finalist
Template:Sortname Kissinger: A Biography Finalist
1994 Template:Sortname W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919 Winner [21]
Template:Sortname In Extremis: The Life of Laura Riding Finalist
Template:Sortname Genet: A Biography Finalist
1995 Template:Sortname Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life Winner
Template:Sortname Hugo Black: A Biography Finalist
Template:Sortname Saint-Exupery: A Biography Finalist [22]
1996 Template:Sortname God: A Biography Winner
Template:Sortname John Sloan: Painter and Rebel Finalist
Template:Sortname Mozart: A Life Finalist [23]
1997 Template:Sortname Angela's Ashes: A Memoir Winner
Template:Sortname In the Wilderness: Coming of Age in Unknown Country Finalist
Template:Sortname Herman Melville: A Biography, Volume 1, 1819–1851 Finalist
1998 Template:Sortname Personal History Winner [24][25]
Template:Sortname Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public-Private Life Finalist
Template:Sortname Whittaker Chambers: A Biography Finalist
1999 Template:Sortname Lindbergh Winner [26][27]
Template:Sortname At Home with the Marquis de Sade: A Life Finalist
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist

2000s

Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners and finalists, 2000-2009[2]
Year Author(s) Title Result
2000 Template:Sortname Vera, Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov Winner [22]
Template:Sortname Clear Springs: A Memoir Finalist
Template:Sortname Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love Finalist
2001 Template:Sortname W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century 1919-1963 Winner [28]
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
Template:Sortname Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician Finalist
2002 Template:Sortname John Adams Winner [20]
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
Template:Sortname Grant Finalist [29]
2003 Template:Sortname Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson Winner
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
Template:Sortname Beethoven: The Music and the Life Finalist
2004 Template:Sortname Khrushchev: The Man and His Era Winner
Template:Sortname Isaac Newton Finalist
Template:Sortname Arshile Gorky: His Life and Work Finalist
2005 Template:Sortname and Annalyn Swan de Kooning: An American Master Winner
Template:Sortname Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare Finalist
Template:Sortname Under a Wild Sky: John James Audubon and the Making of The Birds of America Finalist
2006 Template:Sortname and Martin J. Sherwin American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer Winner
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist [30]
2007 Template:Sortname Template:Sort Winner
Template:Sortname John Wilkes: The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty Finalist [31]
Template:Sortname Andrew Carnegie Finalist
2008 Template:Sortname Eden's Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father Winner
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
2009 Template:Sortname American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House Winner [32][33]
Template:Sortname Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt Finalist
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist

2010s

Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners and finalists, 2010-2019[2]
Year Author(s) Title Result Ref.
2010 Template:Sortname Template:Sort Winner [34]
Template:Sortname Cheever: A Life Finalist
Template:Sortname Woodrow Wilson: A Biography Finalist
2011 Template:Sortname Washington: A Life Winner [35][36]
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
Template:Sortname Mrs. Adams in Winter: A Journey in the Last Days of Napoleon Finalist
2012 Template:Sortname George F. Kennan: An American Life Winner [37][38]
Template:Sortname Love and Capital: Karl and Jenny Marx and the Birth of a Revolution Finalist [38]
Template:Sortname Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention Finalist [38]
2013 Template:Sortname Template:Sort Winner [39]
Template:Sortname Portrait of a Novel: Henry James and the Making of an American Masterpiece Finalist [39]
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist [39]
2014 Template:Sortname Margaret Fuller: A New American Life Winner [40][41]
Template:Sortname Jonathan Swift: His Life and His World Finalist
Template:Sortname Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life Finalist
2015 Template:Sortname Template:Sort Winner [42][43]
Template:Sortname Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism Finalist
Template:Sortname Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 Finalist
2016 Template:Sortname Barbarian Days: A Surfing Life Winner [44][45]
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist
Template:Sortname Custer's Trials: A Life on the Frontier of a New America Finalist
2017 Template:Sortname Template:Sort Winner [46][47]
Template:Sortname In the Darkroom Finalist
Template:Sortname When Breath Becomes Air Finalist
2018 Template:Sortname Prairie Fires: The American Dreams of Laura Ingalls Wilder Winner [48][49]
Template:Sortname Richard Nixon: The Life Finalist [48]
Template:Sortname Robert Lowell, Setting the River on Fire: A Study of Genius, Mania, and Character Finalist [48]
2019 Template:Sortname Template:Sort Winner [50][51]
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist [50]
Template:Sortname Proust's Duchess: How Three Celebrated Women Captured the Imagination of Fin-de-Siècle Paris Finalist [50]

2020s

Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners and finalists, 2020-present[2]
Year Author(s) Work Result Ref
2020 Template:Sortname Sontag: Her Life and Work Winner [52][53][54]
Template:Sortname Our Man: Richard Holbrooke and the End of the American Century Finalist [52]
Template:Sortname Parisian Lives: Samuel Beckett, Simone de Beauvoir, and Me Finalist [52]
2021 Template:Sortname† and Tamara Payne Template:Sort Winner [55][56][57]
Template:Sortname Red Comet: The Short Life and Blazing Art of Sylvia Plath Finalist [55]
Template:Sortname Stranger in the Shogun's City: A Japanese Woman and Her World Finalist [55]
2022 Template:Sortname† and Erin I. Kelly Chasing Me to My Grave: An Artist's Memoir of the Jim Crow South Winner [58][59][60]
Template:Sortname Pessoa: A Biography Finalist [58]
Template:Sortname Template:Sort Finalist [58]
2023 Template:Sortname G-Man: J. Edgar Hoover and the Making of the American Century Winner [61][62]
Template:Sortname Mr. B: George Balanchine's 20th Century Finalist [61]
Template:Sortname and Toluse Olorunnipa His Name Is George Floyd: One Man's Life and the Struggle for Racial Justice Finalist [61]
2024 Template:Sortname King: A Life Winner [63][64]
Template:Sortname Master Slave Husband Wife: An Epic Journey from Slavery to Freedom Winner [63]
Template:Sortname Larry McMurtry: A Life Finalist [63]
2025 Template:Sortname Every Living Thing: The Great and Deadly Race to Know All Life Winner
Template:Sortname John Lewis: A Life Finalist
Template:Sortname The World She Edited: Katharine S. White at The New Yorker Finalist

Repeat winners

Ten people have won the Pulitzer for Biography or Autobiography twice:

W. A. Swanberg was selected by the Pulitzer board in 1962 and 1973; however, the trustees of Columbia University (then responsible for conferral of the awards) overturned the proposed 1962 prize for Citizen Hearst.[7]

See also

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References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:PulitzerPrizes Template:PulitzerPrize BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named prize
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b In 1962 the Pulitzer board awarded the prize to W.A. Swanberg for Citizen Hearst. The trustees of Columbia University, who administer the prize, overturned the award, refusing to honor a book that took a critical look at William Randolph Hearst. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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