Argiope (spider): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Genus of spiders}} | {{Short description|Genus of spiders}} | ||
{{Automatic taxobox | {{Automatic taxobox | ||
| name = | |||
| image = Orb weaver spider (Argiope flavipalpis) female on web Nyamebe Bepo.jpg | |||
| image_caption = ''[[Argiope flavipalpis|A. flavipalpis]]'' on web with [[Web decoration|stabilimentum]]<br />in [[Ghana]] | |||
| image2 = Writing Spider catches butterfly.jpg | |||
| image2_caption = Writing spider eating a [[swallowtail butterfly]] | |||
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Neogene|present}} | | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Neogene|present}} | ||
| taxon = Argiope | | taxon = Argiope | ||
| authority = [[Jean Victoire Audouin|Audouin]], 1826<ref name=wsc /> | |||
| authority = [[Jean Victoire Audouin|Audouin]], 1826<ref name= | |||
| type_species = ''[[Argiope lobata|Aranea lobata]]'' | | type_species = ''[[Argiope lobata|Aranea lobata]]'' | ||
| type_species_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1772<ref name= | | type_species_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1772<ref name=wsc /> | ||
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | ||
| subdivision = | | subdivision = 86, [[#Species|see text]]. | ||
| synonyms = *''Austrargiope'' | | synonyms = *''Austrargiope'' | ||
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=wsc /> | |||
| synonyms_ref = <ref name= | |||
}} | }} | ||
The [[genus]] '''''Argiope''''' includes rather large [[spider]]s that often have a strikingly coloured [[abdomen]]. These spiders are distributed throughout the world. Most countries in tropical or temperate climates host one or more | |||
The [[genus]] '''''Argiope''''' includes rather large [[orb weaver]] [[spider]]s that often have a strikingly coloured [[opisthosoma|abdomen]]. These spiders are distributed throughout the world. Most countries in tropical or temperate climates host one or more ''Argiope'' species. | |||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
As with most orb weavers, they have a third claw which is used to weave their complex webs. There is significant sexual dimorphism among the various species, with females measuring 19mm-28mm (0.75”-1.1”) and males coming in at 5mm-9mm (0.20”-0.35”).<ref name=" | As with most orb weavers, they have a third claw which is used to weave their complex webs. There is significant sexual dimorphism among the various species, with females measuring 19mm-28mm (0.75”-1.1”) and males coming in at 5mm-9mm (0.20”-0.35”).<ref name="hammond" /> Their [[#Web|webs]] can be quite large, usually containing a signature zig-zag pattern, called a [[stabilimentum]].<ref name="face" /> They sport black and yellow patterning on their abdomen, and occasionally on their legs,<ref name="exten" /> although most species have black legs with red or yellow patterning closer to the body. Their cephalothorax is covered with short silver hairs, and they have an egg-shaped abdomen.<ref name="hammond" /> | ||
==Names== | |||
The etymology of the genus name ''Argiope'' is from a Latin word ''[[argentum]]'' meaning silver.<ref name=Field /> The [[Glossary of spider terms#carapace|carapace]] of ''Argiope'' species is typically covered in silvery hairs, and when crawling in the sun, they reflect it in a way that gives them a metallic, white appearance.<ref name="hammond" /> | |||
[[File:Argiope sp.jpg|thumb|''Argiope'' sp. blending in to elaborate stabilimentum in [[Tanzania]]]] | [[File:Argiope sp.jpg|thumb|''Argiope'' sp. blending in to elaborate stabilimentum in [[Tanzania]]]] | ||
[[File:Argiope-IndependenceMO.jpg|thumb|upright|An argiope's web with stabilimentum in [[Independence, Missouri]]]] | [[File:Argiope-IndependenceMO.jpg|thumb|upright|An argiope's web with stabilimentum in [[Independence, Missouri]]]] | ||
[[File:Argiope and milkweedBug.webm|thumb|thumbtime=5|The [[Argiope trifasciata|banded orb weaving spider]] wraps up a [[Oncopeltus fasciatus|large milkweed bug]] and subsequently cuts it from its web. This illustrates the protection the bug gained from feeding on [[Asclepias|milkweed]].]] | [[File:Argiope and milkweedBug.webm|thumb|thumbtime=5|The [[Argiope trifasciata|banded orb weaving spider]] wraps up a [[Oncopeltus fasciatus|large milkweed bug]] and subsequently cuts it from its web. This illustrates the protection the bug gained from feeding on [[Asclepias|milkweed]].]] | ||
''[[Argiope bruennichi]]'' is commonly known as the '''wasp spider'''. In [[Australia]], ''[[Argiope keyserlingi]]'' and ''[[Argiope aetherea]]'' are known as '''St Andrew's cross spiders''', for their habit of resting in the [[spider web|web]] with paired legs outstretched in the shape of an X and mirroring the large white web decoration (the [[Saltire|cross of St. Andrew]]<ref name=Field/> having the same form). This white zigzag in the centre of its web is called the ''[[Web decorations|stabilimentum]]'' or web decoration.<ref name=Field /> | ''[[Argiope bruennichi]]'' is commonly known as the '''wasp spider'''. In [[Australia]], ''[[Argiope keyserlingi]]'' and ''[[Argiope aetherea]]'' are known as '''St Andrew's cross spiders''', for their habit of resting in the [[spider web|web]] with paired legs outstretched in the shape of an X and mirroring the large white web decoration (the [[Saltire|cross of St. Andrew]]<ref name=Field /> having the same form). This white zigzag in the centre of its web is called the ''[[Web decorations|stabilimentum]]'' or web decoration.<ref name=Field /> | ||
In North America, ''[[Argiope aurantia]]'' is commonly known as the '''black and yellow garden spider''', '''zipper spider''', '''corn spider''', or '''writing spider''', because of the similarity of the web stabilimenta to writing. | In North America, ''[[Argiope aurantia]]'' is commonly known as the '''black and yellow garden spider''', '''zipper spider''', '''corn spider''', or '''writing spider''', because of the similarity of the web stabilimenta to writing. | ||
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The average orb web is practically invisible, and it is easy to blunder into one and end up covered with a sticky web. The visible pattern of banded [[Spider silk|silk]] made by ''Argiope'' is pure white, and some species make an "X" form, or a zigzag type of web (often with a hollow centre). The spider then aligns one pair of its legs with each of the four lines in the hollow "X", making a complete "X" of white lines with a very eye-catching spider forming its centre. | The average orb web is practically invisible, and it is easy to blunder into one and end up covered with a sticky web. The visible pattern of banded [[Spider silk|silk]] made by ''Argiope'' is pure white, and some species make an "X" form, or a zigzag type of web (often with a hollow centre). The spider then aligns one pair of its legs with each of the four lines in the hollow "X", making a complete "X" of white lines with a very eye-catching spider forming its centre. | ||
The zigzag patterns, called stabilimenta, reflect [[UV light]].<ref name=Field/> They have been shown to play a role in attracting prey to the web, and possibly in preventing its destruction by large animals. The centres of their large webs are often just under 1 metre above the ground, so they are too low for anything much larger than a rabbit to walk under. The overtness of the spider and its web thus has been speculated to prevent larger creatures from accidentally destroying the web and possibly crushing the spider underfoot. | The zigzag patterns, called stabilimenta, reflect [[UV light]].<ref name=Field /> They have been shown to play a role in attracting prey to the web, and possibly in preventing its destruction by large animals. The centres of their large webs are often just under 1 metre above the ground, so they are too low for anything much larger than a rabbit to walk under. The overtness of the spider and its web thus has been speculated to prevent larger creatures from accidentally destroying the web and possibly crushing the spider underfoot. | ||
Other studies suggest that the stabilimenta may actually lead predators to the spider; species such as ''A. keyserlingi'' place their web predominantly in closed, complex habitats such as among [[Cyperaceae|sedges]]. | Other studies suggest that the stabilimenta may actually lead predators to the spider; species such as ''A. keyserlingi'' place their web predominantly in closed, complex habitats such as among [[Cyperaceae|sedges]]. | ||
As ''Argiope'' sit in the centre of their web during the day, they have developed several responses to predators, such as dropping off the web, retreating to the periphery of the web, or even rapidly pumping the web in bursts of up to 30 seconds, similar to the motion done by the unrelated ''[[Pholcus phalangioides]]''.{{sfnp|Blamires|Hochuli|Thompson|2007}} | As ''Argiope'' sit in the centre of their web during the day, they have developed several responses to predators, such as dropping off the web, retreating to the periphery of the web, or even rapidly pumping the web in bursts of up to 30 seconds, similar to the motion done by the unrelated ''[[Pholcus phalangioides]]''.{{sfnp|Blamires|Hochuli|Thompson|2007}} | ||
==Reproduction== | ==Reproduction== | ||
The male spider is much smaller than the female,<ref | The male spider is much smaller than the female,<ref name=levi1983 /> and unassumingly marked. When it is time to mate, the male spins a companion web alongside the female's. After mating, the female lays her eggs, placing her [[egg sac]] into the web. The sac contains between 400 and 1400 eggs. | ||
These eggs hatch in autumn, but the spiderlings [[overwinter]] in the sac and emerge during the spring. The egg sac is composed of multiple layers of silk and protects its contents from damage; however, many species of [[insect]]s have been observed to [[parasitise]] the egg sacs. | These eggs hatch in autumn, but the spiderlings [[overwinter]] in the sac and emerge during the spring. The egg sac is composed of multiple layers of silk and protects its contents from damage; however, many species of [[insect]]s have been observed to [[parasitise]] the egg sacs. | ||
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Like almost all other spiders, ''Argiope'' are harmless to humans. As is the case with most garden spiders, they eat [[insect]]s, and they are capable of consuming [[prey]] up to twice their size. ''A. savigny'' was even reported to occasionally feed on the small [[bat]] ''[[Rhynchonycteris naso]]''.{{sfnp|Timm|Losilla|2007}} | Like almost all other spiders, ''Argiope'' are harmless to humans. As is the case with most garden spiders, they eat [[insect]]s, and they are capable of consuming [[prey]] up to twice their size. ''A. savigny'' was even reported to occasionally feed on the small [[bat]] ''[[Rhynchonycteris naso]]''.{{sfnp|Timm|Losilla|2007}} | ||
They can potentially bite if grabbed, but other than for defense, they do not attack large animals. Their [[venom]] is not regarded as a serious medical problem for humans; it often contains a wide variety of [[polyamine]] toxins with potential as therapeutic medicinal agents.<ref name=StroMell04/> Notable among these is the [[argiotoxin]] ArgTX-636 (''A. lobata''). | They can potentially bite if grabbed, but other than for defense, they do not attack large animals. Their [[venom]] is not regarded as a serious medical problem for humans; it often contains a wide variety of [[polyamine]] toxins with potential as therapeutic medicinal agents.<ref name=StroMell04 /> Notable among these is the [[argiotoxin]] ArgTX-636 (''A. lobata''). | ||
A bite by the [[Argiope aurantia|black and yellow garden spider]] (''Argiope aurantia'') is comparable to a bee sting, with redness and swelling. For a healthy adult, a bite is not considered an issue.<ref name=HawkTamu /><ref name="orkin" /><ref name="spencer2018" /> | |||
Though they are not aggressive spiders, the very young, elderly, those with compromised immune systems, or those with known venom allergies should exercise caution, just as one would around a beehive.<ref name=HawkTamu /> | |||
==Injury and pain{{anchor|Injury}}{{anchor|Pain}}== | ==Injury and pain{{anchor|Injury}}{{anchor|Pain}}== | ||
''Argiope'' use [[autotomy]] – restricting blood flow to their own leg until it falls off – to minimize blood loss due to injury.<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983" /><ref name="Fiorito-1986" /> This is triggered by pain.<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983" /><ref name="Fiorito-1986" /> [[Honeybee]] and [[wasp]] [[venom]]s induce the same pain in ''Argiope'' – even when the injury is minor – causing ''Argiope'' to drop the affected leg.<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983" /><ref name="Fiorito-1986" /> The same effect can also be produced by chemically [[fractionation|fractionated]] components of those venoms (specifically [[serotonin]], [[histamine]], and [[phospholipase A2]]) that also cause pain in humans.<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983" /><ref name="Fiorito-1986" /> | ''Argiope'' use [[autotomy]] – restricting blood flow to their own leg until it falls off – to minimize blood loss due to injury.<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983" /><ref name="Fiorito-1986" /> This is triggered by pain.<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983" /><ref name="Fiorito-1986" /> [[Honeybee]] and [[wasp]] [[venom]]s induce the same pain in ''Argiope'' – even when the injury is minor – causing ''Argiope'' to drop the affected leg.<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983" /><ref name="Fiorito-1986" /> The same effect can also be produced by chemically [[fractionation|fractionated]] components of those venoms (specifically [[serotonin]], [[histamine]], and [[phospholipase A2]]) that also cause pain in humans.<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983" /><ref name="Fiorito-1986" /> | ||
== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
The first description of the genus ''Argiope'' is attributed to [[Jean Victoire Audouin]] in 1826,<ref name=wsc /> although he wrote that the genus was established by [[Marie Jules César Savigny|Savigny]].{{sfnp|Audouin|1826|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41330143 121]}} | |||
<ref name= | |||
In the first edition of the work in which the description appeared (''[[Description de l'Égypte]]: Histoire Naturelle''), Audouin used the spelling "Argyope", for both the French vernacular name and the Latin generic name.{{sfnp|Audouin|1826|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41330143 121]}} In the second edition, he continued to use "Argyope" for the French vernacular name, but the first mention of the Latin generic name had the spelling "''Argiope''", although the binomial names of the species continued to use "''Argyope''".{{sfnp|Audouin|1827|p=[https://archive.org/details/descriptiondelg02pancgoog/page/n239 328]}} This led to controversy as to whether Audouin had intended to correct the spelling of the generic name, which is derived from the Greek αργιόπη. In 1975, the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] validated the spelling "''Argiope''", on the basis that the change from the first to the second edition was an intended correction.<ref name=Melv75 /><ref name=Levi04 /> | |||
< | ==Species== | ||
<gallery mode=packed heights=140px> | |||
Argiope aemula female dorsal.jpg|''A. aemula'' | |||
Argiope ahngeri Iran.png|''A. ahngeri'' | |||
Female-dorsal-argiope-aetheroides.jpg|''A. aetheroides'' | |||
Argiope amoena - 4.jpg|''A. amoena'' | |||
Argiope bruennichi QXGA.jpg|''A. bruennichi'' | |||
</gallery> | |||
<ref name= | {{as of|2025|9}}, this genus includes 86 species and three subspecies:<ref name="wsc" /> | ||
{{Div col}} | |||
* ''[[Argiope aemula]]'' <small>([[Charles Walckenaer|Walckenaer]], 1841)</small> – [[India]], [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]] (Sulawesi), [[Vanuatu]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope aetherea]]'' <small>(Walckenaer, 1841)</small> – [[China]], [[Australia]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope aetheroides]]'' <small>Yin, Wang, Zhang, Peng & Chen, 1989</small> – China, [[Japan]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope ahngeri]]'' <small>Spassky, 1932</small> – [[Iran]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]]? | |||
* ''[[Argiope amoena]]'' <small>[[Ludwig Carl Christian Koch|L. Koch]], 1878</small> – China, [[Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]]. Introduced to [[Hawaii]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope anasuja]]'' <small>[[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]], 1887</small> – [[Seychelles]], [[Maldives]], Iran, [[Pakistan]], India, [[Sri Lanka]], Australia (Cocos Is.) | |||
* ''[[Argiope anomalopalpis]]'' <small>Bjørn, 1997</small> – [[DR Congo]], [[South Africa]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope appensa]]'' <small>(Walckenaer, 1841)</small> – Taiwan, [[New Guinea]]. Introduced to Hawaii | |||
* ''[[Argiope argentata]]'' <small>([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1775)</small> – [[United States]], [[Chile]], [[Argentina]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope aurantia]]'' <small>[[Hippolyte Lucas|Lucas]], 1833</small> – [[Canada]], [[Costa Rica]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope aurocincta]]'' <small>[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1898</small> – DR Congo, [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], South Africa | |||
* ''[[Argiope australis]]'' <small>(Walckenaer, 1805)</small> – [[Cape Verde]], [[Senegal]], Central, [[Eastern and Southern Africa]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope beibeng]]'' <small>Mi & Wang, 2024</small> – China | |||
* ''[[Argiope bivittigera]]'' <small>[[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1911</small> – Indonesia | |||
* ''[[Argiope blanda]]'' <small>[[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1898</small> – United States, Costa Rica | |||
* ''[[Argiope boesenbergi]]'' <small>[[Herbert Walter Levi|Levi]], 1983</small> – China, Korea, Japan | |||
* ''[[Argiope bougainvilla]]'' <small>(Walckenaer, 1847)</small> – [[New Guinea]], [[Solomon Islands]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope bruennichi]]'' <small>(Scopoli, 1772)</small> – [[Europe]], [[North Africa]], [[Turkey]], [[Middle East]], [[Russia]] (Europe to Far East), [[Caucasus]], Iran, [[Central Asia]], China, Korea, Japan | |||
* ''[[Argiope brunnescentia]]'' <small>Strand, 1911</small> – New Guinea, [[Papua New Guinea]] (Bismarck Arch.) | |||
* ''[[Argiope buehleri]]'' <small>[[Ehrenfried Schenkel-Haas|Schenkel]], 1944</small> – [[Timor]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope bullocki]]'' <small>Rainbow, 1908</small> – Australia (New South Wales) | |||
* ''[[Argiope butchko]]'' <small>LeQuier & [[:species:Ingi Agnarsson|Agnarsson]], 2016</small> – [[Cuba]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope caesarea]]'' <small>Thorell, 1897</small> – India, [[Myanmar]], China | |||
* ''[[Argiope caledonia]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – [[New Caledonia]], Vanuatu | |||
* ''[[Argiope cameloides]]'' <small>Zhu & Song, 1994</small> – China | |||
* ''[[Argiope carvalhoi]]'' <small>([[Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão|Mello-Leitão]], 1944)</small> – [[Brazil]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope catenulata]]'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig Doleschall|Doleschall]], 1859)</small> – India, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia (Northern Territory) | |||
* ''[[Argiope chloreides]]'' <small>Chrysanthus, 1961</small> – China, [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]] (peninsula), Indonesia (New Guinea) | |||
* ''[[Argiope chloreis]]'' <small>Thorell, 1877</small> – China, Malaysia (peninsula, Borneo), Indonesia (Sumatra, Sulawesi) | |||
* ''[[Argiope comorica]]'' <small>Bjørn, 1997</small> – [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope coquereli]]'' <small>([[Auguste Vinson|Vinson]], 1863)</small> – Tanzania (Zanzibar), [[Madagascar]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope dang]]'' <small>Jäger & Praxaysombath, 2009</small> – [[Thailand]], Laos | |||
* ''[[Argiope dietrichae]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Australia) | |||
* ''[[Argiope doboensis]]'' <small>Strand, 1911</small> – Indonesia, New Guinea | |||
* ''[[Argiope doleschalli]]'' <small>Thorell, 1873</small> – Indonesia | |||
* ''[[Argiope ericae]]'' <small>Levi, 2004</small> – Brazil, Argentina | |||
* ''[[Argiope flavipalpis]]'' <small>(Lucas, 1858)</small> – [[Africa]], [[Yemen]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope florida]]'' <small>[[Ralph Vary Chamberlin|Chamberlin]] & Ivie, 1944</small> – United States | |||
* ''[[Argiope halmaherensis]]'' <small>Strand, 1907</small> – Indonesia (Moluccas, New Guinea), Papua New Guinea | |||
* ''[[Argiope hinderlichi]]'' <small>Jäger, 2012</small> – Laos | |||
* ''[[Argiope hoiseni]]'' <small>Tan, 2018</small> – Malaysia (Peninsula) | |||
* ''[[Argiope intricata]]'' <small>[[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1877</small> – Philippines | |||
* ''[[Argiope jinghongensis]]'' <small>Yin, Peng & Wang, 1994</small> – China, [[Vietnam]], Laos, Thailand | |||
* ''[[Argiope kaingang]]'' <small>Corronca & Rodríguez-Artigas, 2015</small> – Argentina | |||
* ''[[Argiope katherina]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – [[Northern Australia]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope keyserlingi]]'' <small>[[Ferdinand Karsch|Karsch]], 1878</small> – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Lord Howe Is.) | |||
* ''[[Argiope kochi]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Australia (Queensland) | |||
* ''[[Argiope legionis]]'' <small>Motta & Levi, 2009</small> – Brazil | |||
* ''[[Argiope levii]]'' <small>Bjørn, 1997</small> – Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa | |||
* ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' <small>(Pallas, 1772)</small> – [[Southern Europe]], [[Central Asia and China]], [[northern Africa]], Tanzania, South Africa, Middle East, Pakistan, India, Myanmar (type species) | |||
* ''[[Argiope luzona]]'' <small>(Walckenaer, 1841)</small> – Philippines | |||
* ''[[Argiope macrochoera]]'' <small>Thorell, 1891</small> – India (Nicobar Is.) | |||
* ''[[Argiope madang]]'' <small>Levi, 1984</small> – New Guinea | |||
* ''[[Argiope magnifica]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1871</small> – Australia, (Queensland) | |||
* ''[[Argiope mangal]]'' <small>Koh, 1991</small> – [[Singapore]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope manila]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Philippines | |||
* ''[[Argiope mascordi]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Australia (Queensland) | |||
* ''[[Argiope minuta]]'' <small>Karsch, 1879</small> – India, [[Bangladesh]], China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan | |||
* ''[[Argiope modesta]]'' <small>Thorell, 1881</small> – Indonesia | |||
* ''[[Argiope niasensis]]'' <small>Strand, 1907</small> – Indonesia | |||
* ''[[Argiope ocula]]'' <small>Fox, 1938</small> – China, Taiwan, Japan | |||
* ''[[Argiope ocyaloides]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1871</small> – Australia (Queensland) | |||
* ''[[Argiope pentagona]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1871</small> – [[Fiji]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope perforata]]'' <small>Schenkel, 1963</small> – China, Vietnam | |||
* ''[[Argiope picta]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1871</small> – Indonesia, (Moluccas) | |||
* ''[[Argiope pictula]]'' <small>Strand, 1911</small> – Indonesia (Sulawesi) | |||
* ''[[Argiope ponape]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – [[Caroline Is]]. | |||
* ''[[Argiope possoica]]'' <small>[[:species:P. Merian|Merian]], 1911</small> – Indonesia (Sulawesi) | |||
* ''[[Argiope probata]]'' <small>Rainbow, 1916</small> – Australia (Queensland) | |||
* ''[[Argiope protensa]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1872</small> – New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, [[New Zealand]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope pulchella]]'' <small>Thorell, 1881</small> – Pakistan, India, [[China and Indonesia]] | |||
* ''[[Argiope pulchelloides]]'' <small>Yin, Wang, Zhang, Peng & Chen, 1989</small> – China | |||
* ''[[Argiope radon]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Northern Australia | |||
* ''[[Argiope ranomafanensis]]'' <small>Bjørn, 1997</small> – Madagascar | |||
* ''[[Argiope reinwardti]]'' <small>(Doleschall, 1859)</small> – Malaysia, New Guinea | |||
** ''[[Argiope reinwardti sumatrana|A. r. sumatrana]]'' <small>(van Hasselt, 1882)</small> – Indonesia (Sumatra) | |||
* ''[[Argiope sapoa]]'' <small>Barrion & [[:species:James Allen Litsinger|Litsinger]], 1995</small> – Thailand, Philippines | |||
* ''[[Argiope sector]]'' <small>(Forsskål, 1776)</small> – Cape Verde, Senegal, North Africa, Middle East | |||
* ''[[Argiope squallica]]'' <small>Strand, 1915</small> – New Guinea | |||
* ''[[Argiope submaronica]]'' <small>Strand, 1916</small> – [[Mexico]], [[Bolivia]], Brazil | |||
* ''[[Argiope takum]]'' <small>Chrysanthus, 1971</small> – New Guinea | |||
* ''[[Argiope tapinolobata]]'' <small>Bjørn, 1997</small> – Senegal, [[Namibia]], South Africa | |||
* ''[[Argiope taprobanica]]'' <small>Thorell, 1887</small> – Sri Lanka | |||
* ''[[Argiope trifasciata]]'' <small>(Forsskål, 1775)</small> – North, [[Central and South America]]. Introduced to [[St. Helena]], Africa, [[Portugal]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]], Iran, India, China, Japan, Australia (Tasmania), [[Pacific Is]]. | |||
** ''[[Argiope trifasciata deserticola|A. t. deserticola]]'' <small>Simon, 1906</small> – [[Sudan]] | |||
** ''[[Argiope trifasciata kauaiensis|A. t. kauaiensis]]'' <small>Simon, 1900</small> – Hawaii | |||
* ''[[Argiope truk]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Caroline Is. | |||
* ''[[Argiope versicolor]]'' <small>(Doleschall, 1859)</small> – Pakistan, China, Indonesia (Java) | |||
* ''[[Argiope vietnamensis]]'' <small>Ono, 2010</small> – China, Vietnam | |||
{{Div col end}} | |||
==Gallery== | |||
<gallery widths="220" heights="165" mode=packed> | |||
Florida Argiope - Argiope florida, Archbold Biological Station, Venus, Florida - 01.jpg|''[[Argiope florida]]'' | |||
Writing Spider.jpg|Writing spider on stabilimentum in [[Iowa]] | |||
Silver argiope (Argiope argentata).jpg|Silver argiope (''[[Argiope argentata]]'') in [[Jamaica]] | |||
Writing Spider Argiope.jpg|Writing spider in [[South Carolina]] | |||
Argiope keyserlingi 5367.jpg|St Andrew's cross spider (''[[Argiope keyserlingi|A. keyserlingi]]'') from [[Australia]] | |||
Spider DNS SC.jpg|alt=Argiope in Goose Creek, SC.|''Argiope'' sp. from [[South Carolina]] | |||
Argiope reinwardti, Kawah Putih, Bandung 2014-08-21 02.jpg|''A. reinwardti'' from [[Kawah Putih]], Indonesia | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Footnotes== | |||
{{Reflist|refs= | |||
<ref name="wsc">{{cite web | url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/281 | title=Genus Argiope | publisher=World Spider Catalog | doi=10.24436/2 | accessdate=26 September 2025}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Eisner-Camazine-1983>{{cite journal | last1=Eisner | first1=Thomas | last2=Camazine | first2=Scott | title=Spider leg autotomy induced by prey venom injection: An adaptive response to "pain"? | journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | volume=80 | issue=11 | date=1983-06-01 | issn=0027-8424 | doi=10.1073/pnas.80.11.3382 | pages=3382–3385| pmid=16593325 | pmc=394047 | bibcode=1983PNAS...80.3382E | doi-access=free }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=exten>{{Cite web |title=Argiope spp. |url=https://extensionentomology.tamu.edu/insect_scientific_name/argiope-spp/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=extensionentomology.tamu.edu}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=face>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-11 |title=In Your Face Spiders and Other Orb Weavers |url=https://bygl.osu.edu/node/1686 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=bygl.osu.edu |language=en}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Field>{{cite book |last1=Whyte |first1=Robert |last2=Anderson |first2=Greg |date=2017 |title=A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia |location=Clayton South, Vic. |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |page=80 |isbn=9780643107076}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Fiorito-1986>{{cite journal | last=Fiorito | first=G. | title=Is there "pain" in invertebrates? | journal=[[Behavioural Processes]] | volume=12 | issue=4 | year=1986 | doi=10.1016/0376-6357(86)90006-9 | pages=383–388| pmid=24924695 | s2cid=26181117 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=hammond>{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=George |title=Argiope aurantia |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Argiope_aurantia/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=HawkTamu>{{Citation |last1=Hawkinson |first1=Candice |title=Beneficials in the Garden: Black-and-Yellow Argiope Spider |website=www.tamu.edu |publisher=Texas A&M University |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/galveston/beneficials/beneficial-24_spider_blackandyellow_argiope.htm |access-date=2014-09-24 |mode=cs1 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Levi04>{{Citation |last1=Levi |first1=Herbert W. |date=2004 |title=Comments and new records for the American genera ''Gea'' and ''Argiope'' with the description of a new species (Araneae: Araneidae) |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=47–65 |doi=10.3099/0027-4100(2004)158[47:CANRFT]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=85930723 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/93297 |mode=cs1 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=levi1983>{{cite journal |url= http://www.arachne.org.au/_dbase_upl/the_orbweavers_argiope_levi.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.arachne.org.au/_dbase_upl/the_orbweavers_argiope_levi.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | |||
|title=The orb-weaver genera ''Argiope'', ''Gea'', and ''Neogea'' from the western Pacific region (Araneae: Araneidae, Argiopinae) |last1=Levi |first1=Herbert W. |date=1983 |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |volume=150 |issue=5 |pages=247–338 [253] }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Melv75>{{Citation |last1=Melville |first1=R.V. |date=1975 |title=Opinion 1038 ''Argiope'' Audouin (Arachnida, Aranea): placed on the official list of generic names in zoology |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=105–109 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12225716 |access-date=2017-08-21 |mode=cs1 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=orkin>{{cite web |date=11 April 2018 |title=Garden Spiders: Facts, Identification & Control |url=https://www.orkin.com/other/spiders/garden-spiders |access-date=2019-11-16 |website=orkin.com}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=spencer2018>{{cite web |last=Spencer |first=Jill |date=2018-10-29 |title=The Yellow Garden Spider (Argiope Aurantia) |url=https://owlcation.com/stem/Yellow-Garden-Spider |access-date=2019-11-16 |website=owlcation.com}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=StroMell04>{{Citation |last1=Strømgaard |first1=K. |last2=Mellor |first2=I. |date=2004 |title=AMPA receptor ligands: Synthetic and pharmacological studies of polyamines and polyamine toxins |journal=Medicinal Research Reviews |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=589–620 |doi=10.1002/med.20004 |pmid=15224382 |s2cid=24802888 |mode=cs1 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> | |||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 196: | Line 209: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{ | * {{inaturalist taxon}} | ||
* [http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/subimages.cfm?SUB=11805 Pictures of ''Argiope'' species] — Forestry Images, University of Georgia (free for noncommercial use) | * [http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/subimages.cfm?SUB=11805 Pictures of ''Argiope'' species] — Forestry Images, University of Georgia (free for noncommercial use) | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080801230414/http://museumvictoria.com.au/spiders/detail.aspx?pid=17&pic=0 St. Andrews Cross Spider ''Argiope keyserlingii''] — [[Museum Victoria]] | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080801230414/http://museumvictoria.com.au/spiders/detail.aspx?pid=17&pic=0 St. Andrews Cross Spider ''Argiope keyserlingii''] — [[Museum Victoria]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:02, 9 October 2025
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
The genus Argiope includes rather large orb weaver spiders that often have a strikingly coloured abdomen. These spiders are distributed throughout the world. Most countries in tropical or temperate climates host one or more Argiope species.
Description
As with most orb weavers, they have a third claw which is used to weave their complex webs. There is significant sexual dimorphism among the various species, with females measuring 19mm-28mm (0.75”-1.1”) and males coming in at 5mm-9mm (0.20”-0.35”).[1] Their webs can be quite large, usually containing a signature zig-zag pattern, called a stabilimentum.[2] They sport black and yellow patterning on their abdomen, and occasionally on their legs,[3] although most species have black legs with red or yellow patterning closer to the body. Their cephalothorax is covered with short silver hairs, and they have an egg-shaped abdomen.[1]
Names
The etymology of the genus name Argiope is from a Latin word argentum meaning silver.[4] The carapace of Argiope species is typically covered in silvery hairs, and when crawling in the sun, they reflect it in a way that gives them a metallic, white appearance.[1]
Argiope bruennichi is commonly known as the wasp spider. In Australia, Argiope keyserlingi and Argiope aetherea are known as St Andrew's cross spiders, for their habit of resting in the web with paired legs outstretched in the shape of an X and mirroring the large white web decoration (the cross of St. Andrew[4] having the same form). This white zigzag in the centre of its web is called the stabilimentum or web decoration.[4]
In North America, Argiope aurantia is commonly known as the black and yellow garden spider, zipper spider, corn spider, or writing spider, because of the similarity of the web stabilimenta to writing.
The East Asian species Argiope amoena is known in Japan as kogane-gumo. In the Philippines, they are known as gagambang ekis ("X spider"), and gagambang pari ("priest spider", due to the spider's body resembling a priest's head with a mitre).
Web
The average orb web is practically invisible, and it is easy to blunder into one and end up covered with a sticky web. The visible pattern of banded silk made by Argiope is pure white, and some species make an "X" form, or a zigzag type of web (often with a hollow centre). The spider then aligns one pair of its legs with each of the four lines in the hollow "X", making a complete "X" of white lines with a very eye-catching spider forming its centre.
The zigzag patterns, called stabilimenta, reflect UV light.[4] They have been shown to play a role in attracting prey to the web, and possibly in preventing its destruction by large animals. The centres of their large webs are often just under 1 metre above the ground, so they are too low for anything much larger than a rabbit to walk under. The overtness of the spider and its web thus has been speculated to prevent larger creatures from accidentally destroying the web and possibly crushing the spider underfoot.
Other studies suggest that the stabilimenta may actually lead predators to the spider; species such as A. keyserlingi place their web predominantly in closed, complex habitats such as among sedges.
As Argiope sit in the centre of their web during the day, they have developed several responses to predators, such as dropping off the web, retreating to the periphery of the web, or even rapidly pumping the web in bursts of up to 30 seconds, similar to the motion done by the unrelated Pholcus phalangioides.Template:Sfnp
Reproduction
The male spider is much smaller than the female,[5] and unassumingly marked. When it is time to mate, the male spins a companion web alongside the female's. After mating, the female lays her eggs, placing her egg sac into the web. The sac contains between 400 and 1400 eggs.
These eggs hatch in autumn, but the spiderlings overwinter in the sac and emerge during the spring. The egg sac is composed of multiple layers of silk and protects its contents from damage; however, many species of insects have been observed to parasitise the egg sacs.
Bite
Like almost all other spiders, Argiope are harmless to humans. As is the case with most garden spiders, they eat insects, and they are capable of consuming prey up to twice their size. A. savigny was even reported to occasionally feed on the small bat Rhynchonycteris naso.Template:Sfnp
They can potentially bite if grabbed, but other than for defense, they do not attack large animals. Their venom is not regarded as a serious medical problem for humans; it often contains a wide variety of polyamine toxins with potential as therapeutic medicinal agents.[6] Notable among these is the argiotoxin ArgTX-636 (A. lobata).
A bite by the black and yellow garden spider (Argiope aurantia) is comparable to a bee sting, with redness and swelling. For a healthy adult, a bite is not considered an issue.[7][8][9]
Though they are not aggressive spiders, the very young, elderly, those with compromised immune systems, or those with known venom allergies should exercise caution, just as one would around a beehive.[7]
Injury and painScript error: No such module "anchor".Script error: No such module "anchor".
Argiope use autotomy – restricting blood flow to their own leg until it falls off – to minimize blood loss due to injury.[10][11] This is triggered by pain.[10][11] Honeybee and wasp venoms induce the same pain in Argiope – even when the injury is minor – causing Argiope to drop the affected leg.[10][11] The same effect can also be produced by chemically fractionated components of those venoms (specifically serotonin, histamine, and phospholipase A2) that also cause pain in humans.[10][11]
Taxonomy
The first description of the genus Argiope is attributed to Jean Victoire Audouin in 1826,[12] although he wrote that the genus was established by Savigny.Template:Sfnp
In the first edition of the work in which the description appeared (Description de l'Égypte: Histoire Naturelle), Audouin used the spelling "Argyope", for both the French vernacular name and the Latin generic name.Template:Sfnp In the second edition, he continued to use "Argyope" for the French vernacular name, but the first mention of the Latin generic name had the spelling "Argiope", although the binomial names of the species continued to use "Argyope".Template:Sfnp This led to controversy as to whether Audouin had intended to correct the spelling of the generic name, which is derived from the Greek αργιόπη. In 1975, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature validated the spelling "Argiope", on the basis that the change from the first to the second edition was an intended correction.[13][14]
Species
-
A. aemula
-
A. ahngeri
-
A. aetheroides
-
A. amoena
-
A. bruennichi
Template:As of, this genus includes 86 species and three subspecies:[12] Template:Div col
- Argiope aemula (Walckenaer, 1841) – India, Philippines, Indonesia (Sulawesi), Vanuatu
- Argiope aetherea (Walckenaer, 1841) – China, Australia
- Argiope aetheroides Yin, Wang, Zhang, Peng & Chen, 1989 – China, Japan
- Argiope ahngeri Spassky, 1932 – Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan?
- Argiope amoena L. Koch, 1878 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan. Introduced to Hawaii
- Argiope anasuja Thorell, 1887 – Seychelles, Maldives, Iran, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Australia (Cocos Is.)
- Argiope anomalopalpis Bjørn, 1997 – DR Congo, South Africa
- Argiope appensa (Walckenaer, 1841) – Taiwan, New Guinea. Introduced to Hawaii
- Argiope argentata (Fabricius, 1775) – United States, Chile, Argentina
- Argiope aurantia Lucas, 1833 – Canada, Costa Rica
- Argiope aurocincta Pocock, 1898 – DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa
- Argiope australis (Walckenaer, 1805) – Cape Verde, Senegal, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa
- Argiope beibeng Mi & Wang, 2024 – China
- Argiope bivittigera Strand, 1911 – Indonesia
- Argiope blanda O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 – United States, Costa Rica
- Argiope boesenbergi Levi, 1983 – China, Korea, Japan
- Argiope bougainvilla (Walckenaer, 1847) – New Guinea, Solomon Islands
- Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Middle East, Russia (Europe to Far East), Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan
- Argiope brunnescentia Strand, 1911 – New Guinea, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch.)
- Argiope buehleri Schenkel, 1944 – Timor
- Argiope bullocki Rainbow, 1908 – Australia (New South Wales)
- Argiope butchko LeQuier & Agnarsson, 2016 – Cuba
- Argiope caesarea Thorell, 1897 – India, Myanmar, China
- Argiope caledonia Levi, 1983 – New Caledonia, Vanuatu
- Argiope cameloides Zhu & Song, 1994 – China
- Argiope carvalhoi (Mello-Leitão, 1944) – Brazil
- Argiope catenulata (Doleschall, 1859) – India, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia (Northern Territory)
- Argiope chloreides Chrysanthus, 1961 – China, Laos, Malaysia (peninsula), Indonesia (New Guinea)
- Argiope chloreis Thorell, 1877 – China, Malaysia (peninsula, Borneo), Indonesia (Sumatra, Sulawesi)
- Argiope comorica Bjørn, 1997 – Comoros, Mayotte
- Argiope coquereli (Vinson, 1863) – Tanzania (Zanzibar), Madagascar
- Argiope dang Jäger & Praxaysombath, 2009 – Thailand, Laos
- Argiope dietrichae Levi, 1983 – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Australia)
- Argiope doboensis Strand, 1911 – Indonesia, New Guinea
- Argiope doleschalli Thorell, 1873 – Indonesia
- Argiope ericae Levi, 2004 – Brazil, Argentina
- Argiope flavipalpis (Lucas, 1858) – Africa, Yemen
- Argiope florida Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 – United States
- Argiope halmaherensis Strand, 1907 – Indonesia (Moluccas, New Guinea), Papua New Guinea
- Argiope hinderlichi Jäger, 2012 – Laos
- Argiope hoiseni Tan, 2018 – Malaysia (Peninsula)
- Argiope intricata Simon, 1877 – Philippines
- Argiope jinghongensis Yin, Peng & Wang, 1994 – China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand
- Argiope kaingang Corronca & Rodríguez-Artigas, 2015 – Argentina
- Argiope katherina Levi, 1983 – Northern Australia
- Argiope keyserlingi Karsch, 1878 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Lord Howe Is.)
- Argiope kochi Levi, 1983 – Australia (Queensland)
- Argiope legionis Motta & Levi, 2009 – Brazil
- Argiope levii Bjørn, 1997 – Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa
- Argiope lobata (Pallas, 1772) – Southern Europe, Central Asia and China, northern Africa, Tanzania, South Africa, Middle East, Pakistan, India, Myanmar (type species)
- Argiope luzona (Walckenaer, 1841) – Philippines
- Argiope macrochoera Thorell, 1891 – India (Nicobar Is.)
- Argiope madang Levi, 1984 – New Guinea
- Argiope magnifica L. Koch, 1871 – Australia, (Queensland)
- Argiope mangal Koh, 1991 – Singapore
- Argiope manila Levi, 1983 – Philippines
- Argiope mascordi Levi, 1983 – Australia (Queensland)
- Argiope minuta Karsch, 1879 – India, Bangladesh, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan
- Argiope modesta Thorell, 1881 – Indonesia
- Argiope niasensis Strand, 1907 – Indonesia
- Argiope ocula Fox, 1938 – China, Taiwan, Japan
- Argiope ocyaloides L. Koch, 1871 – Australia (Queensland)
- Argiope pentagona L. Koch, 1871 – Fiji
- Argiope perforata Schenkel, 1963 – China, Vietnam
- Argiope picta L. Koch, 1871 – Indonesia, (Moluccas)
- Argiope pictula Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
- Argiope ponape Levi, 1983 – Caroline Is.
- Argiope possoica Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
- Argiope probata Rainbow, 1916 – Australia (Queensland)
- Argiope protensa L. Koch, 1872 – New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand
- Argiope pulchella Thorell, 1881 – Pakistan, India, China and Indonesia
- Argiope pulchelloides Yin, Wang, Zhang, Peng & Chen, 1989 – China
- Argiope radon Levi, 1983 – Northern Australia
- Argiope ranomafanensis Bjørn, 1997 – Madagascar
- Argiope reinwardti (Doleschall, 1859) – Malaysia, New Guinea
- A. r. sumatrana (van Hasselt, 1882) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
- Argiope sapoa Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Thailand, Philippines
- Argiope sector (Forsskål, 1776) – Cape Verde, Senegal, North Africa, Middle East
- Argiope squallica Strand, 1915 – New Guinea
- Argiope submaronica Strand, 1916 – Mexico, Bolivia, Brazil
- Argiope takum Chrysanthus, 1971 – New Guinea
- Argiope tapinolobata Bjørn, 1997 – Senegal, Namibia, South Africa
- Argiope taprobanica Thorell, 1887 – Sri Lanka
- Argiope trifasciata (Forsskål, 1775) – North, Central and South America. Introduced to St. Helena, Africa, Portugal, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, India, China, Japan, Australia (Tasmania), Pacific Is.
- A. t. deserticola Simon, 1906 – Sudan
- A. t. kauaiensis Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
- Argiope truk Levi, 1983 – Caroline Is.
- Argiope versicolor (Doleschall, 1859) – Pakistan, China, Indonesia (Java)
- Argiope vietnamensis Ono, 2010 – China, Vietnam
Gallery
-
Writing spider on stabilimentum in Iowa
-
Silver argiope (Argiope argentata) in Jamaica
-
Writing spider in South Carolina
-
St Andrew's cross spider (A. keyserlingi) from Australia
-
Argiope sp. from South Carolina
-
A. reinwardti from Kawah Putih, Indonesia
.jpg){kind=link}
Footnotes
References
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External links
- Pictures of Argiope species — Forestry Images, University of Georgia (free for noncommercial use)
- St. Andrews Cross Spider Argiope keyserlingii — Museum Victoria
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