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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
[[File:Bitterroot.jpg|thumb|Bitterroot | [[File:Bitterroot.jpg|thumb|Bitterroot flower]] | ||
''Lewisia rediviva'' is a low-growing [[perennial plant]] with a fleshy taproot and a simple or branched base and a low rosette of thick fleshy linear leaves with blunt tips. The leaves are roughly circular in cross section, sometimes somewhat flattened on the adaxial (top) surface. The absence of an adaxial groove on the leaves distinguishes this from other ''[[Lewisia]]'' species with overlapping ranges. The leaves often wither before flowers open. | ''Lewisia rediviva'' is a low-growing [[perennial plant]] with a fleshy taproot and a simple or branched base and a low rosette of thick fleshy linear leaves with blunt tips. The leaves are roughly circular in cross section, sometimes somewhat flattened on the adaxial (top) surface. The absence of an adaxial groove on the leaves distinguishes this from other ''[[Lewisia]]'' species with overlapping ranges. The leaves often wither before flowers open. | ||
The very short flower stems are leafless, {{Convert|1|-|3|cm|1|frac=8}} tall, bearing at the tip a whorl of 5–6 linear bracts which are 5–10 mm long. A single proportionally huge flower appears on each stem with 5–9 oval-shaped sepals and many petals.<ref name="Klinkenberg2014">{{cite web |date=2014 |editor-last=Klinkenberg |editor-first=Brian |title=''Lewisia rediviva'' |url=http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Lewisia%20rediviva |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113715/http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Lewisia%20rediviva |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-04-23 |website=E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. |publisher=Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver}}</ref> | The very short flower stems are leafless, {{Convert|1|-|3|cm|1|frac=8}} tall, bearing at the tip a whorl of 5–6 linear bracts which are 5–10 mm long. A single proportionally huge flower appears on each stem with 5–9 oval-shaped sepals and many petals.<ref name="Klinkenberg2014">{{cite web |date=2014 |editor-last=Klinkenberg |editor-first=Brian |title=''Lewisia rediviva'' |url=http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Lewisia%20rediviva |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113715/http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Lewisia%20rediviva |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-04-23 |website=E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. |publisher=Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver}}</ref> Each flower has between ten and nineteen petals that measure {{Convert|15 to 35|mm|1|frac=8}} long.<ref>{{Cite web <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|last1=Hershkovitz |first1=Mark A. |last2=Hogan |first2=Sean B. |date=30 July 2020 |orig-date=In print 2003 |url=http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Lewisia_rediviva |title=''Lewisia rediviva'' |website=[[Flora of North America]] |page=484 |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-517389-5 |oclc=177245214 |access-date=1 June 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123171058/http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Lewisia_rediviva |archive-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> They range in color from whitish to deep pink or lavender. Flowering occurs from April through July.<ref name="Sullivan2015">{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Steven. K. |date=2015 |title=''Lewisia rediviva'' |url=http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Lewisia+rediviva |access-date=2015-04-23 |website=Wildflower Search}}</ref> At maturity, the bitterroot produces egg-shaped capsules with 6–20 nearly round seeds.<ref name="Klinkenberg2014" /> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
The plant is native to western [[North America]] from low to moderate elevations on grassland, open bushland, forest in dry rocky or gravelly soils. Its range extends from southern [[British Columbia]], through [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and [[Oregon]] west of the [[Cascade Range]] to southern [[California]], and east to western [[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], northern [[Colorado]] and northern [[Arizona]].<ref name="Sullivan2015" /><ref name="PLANTS">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=''Lewisia rediviva'' |url= | The plant is native to western [[North America]] from low to moderate elevations on grassland, open bushland, forest in dry rocky or gravelly soils. Its range extends from southern [[British Columbia]], through [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and [[Oregon]] west of the [[Cascade Range]] to southern [[California]], and east to western [[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], northern [[Colorado]] and northern [[Arizona]].<ref name="Sullivan2015" /><ref name="PLANTS">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=''Lewisia rediviva'' |url=https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LERE7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703214301/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LERE7 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |access-date=2015-04-23 |website=PLANTS Database |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service}}</ref><ref name="Klinkenberg2014" /><ref name="WTU Herbarium2015">{{cite web |date=2015 |editor-last=Giblin |editor-first=David |title=''Lewisia rediviva'' |url=http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Lewisia&Species=rediviva |access-date=2015-04-23 |website=WTU Herbarium Image Collection |publisher=Burke Museum, University of Washington}}</ref> | ||
==Uses== | ==Uses== | ||
The thick roots come into season in spring<ref name=":0" /> and can survive extremely dry conditions. If collected early enough in the season,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Ronald J. | The thick roots come into season in spring<ref name=":0" /> and can survive extremely dry conditions. If collected early enough in the season,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Ronald J.|title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary|publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co|year=1994|isbn=0-87842-280-3|edition=rev.|location=Missoula, MT|pages=122|language=en|oclc=25708726|orig-year=1992}}</ref> they can be peeled, boiled, and made into a jelly-like food.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Angier|first=Bradford|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/36/mode/2up|title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=1974|isbn=0-8117-0616-8|location=Harrisburg, PA|pages=36|oclc=799792|author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref> | ||
==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
French trappers knew the plant as {{lang|fr|racine amère}} (bitter root).<ref name = "bitterrootheaven" /> Native American names include ''spetlum/sp̓eƛ̓m̓'' or ''spetlem'' ("hand-peeled"), ''nakamtcu'' ([[Kutenai language|Ktanxa]]: | French trappers knew the plant as {{lang|fr|racine amère}} (bitter root).<ref name = "bitterrootheaven" /> Native American names include ''spetlum/sp̓eƛ̓m̓'' or ''spetlem'' ("hand-peeled"), ''nakamtcu'' ([[Kutenai language|Ktanxa]]: {{Lang|kut|naqam¢u}}),<ref>{{Cite web | ||
| title = FirstVoices: Ktunaxa words | | title = FirstVoices: Ktunaxa words | ||
| access-date = 2012-07-08 | | access-date = 2012-07-08 | ||
| Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
| url-status = dead | | url-status = dead | ||
| archive-date = January 15, 2013 | | archive-date = January 15, 2013 | ||
}}</ref> and | }}</ref> and {{lang|chy|mo'ôtáa-heséeo'ôtse}} ([[Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]], "black medicine").<ref>[http://www.cdkc.edu/cheyennedictionary/index-english/main.htmm Cheyenne Dictionary]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by Fisher, Leman, Pine, Sanchez.</ref> | ||
The roots were consumed by tribes such as the [[Shoshone]] and the [[Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation|Flathead Indians]] as an infrequent delicacy. Traditionally, the [[Ktunaxa]] cooked bitterroot with [[grouse]]. For the Ktunaxa, bitterroot is eaten with sugar; other tribes prefer eating it with salt.<ref>{{Cite web | The roots were consumed by tribes such as the [[Shoshone]] and the [[Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation|Flathead Indians]] as an infrequent delicacy. Traditionally, the [[Ktunaxa]] cooked bitterroot with [[grouse]]. For the Ktunaxa, bitterroot is eaten with sugar; other tribes prefer eating it with salt.<ref>{{Cite web | ||
| Line 62: | Line 62: | ||
| url-status = dead | | url-status = dead | ||
| archive-date = 2009-11-12 | | archive-date = 2009-11-12 | ||
}}</ref> The [[Lemhi Shoshone]] believed the small red core found in the upper taproot had special powers, notably being able to stop a [[bear]] attack.<ref name = "bitterrootheaven" /> [[Plains Indians]] peeled and boiled the root prior to its consumption.<ref name=":1" /> | }}</ref> The [[Lemhi Shoshone]] believed the small red core found in the upper taproot had special powers, notably being able to stop a [[bear]] attack.<ref name = "bitterrootheaven" /> [[Plains Indians]] peeled and boiled the root prior to its consumption.<ref name=":1" /> [[Nlakaʼpamux|Nlaka'pamux]] traditional knowledge holds that when [[Amelanchier alnifolia|saskatoonberry]], [[Prunus virginiana|chokecherry]], and [[Balsamorhiza sagittata|arrowleaf balsamroot]] start blooming, bitterroot is ready to be dug up and harvested.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=Nancy J. |last2=Reid |first2=Andrea J. |date=November 2022 |title="When the Wild Roses Bloom": Indigenous Knowledge and Environmental Change in Northwestern North America |journal=GeoHealth |language=en |volume=6 |issue=11 |article-number=e2022GH000612 |doi=10.1029/2022GH000612 |issn=2471-1403 |pmc=9665002 |pmid=36398276 |bibcode=2022GHeal...6..612T }}</ref> | ||
[[File:Bitterroot, Lewisia rediviva var. rediviva.jpg|thumb|''L. rediviva var. rediviva'', Glass Mountain, [[Owens Valley]], California]] | [[File:Bitterroot, Lewisia rediviva var. rediviva.jpg|thumb|''L. rediviva var. rediviva'', Glass Mountain, [[Owens Valley]], California]] | ||
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*{{Commons category-inline|Lewisia rediviva|Lewisia rediviva<br />(bitter root)}} | *{{Commons category-inline|Lewisia rediviva|Lewisia rediviva<br />(bitter root)}} | ||
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Lewisia rediviva}} | *{{Wikispecies-inline|Lewisia rediviva}} | ||
* [ | * [https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=4778 Calflora Database: ''Lewisia rediviva'' (Bitter root)] | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512022205/http://www.cwnp.org/photopgs/ldoc/lerediviva.html Central Washington Native Plant Society] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512022205/http://www.cwnp.org/photopgs/ldoc/lerediviva.html Central Washington Native Plant Society] | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080705053808/http://www.lewis-clark.org/bitterroot.htm Plants of the Lewis and Clark Expedition] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080705053808/http://www.lewis-clark.org/bitterroot.htm Plants of the Lewis and Clark Expedition] | ||
* [ | * [https://home.nps.gov/lecl/learn/nature/bitterroot.htm Bitterroot, Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail], U.S. Forest Service | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120530121112/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Environment/CulRes/herbs.htm#Lewisia WSDOT - Ethnobotany - Herbs. ''Lewisia rediviva'' - Bitter-root, Sand Rose, Portulacaceae (Purslane Family)] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120530121112/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Environment/CulRes/herbs.htm#Lewisia WSDOT - Ethnobotany - Herbs. ''Lewisia rediviva'' - Bitter-root, Sand Rose, Portulacaceae (Purslane Family)] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:09, 6 April 2026
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Speciesbox
Bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva) is a small perennial herb in the family Montiaceae. Its specific epithet Script error: No such module "Lang". ("revived, reborn") refers to its ability to regenerate from dry and seemingly dead roots.[1]
The genus Lewisia was moved in 2009 from the purslane family (Portulacaceae) with adoption of the APG III system, to the family Montiaceae.
Description
Lewisia rediviva is a low-growing perennial plant with a fleshy taproot and a simple or branched base and a low rosette of thick fleshy linear leaves with blunt tips. The leaves are roughly circular in cross section, sometimes somewhat flattened on the adaxial (top) surface. The absence of an adaxial groove on the leaves distinguishes this from other Lewisia species with overlapping ranges. The leaves often wither before flowers open.
The very short flower stems are leafless, Script error: No such module "convert". tall, bearing at the tip a whorl of 5–6 linear bracts which are 5–10 mm long. A single proportionally huge flower appears on each stem with 5–9 oval-shaped sepals and many petals.[2] Each flower has between ten and nineteen petals that measure Script error: No such module "convert". long.[3] They range in color from whitish to deep pink or lavender. Flowering occurs from April through July.[4] At maturity, the bitterroot produces egg-shaped capsules with 6–20 nearly round seeds.[2]
Distribution
The plant is native to western North America from low to moderate elevations on grassland, open bushland, forest in dry rocky or gravelly soils. Its range extends from southern British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon west of the Cascade Range to southern California, and east to western Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, northern Colorado and northern Arizona.[4][5][2][6]
Uses
The thick roots come into season in spring[7] and can survive extremely dry conditions. If collected early enough in the season,[8] they can be peeled, boiled, and made into a jelly-like food.[7]
History and culture
French trappers knew the plant as Script error: No such module "Lang". (bitter root).[9] Native American names include spetlum/sp̓eƛ̓m̓ or spetlem ("hand-peeled"), nakamtcu (Ktanxa: Script error: No such module "Lang".),[10] and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Cheyenne, "black medicine").[11]
The roots were consumed by tribes such as the Shoshone and the Flathead Indians as an infrequent delicacy. Traditionally, the Ktunaxa cooked bitterroot with grouse. For the Ktunaxa, bitterroot is eaten with sugar; other tribes prefer eating it with salt.[12] The Lemhi Shoshone believed the small red core found in the upper taproot had special powers, notably being able to stop a bear attack.[9] Plains Indians peeled and boiled the root prior to its consumption.[8] Nlaka'pamux traditional knowledge holds that when saskatoonberry, chokecherry, and arrowleaf balsamroot start blooming, bitterroot is ready to be dug up and harvested.[13]
Meriwether Lewis ate bitterroot in 1805 and 1806 during the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The specimens he brought back were identified and given their scientific name, Lewisia rediviva, by a German-American botanist, Frederick Pursh.[9] Based on Lewis and Clark's manuscript, Pursh labeled it "spatlum"; this apparently was actually a Salishan name for "tobacco".[14]
The bitterroot was selected as the Montana state flower in 1895.[15]
Three major geographic features – the Bitterroot Mountains (running north–south and forming the divide between Idaho and Montana), the Bitterroot Valley, and the Bitterroot River (which flows south–north, terminating in the Clark Fork river in the city of Missoula) – owe the origins of their names to this flower.[9][16]
References
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Cheyenne DictionaryScript error: No such module "Unsubst". by Fisher, Leman, Pine, Sanchez.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Further reading
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press. Oregon. 1998 Template:ISBN
External links
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- Template:Sister-inline
- Template:Sister-inline
- Calflora Database: Lewisia rediviva (Bitter root)
- Central Washington Native Plant Society
- Plants of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
- Bitterroot, Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, U.S. Forest Service
- WSDOT - Ethnobotany - Herbs. Lewisia rediviva - Bitter-root, Sand Rose, Portulacaceae (Purslane Family)
Template:US state flowers Template:Taxonbar Script error: No such module "Authority control".