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{{Short description|Subfamily of butterfly family Nymphalidae}} | {{Short description|Subfamily of butterfly family Nymphalidae}} | ||
{{Redirect-distinguish|Danaidae|Danaïdes}} | {{Redirect-distinguish|Danaidae|Danaïdes}} | ||
{{ | {{Automatic taxobox | ||
| image = Dark Blue Tiger (Tirumala septentrionis), Striped Blue Crow (Euploea mulciber), and Common Tiger (Danaus genutia).jpg | | image = Dark Blue Tiger (Tirumala septentrionis), Striped Blue Crow (Euploea mulciber), and Common Tiger (Danaus genutia).jpg | ||
| image_caption = Three milkweed butterflies. Clockwise from left: [[dark blue tiger]] (''Tirumala septentrionis''), [[striped blue crow]] (''Euploea mulciber''), and [[ | | image_caption = Three milkweed butterflies. Clockwise from left: [[dark blue tiger]] (''Tirumala septentrionis''), [[striped blue crow]] (''Euploea mulciber''), and [[Common Tiger butterfly|common tiger]] (''Danaus genutia'') | ||
| taxon = Danainae | | taxon = Danainae | ||
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes | | subdivision_ranks = Tribes | ||
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| synonyms = *Danaidae | | synonyms = *Danaidae | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Danainae''' is a [[subfamily]] of the family [[Nymphalidae]], the brush-footed butterflies. | '''Danainae''' is a [[subfamily]] of the family [[Nymphalidae]], the brush-footed butterflies. The group may be referred to as the '''Danaids''' (reflecting their previous rank as a [[Family (biology)|family]]) or '''milkweed butterflies''', as they often lay their [[egg (biology)|eggs]] on various [[milkweed]]s on which their [[larva]]e ([[caterpillars]]) feed, though it also encompasses the clearwing butterflies ([[Ithomiini]]), and the [[Tellervini]].<ref name="TolWeb"/> | ||
Some 300 species of Danainae exist worldwide. Most of the [[Danaini]] are found in tropical Asia and Africa, while the [[Ithomiini]] are diverse in the Neotropics. [[Tellervini]] are restricted to Australia and the Oriental region. Four species are found in North America: the | Some 300 species of Danainae exist worldwide. Most of the [[Danaini]] are found in [[tropical Asia]] and [[Afrotropical realm|Africa]], while the [[Ithomiini]] are diverse in the [[Neotropics]]. [[Tellervini]] are restricted to [[Australia]] and the [[Oriental region]]. Four species are found in North America: the monarch butterfly (''[[Danaus plexippus]]''), the queen (''[[Danaus gilippus]]''), the tropical milkweed butterfly (''[[Lycorea halia]]''), and the soldier butterfly (or "tropic queen", ''[[Danaus eresimus]]''). Of these, the monarch is by far the most famous, being one of the most recognizable butterflies in the Americas. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
Milkweed butterflies are now classified as the subfamily Danainae within the family Nymphalidae; however, the previous family name Danaidae is still occasionally used.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ackery |first1=P. R. |last2=Vane-Wright |first2=R. I. |date=1984 |title=Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology: being an account of the natural history of the Danainae, subfamily of the Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae |publisher=British Museum (Natural History), London |page=[https://archive.org/details/milkweedbutterfl0000acke/page/17 17] |isbn=0-565-00893-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/milkweedbutterfl0000acke/page/17 }}</ref> The [[fossil]] milkweed butterfly '' | Milkweed butterflies are now classified as the subfamily Danainae within the family Nymphalidae; however, the previous family name Danaidae is still occasionally used by some sources.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ackery |first1=P. R. |last2=Vane-Wright |first2=R. I. |date=1984 |title=Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology: being an account of the natural history of the Danainae, subfamily of the Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae |publisher=British Museum (Natural History), London |page=[https://archive.org/details/milkweedbutterfl0000acke/page/17 17] |isbn=0-565-00893-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/milkweedbutterfl0000acke/page/17 }}</ref> The [[fossil]] milkweed butterfly ''{{Interlanguage link|Archaeolycorea|fr|Archaeolycorea ferreirai}}'' is known from the [[Oligocene]] or [[Miocene]] of [[Brazil]] from the [[Tremembé Formation]]; it provides evidence that the present milkweed butterflies originated more than 20–30 million years ago.{{Verify quote|date=June 2025}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Martins-Neto|first=R. G.|date=1989|title=Novos insetos terciários do Estado de São Paulo|journal=Revista brasileira de Geociências|volume=19|issue=3 |pages=375–386|doi=10.25249/0375-7536.1989375386 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brower |first1=Andrew V. Z. |title=Archaeolycorea ferreirai Martins 1989 |url=http://tolweb.org/Archaeolycorea_ferreirai/138008 |website=tolweb.org |publisher=Tree of Life Project |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref> | ||
==Characteristics== | ==Characteristics== | ||
Larvae have thoracic [[tubercles]] and use plants within the family [[Apocynaceae]] that often contain latex-like compounds in the stem as hosts. Adults are [[aposematic]] (brightly colored as a warning signal).<ref name="TolWeb">{{cite web|url=http://www.tolweb.org/Danainae|title=Danainae}}</ref> | Larvae have thoracic [[tubercles]] and use plants within the family [[Apocynaceae]] that often contain latex-like compounds in the stem as hosts. Adults are [[aposematic]] (brightly colored as a warning signal).<ref name="TolWeb">{{cite web|url=http://www.tolweb.org/Danainae|title=Danainae}}</ref> | ||
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Numerous [[wasp]]s and [[tachinid flies]] are [[parasitoids]] of milkweed butterfly caterpillars.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clarke |first= A.R. |author2=Zalucki, M.P. |year=2001 |title= Taeniogonalos raymenti Carmean & Kimsey (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) reared as a hyperparasite of Sturmia convergens (Weidemann) (Diptera: Tachinidae), a primary parasite of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) |journal=Pan-Pacific Entomologist |volume=77 |issue=? |pages=68–70}}</ref> | Numerous [[wasp]]s and [[tachinid flies]] are [[parasitoids]] of milkweed butterfly caterpillars.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clarke |first= A.R. |author2=Zalucki, M.P. |year=2001 |title= Taeniogonalos raymenti Carmean & Kimsey (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) reared as a hyperparasite of Sturmia convergens (Weidemann) (Diptera: Tachinidae), a primary parasite of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) |journal=Pan-Pacific Entomologist |volume=77 |issue=? |pages=68–70}}</ref> | ||
The extensive modification of landscapes in the United States and [[Canada]] | The loss of food plants, such as various [[milkweed]] species, extensive use of [[insecticide]]s and [[Habitat destruction|modification of landscapes]] in the United States and [[Canada]], and increased [[deforestation]] in [[Mexico]] threaten the [[Lepidoptera migration|migratory]] monarch butterfly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | title=Monarch Butterfly | publisher=[[National Wildlife Federation]] | url=http://www.nwf.org/Pollinators/Monarch.aspx | access-date=12 February 2015 | archive-date=2 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502003318/http://www.nwf.org/Pollinators/Monarch.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
<gallery class="center" widths=250 mode="nolines" noborder="no" caption="Representatives of Danaid tribes"> | |||
File:Danaus chrysippus male 2 by kadavoor.jpg|''[[Danaus chrysippus]]'', male with anal "[[Seta|hairs]]"; [[Danaini]] | |||
File:Methona themisto (borboleta-do-manacá).jpg|''[[Methona themisto]]''; [[Ithomiini]] | |||
File:Tellervo zoilus 149825542.jpg|''Tellervo zoilus''; [[Tellervini]] | |||
</gallery> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Nymphalidae|-]] | [[Category:Nymphalidae|-]] | ||
[[Category:Butterfly subfamilies]] | [[Category:Butterfly subfamilies]] | ||
{{Butterfly-stub}} | |||
Latest revision as of 23:14, 11 July 2025
Template:Short description Template:Redirect-distinguish Template:Automatic taxobox
Danainae is a subfamily of the family Nymphalidae, the brush-footed butterflies. The group may be referred to as the Danaids (reflecting their previous rank as a family) or milkweed butterflies, as they often lay their eggs on various milkweeds on which their larvae (caterpillars) feed, though it also encompasses the clearwing butterflies (Ithomiini), and the Tellervini.[1]
Some 300 species of Danainae exist worldwide. Most of the Danaini are found in tropical Asia and Africa, while the Ithomiini are diverse in the Neotropics. Tellervini are restricted to Australia and the Oriental region. Four species are found in North America: the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), the queen (Danaus gilippus), the tropical milkweed butterfly (Lycorea halia), and the soldier butterfly (or "tropic queen", Danaus eresimus). Of these, the monarch is by far the most famous, being one of the most recognizable butterflies in the Americas.
Taxonomy
Milkweed butterflies are now classified as the subfamily Danainae within the family Nymphalidae; however, the previous family name Danaidae is still occasionally used by some sources.[2] The fossil milkweed butterfly Template:Interlanguage link is known from the Oligocene or Miocene of Brazil from the Tremembé Formation; it provides evidence that the present milkweed butterflies originated more than 20–30 million years ago.Template:Verify quote[3][4]
Characteristics
Larvae have thoracic tubercles and use plants within the family Apocynaceae that often contain latex-like compounds in the stem as hosts. Adults are aposematic (brightly colored as a warning signal).[1]
Threats
Numerous wasps and tachinid flies are parasitoids of milkweed butterfly caterpillars.[5]
The loss of food plants, such as various milkweed species, extensive use of insecticides and modification of landscapes in the United States and Canada, and increased deforestation in Mexico threaten the migratory monarch butterfly.[6]
- Representatives of Danaid tribes
-
Tellervo zoilus; Tellervini
.jpg){kind=link}
References
Further reading
- Ackery, P. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. 1984. Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology, being an account of the natural history of the Danainae, a subfamily of the Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae. ix+425 pp. London.
External links
- "Danainae Boisduval, [1833]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms