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{{Short description| | {{Short description|Linguistic style used for casual communication}} | ||
'''Colloquialism''' (also called '''colloquial language''', '''everyday language''', or '''general parlance''') is the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It is the most common functional style of speech, the language normally employed in casual [[conversation]] and other informal [[context]]s.<ref name="abc0">{{cite book |last=Zdunkiewicz-Jedynak |first=Dorota |chapter=ABC stylistyki |title=Polszczyzna na co dzień |publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN |year=2006 |isbn=83-01-14793-8 |oclc=123970553 |editor-last=Bańko |editor-first=Mirosław |location=Warsaw |pages=33–96 (84) |language=pl }}</ref> Colloquialism is characterized by the frequent use of expressive phrases, idioms, anthropocentrism, and a lack of specialized focus,<ref name="pj">{{cite journal |last=Zaśko-Zielińska |first=Monika |title=Słownik polszczyzny potocznej J. Anusiewicza i J. Skawińskiego na tle polskiego dorobku leksykograficznego |url=https://poradnik-jezykowy.uw.edu.pl/article/2187 |journal=Poradnik Językowy |volume=3/1996 |pages=35–49 (37) |language=pl }}</ref> and has a rapidly changing [[lexicon]].<ref name="abc1" /> It can also be distinguished by its usage of formulations with incomplete logical and [[syntactic]] ordering.<ref name="abc1">{{cite book |last=Kwiek-Osiowska |first=Janina |title=ABC... polskiej gramatyki: leksykon szkolny |publisher=Spółka Wydawniczo-Księgarska |year=1993 |isbn=83-7064-048-6 |oclc=76290254 |location=Kraków/Warszawa |pages=102–103 |language=pl}}</ref> | |||
A specific instance of such language is termed a ''colloquialism''. The most common term used in dictionaries to label such an expression is ''colloquial''. | |||
==Definition== | ==Definition== | ||
Colloquialism is distinct from [[public speaking|formal speech]] or [[formal writing]].<ref name="colloquial">colloquial. (n.d.) Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved September 10, 2008, from [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/colloquial Dictionary.com]</ref> It is the form of language that speakers typically use when they are relaxed and | Colloquialism is distinct from [[public speaking|formal speech]] or [[formal writing]].<ref name="colloquial">colloquial. (n.d.) Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved September 10, 2008, from [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/colloquial Dictionary.com]</ref> It is the form of language that speakers typically use when they are relaxed and inattentive to their own [[diction]] (choices of vocabulary and style of expression).<ref name="Trask">{{cite book |last=Trask |first=Robert |title=Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics |year=1999 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-15742-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinlan0000tras/page/27 27–28] |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinlan0000tras/page/27}}</ref> An expression is labeled ''colloq.'' for "colloquial" in dictionaries when a different expression is preferred in formal usage, but this does not mean that the colloquial expression is necessarily [[slang]] or [[nonstandard dialect|non-standard]]. | ||
Some colloquial language contains a great deal of slang, but some contains no slang at all. Slang is often used in colloquial speech, but this particular register is restricted to particular in-groups, and it is not a necessary element of colloquialism.<ref name="Trask"/> Other examples of colloquial usage in English include [[contraction (grammar)|contraction]]s or [[profanity]].<ref name="Trask"/> | Some colloquial language contains a great deal of slang, but some contains no slang at all. Slang is often used in colloquial speech, but this particular register is restricted to particular in-groups, and it is not a necessary element of colloquialism.<ref name="Trask"/> Other examples of colloquial usage in English include [[contraction (grammar)|contraction]]s or [[profanity]].<ref name="Trask"/> | ||
"Colloquial" should | "Colloquial" should be distinguished from "non-standard". The difference between standard and non-standard is not strictly connected to the difference between formal and colloquial.<ref name="pt0">{{Cite book |last=Trudgill |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Trudgill |title=Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-14-192630-8 |edition=4th |location = London |publisher=Penguin UK |chapter=Sociolinguistics – Language and Society |format=e-book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Y7DYlQu8QC}}</ref><ref name="pt2">{{cite book |last=Trudgill |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Trudgill |title=Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society |year=2000 |edition = 4th |page = 6 |isbn = 0-14-028921-6 |oclc = 901131176 |location = London |publisher = Penguin Books }}</ref> As shown by [[Peter Trudgill]] in his discussion of standard English, formal, colloquial, and vulgar language are more a matter of [[style (sociolinguistics)|stylistic variation]] and diction, rather than of the standard and non-standard dichotomy.<ref name=Trudgill>{{cite book |last=Trudgill |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Trudgill |year=1999 |chapter-url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/SEtrudgill.htm |chapter=Standard English: what it isn't |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321091659/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/SEtrudgill.htm |archive-date=21 March 2009 |editor-first=T. |editor-last=Bex |editor2-first=R.J. |editor2-last=Watts |title=Standard English: The Widening Debate |pages=117–128 |location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]]}}</ref> However, the term "colloquial" may be equated with "non-standard" at times, in certain contexts and terminological conventions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Roger D. Hawkins |author2=Richard Towell |title=French Grammar and Usage |edition=3rd |year=2013 |location=London |isbn=978-0-340-99124-4 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZoDld8EIwUC&pg=PR10 |page=x}}</ref><ref name=ds>{{cite journal |journal=Colloquium: New Philologies |date=December 2016 |pages=4 |issn=2520-3355 |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.23963/cnp.2016.1.1 |title=Exclusion Labels in Slavic Monolingual Dictionaries: Lexicographic Construal of Non-Standardness |first=Danko |last=Šipka |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
In the [[philosophy of language]], "colloquial language" is ordinary [[natural language]], as distinct from specialized forms used in [[logic]] or other areas of philosophy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Donald |editor=Peter Ludlow |title=Readings in the Philosophy of Language |year=1997 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-62114-4 |pages=89–107 |chapter=Truth and meaning}}</ref> In the field of [[logical atomism]], meaning is evaluated in a different way than with more formal [[proposition]]s. | In the [[philosophy of language]], "colloquial language" is ordinary [[natural language]], as distinct from specialized forms used in [[logic]] or other areas of philosophy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Donald |editor=Peter Ludlow |title=Readings in the Philosophy of Language |year=1997 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-62114-4 |pages=89–107 |chapter=Truth and meaning}}</ref> In the field of [[logical atomism]], meaning is evaluated in a different way than with more formal [[proposition]]s. | ||
==Colloquial names== | ==Colloquial names== | ||
A '''colloquial name''' or '''familiar name''' is a name or term commonly used to identify a person or thing in non-specialist language, in place of another usually more formal or technical name.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title =familiar, n., adj., and adv. |encyclopedia=OED Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/67957?rskey=s5GGov&result=10&isAdvanced=true |access-date=2014-04-01 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> They are not slang nor vulgar, but are informal. This type is speech is used broadly for a variety of topics. | A '''colloquial name''' or '''familiar name''' is a name or term commonly used to identify a person or thing in non-specialist language, in place of another usually more formal or technical name.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=familiar, n., adj., and adv. |encyclopedia=OED Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/67957?rskey=s5GGov&result=10&isAdvanced=true |access-date=2014-04-01 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> They are not slang nor vulgar, but are informal. This type is speech is used broadly for a variety of topics. | ||
In | In biology, colloquial names are called "[[common names]]". Common pests often have common names. For example, [[armadillidiidae]] are often called "rollie pollies", while [[fly larvae]] are frequently called "[[maggots]]".<ref name="o054">{{cite web |last=Sofranec |first=Diane |title=Pest Colloquial Names and Mistaken Identities |website=Pest Management Professional |date=2012-04-12 |url=https://www.mypmp.net/pest-colloquial-names-and-mistaken-identities/ |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> | ||
In medicine, types of musculoskeletal injuries and fractures have colloquial names.<ref name="y370">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Patrick |last2=Hunter |first2=Tim B. |last3=Taljanovic |first3=Mihra |title=Musculoskeletal Colloquialisms: How Did We Come Up with These Names? |journal=RadioGraphics |volume=24 |issue=4 |date=2004 |issn=0271-5333 |doi=10.1148/rg.244045015 |pages=1009–1027 |pmid=15256625 |url=http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/rg.244045015 |access-date=2025-05-07 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> For example, the [[lateral epicondylitis]] injury is colloquially referred to as "tennis elbow".<ref name="e571">{{cite web |last1=Buchanan |first1=Benjamin K. |last2=Varacallo |first2=Matthew A. |title=Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |date=2023-08-04 |pmid=28613744 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431092/#:~:text=Lateral%20epicondylitis%2C%20also%20commonly%20referred,radialis%20brevis%20(ECRB)%20tendon. |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> | |||
In professional environments, colloquialisms often incorporate [[figures of speech]]. For example, when counter-arguing why an action ought not be performed, one may colloquially ask "why in God's name not?"<ref name="r496">{{cite web |last1=Athu |first1=C. |last2=Mihaila |first2=R. |last3=Botezat |first3=O. |title=Colloquial words and expressions in professional environment |publisher=Українська медична стоматологічна академія |date=2021 |url=https://repository.pdmu.edu.ua/items/c37b423d-b176-415c-adfe-582d68566168 |language=uk |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> | |||
== Distinction from other styles == | == Distinction from other styles == | ||
Colloquialisms are distinct from slang or [[jargon]]. Slang refers to words used only by specific social groups, such as demographics based on region, age, or socio-economic identity.<ref name="Zuckermann">{{cite book |last=Zuckermann |author-link=Ghil'ad Zuckermann |first=Ghil'ad |year=2003 |url=http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232 |title=Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1403917232}}</ref> In contrast, jargon is most commonly used within specific occupations, industries, activities, or areas of interest. Colloquial language includes slang, along with abbreviations, contractions, idioms, turns-of-phrase, and other informal words and phrases known to most native speakers of a language or dialect.<ref name="Zuckermann"/> | Colloquialisms are distinct from slang or [[jargon]]. Slang refers to words used only by specific social groups, such as demographics based on region, age, or socio-economic identity.<ref name="Zuckermann">{{cite book |last=Zuckermann |author-link=Ghil'ad Zuckermann |first=Ghil'ad |year=2003 |url=http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232 |title=Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1403917232}}</ref> In contrast, jargon is most commonly used within specific occupations, industries, activities, or areas of interest. Colloquial language includes slang, along with abbreviations, contractions, idioms, turns-of-phrase, and other informal words and phrases known to most native speakers of a language or dialect.<ref name="Zuckermann"/> | ||
Jargon is terminology that is explicitly defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, or group. The term refers to the language used by people who work in a particular area or who have a common interest. Similar to slang, it is shorthand used to express ideas, people, and things that are frequently discussed between members of a group. Unlike slang, it is often developed deliberately.<ref name="CB">{{cite web|url=http://www.criminalbrief.com/?p=10866| title=Buzzwords– bang * splat !| last=Lundin|first=Leigh| date=2009-12-31| publisher=Criminal Brief|work=Don Martin School of Software}}</ref> While a standard term may be given a more precise or unique usage amongst practitioners of relevant disciplines, it is often reported that jargon is a barrier to communication for those people unfamiliar with the respective field. <ref> Fiset, J., Bhave, D. P., & Jha, N. (2024). The Effects of Language-Related Misunderstanding at Work. Journal of Management, 50(1), 347-379. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063231181651 </ref> | Jargon is terminology that is explicitly defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, or group. The term refers to the language used by people who work in a particular area or who have a common interest. Similar to slang, it is shorthand used to express ideas, people, and things that are frequently discussed between members of a group. Unlike slang, it is often developed deliberately.<ref name="CB">{{cite web |url=http://www.criminalbrief.com/?p=10866 |title=Buzzwords– bang * splat ! |last=Lundin |first=Leigh |date=2009-12-31 |publisher=Criminal Brief |work=Don Martin School of Software}}</ref> While a standard term may be given a more precise or unique usage amongst practitioners of relevant disciplines, it is often reported that jargon is a barrier to communication for those people unfamiliar with the respective field.<ref> Fiset, J., Bhave, D. P., & Jha, N. (2024). The Effects of Language-Related Misunderstanding at Work. Journal of Management, 50(1), 347-379. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063231181651 </ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Latest revision as of 00:44, 25 November 2025
Template:Short description Colloquialism (also called colloquial language, everyday language, or general parlance) is the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It is the most common functional style of speech, the language normally employed in casual conversation and other informal contexts.[1] Colloquialism is characterized by the frequent use of expressive phrases, idioms, anthropocentrism, and a lack of specialized focus,[2] and has a rapidly changing lexicon.[3] It can also be distinguished by its usage of formulations with incomplete logical and syntactic ordering.[3]
A specific instance of such language is termed a colloquialism. The most common term used in dictionaries to label such an expression is colloquial.
Definition
Colloquialism is distinct from formal speech or formal writing.[4] It is the form of language that speakers typically use when they are relaxed and inattentive to their own diction (choices of vocabulary and style of expression).[5] An expression is labeled colloq. for "colloquial" in dictionaries when a different expression is preferred in formal usage, but this does not mean that the colloquial expression is necessarily slang or non-standard.
Some colloquial language contains a great deal of slang, but some contains no slang at all. Slang is often used in colloquial speech, but this particular register is restricted to particular in-groups, and it is not a necessary element of colloquialism.[5] Other examples of colloquial usage in English include contractions or profanity.[5]
"Colloquial" should be distinguished from "non-standard". The difference between standard and non-standard is not strictly connected to the difference between formal and colloquial.[6][7] As shown by Peter Trudgill in his discussion of standard English, formal, colloquial, and vulgar language are more a matter of stylistic variation and diction, rather than of the standard and non-standard dichotomy.[8] However, the term "colloquial" may be equated with "non-standard" at times, in certain contexts and terminological conventions.[9][10]
In the philosophy of language, "colloquial language" is ordinary natural language, as distinct from specialized forms used in logic or other areas of philosophy.[11] In the field of logical atomism, meaning is evaluated in a different way than with more formal propositions.
Colloquial names
A colloquial name or familiar name is a name or term commonly used to identify a person or thing in non-specialist language, in place of another usually more formal or technical name.[12] They are not slang nor vulgar, but are informal. This type is speech is used broadly for a variety of topics.
In biology, colloquial names are called "common names". Common pests often have common names. For example, armadillidiidae are often called "rollie pollies", while fly larvae are frequently called "maggots".[13]
In medicine, types of musculoskeletal injuries and fractures have colloquial names.[14] For example, the lateral epicondylitis injury is colloquially referred to as "tennis elbow".[15]
In professional environments, colloquialisms often incorporate figures of speech. For example, when counter-arguing why an action ought not be performed, one may colloquially ask "why in God's name not?"[16]
Distinction from other styles
Colloquialisms are distinct from slang or jargon. Slang refers to words used only by specific social groups, such as demographics based on region, age, or socio-economic identity.[17] In contrast, jargon is most commonly used within specific occupations, industries, activities, or areas of interest. Colloquial language includes slang, along with abbreviations, contractions, idioms, turns-of-phrase, and other informal words and phrases known to most native speakers of a language or dialect.[17]
Jargon is terminology that is explicitly defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, or group. The term refers to the language used by people who work in a particular area or who have a common interest. Similar to slang, it is shorthand used to express ideas, people, and things that are frequently discussed between members of a group. Unlike slang, it is often developed deliberately.[18] While a standard term may be given a more precise or unique usage amongst practitioners of relevant disciplines, it is often reported that jargon is a barrier to communication for those people unfamiliar with the respective field.[19]
See also
References
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- ↑ colloquial. (n.d.) Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved September 10, 2008, from Dictionary.com
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- ↑ Fiset, J., Bhave, D. P., & Jha, N. (2024). The Effects of Language-Related Misunderstanding at Work. Journal of Management, 50(1), 347-379. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063231181651
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External links
- Colloquial Spanish – Dictionary of Colloquial Spanish.
- Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Ludwig Wittgenstein (archived 17 May 1997)