Howrah: Difference between revisions

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Undid revision 1324581010 by ~2025-36988-37 (talk) Undid good faith edit. The article is clearly about the city, and there is a separate article already linked about the district.
 
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| subdivision_type3  = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name  = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name  = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1  = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
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The name came from the word ''[[Haor]]''—[[Bengali language|Bengali]] word for a fluvial swampy lake, which is sedimentologically a depression where water, mud and organic debris accumulate.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} The word itself was rather used in eastern part of [[Bengal]] (now Bangladesh), as compared to the western part (now West Bengal).<ref name="OMC169" />
The name came from the word ''[[Haor]]''—[[Bengali language|Bengali]] word for a fluvial swampy lake, which is sedimentologically a depression where water, mud and organic debris accumulate.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} The word itself was rather used in eastern part of [[Bengal]] (now Bangladesh), as compared to the western part (now West Bengal).<ref name="OMC169" />


==History==
== History ==
 
The history of the city of Howrah dates back over 500 years, but the district is situated in an area historically occupied by the ancient Bengali kingdom of [[Bhurshut]]. [[Venice|Venetian]] explorer [[Cesare Federici]], who travelled in India during 1565–79, mentioned a place called ''Buttor'' in his journal circa 1578.<ref name=betor /> As per his description, this was a location into which large ships could travel (presumably the [[Hooghly River|Hoogli river]]) and perhaps a commercial port.<ref name=betor/> This place is identifiable with the modern day neighbourhood of [[Betor|Bator]].<ref name=betor/> Bator was also mentioned in the Bengali poetry ''Manasamangal'' written by [[Bipradas Pipilai]] in 1495.<ref name="OMC19" />
The history of the city of Howrah dates back over 500 years, but the district is situated in an area historically occupied by the ancient Bengali kingdom of [[Bhurshut]]. [[Venice|Venetian]] explorer [[Cesare Federici]], who travelled in India during 1565–79, mentioned a place called ''Buttor'' in his journal circa 1578.<ref name=betor /> As per his description, this was a location into which large ships could travel (presumably the [[Hooghly River|Hoogli river]]) and perhaps a commercial port.<ref name=betor/> This place is identifiable with the modern day neighbourhood of [[Betor|Bator]].<ref name=betor/> Bator was also mentioned in the Bengali poetry ''Manasamangal'' written by [[Bipradas Pipilai]] in 1495.<ref name="OMC19" />


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Howrah has a [[Tropical savanna climate|Tropical wet-and-dry climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw''). The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. The temperature averages 26.3&nbsp;°C. Precipitation averages 1744&nbsp;mm.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/969448/ |title=Howrah climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Howrah weather averages - Climate-Data.org |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114554/https://en.climate-data.org/location/969448/ |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Howrah has a [[Tropical savanna climate|Tropical wet-and-dry climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw''). The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. The temperature averages 26.3&nbsp;°C. Precipitation averages 1744&nbsp;mm.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/969448/ |title=Howrah climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Howrah weather averages - Climate-Data.org |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114554/https://en.climate-data.org/location/969448/ |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>


Howrah has been ranked 40th best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>
Howrah has been ranked 40th best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


{{Weather box
{{Weather box
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===History===
===History===
[[File:Great Banyan Tree at the Botanical Gardens, Howrah by Francis Frith (1).jpg|thumb|Great Banyan Tree at the Botanical Gardens, Howrah by [[Francis Frith]] (1850s-1870s)]]
[[File:Great Banyan Tree at the Botanical Gardens, Howrah by Francis Frith (1).jpg|thumb|Great Banyan Tree at the Botanical Gardens, Howrah by [[Francis Frith]] (1850s-1870s)]]
[[Howrah Municipal Corporation|Howrah Municipality]] was established in 1862.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbdma.gov.in/htm/DIS%5CMUNI_COR_Howrah.htm |title=Howrah Municipal Corporation |publisher=Official website of Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317203441/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_COR_Howrah.htm |archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref> From 1896, it started supplying filter water across the city.<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=28}}</ref> During 1882–83, [[Bally Municipality]] was formed separating it out from Howrah.<ref name=OMC31/> As per the ''Howrah Municipal Corporation Act of 1980'', Howrah became a municipal corporation in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbdma.gov.in/htm/MUNI_Legislation_OtherMunicipalCorporationActs.htm |title=Other Municipal Corporation Acts |publisher=Official website of Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810200753/http://wbdma.gov.in/htm/MUNI_Legislation_OtherMunicipalCorporationActs.htm |archive-date=10 August 2009}}</ref> The corporation area was divided into fifty wards, each of which elects a councillor.<ref name=hmc /> The Mayor-in-council, which is led by Mayor and supported by Commissioner and officers, is responsible for administration of the corporation area.<ref name=hmc/> In 2015, the Bally Municipality was re-amalgamated into Howrah Municipal Corporation, through Corporation vide notification no. 428/MA/O/C-4/IM-36/2014 dated 26 June 2015, which increased the total number of wards to 66.<ref name='HC'/><ref>{{cite news |title=HMC sets up 'Mayor's Cop' to monitor civic amenities |journal=Millennium Post |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/hmc-sets-up-mayors-cop-to-monitor-civic-amenities-118977 |first=Pritesh |last=Basu |date=4 January 2016 |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115092225/http://www.millenniumpost.in/hmc-sets-up-mayors-cop-to-monitor-civic-amenities-118977 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Howrah Municipal Corporation|Howrah Municipality]] was established in 1862.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbdma.gov.in/htm/DIS%5CMUNI_COR_Howrah.htm |title=Howrah Municipal Corporation |publisher=Official website of Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317203441/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_COR_Howrah.htm |archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref> From 1896, it started supplying filter water across the city.<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=28}}</ref> During 1882–83, [[Bally Municipality]] was formed separating it out from Howrah.<ref name=OMC31/> [[Mahendranath Roy|Babu Mahendranath Roy]] was the first Indian elected chairperson of the [[Howrah Municipal Corporation|Howrah Municipal corporation]], many subsequent projects were undertaken by him for the development of the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The dirtiest since 1889 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-dirtiest-since-1889/cid/247307 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218063516/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-dirtiest-since-1889/cid/247307 |archive-date=18 December 2024 |access-date=2025-06-29 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> As per the ''Howrah Municipal Corporation Act of 1980'', Howrah became a municipal corporation in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbdma.gov.in/htm/MUNI_Legislation_OtherMunicipalCorporationActs.htm |title=Other Municipal Corporation Acts |publisher=Official website of Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810200753/http://wbdma.gov.in/htm/MUNI_Legislation_OtherMunicipalCorporationActs.htm |archive-date=10 August 2009}}</ref> The corporation area was divided into fifty wards, each of which elects a councillor.<ref name=hmc /> The Mayor-in-council, which is led by Mayor and supported by Commissioner and officers, is responsible for administration of the corporation area.<ref name=hmc/> In 2015, the Bally Municipality was re-amalgamated into Howrah Municipal Corporation, through Corporation vide notification no. 428/MA/O/C-4/IM-36/2014 dated 26 June 2015, which increased the total number of wards to 66.<ref name='HC'/><ref>{{cite news |title=HMC sets up 'Mayor's Cop' to monitor civic amenities |journal=Millennium Post |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/hmc-sets-up-mayors-cop-to-monitor-civic-amenities-118977 |first=Pritesh |last=Basu |date=4 January 2016 |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115092225/http://www.millenniumpost.in/hmc-sets-up-mayors-cop-to-monitor-civic-amenities-118977 |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Other administrative offices===
===Other administrative offices===
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==Development and growth==
==Development and growth==
Even though it is one of the largest cities in the state, Howrah witnessed urbanisation in an unplanned manner.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} As a result, Howrah is continuing to face its perennial problems like traffic congestion, population explosion and pollution.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGZPAAAAMAAJ |title=Howrah, a Study in Urbanization |last=Mukherjee |first=Alok Kumar |year=1992 |publisher=Chatterjee Publishers |isbn=9788185089089 |language=en |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010040539/https://books.google.com/books?id=cGZPAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
Although it is one of the largest cities in the state, Howrah witnessed urbanisation in an unplanned manner.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} As a result, Howrah is continuing to face its perennial problems like traffic congestion, heavy population growth, and pollution.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGZPAAAAMAAJ |title=Howrah, a Study in Urbanization |last=Mukherjee |first=Alok Kumar |year=1992 |publisher=Chatterjee Publishers |isbn=9788185089089 |language=en |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010040539/https://books.google.com/books?id=cGZPAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>  
 
The city contains a few unlicensed and unregulated residential areas or slums. The name of the novel [[City of Joy]], which has been often the name the [[Kolkata]] metropolis been called, is actually based on one such slum of Howrah.<ref name="cityofjoy">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/a-city-of-joy-an-ocean-of-human-misery-1189306.html |access-date=22 September 2019 |title=Review of the book 'City of Joy', authored by Dominique Lapierre |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=5 December 1998 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922110513/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/a-city-of-joy-an-ocean-of-human-misery-1189306.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
However, recently, work has been done on broadening the National Highways and several local roads.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} These activities are expected to help in improvement of traffic conditions. Of late, Howrah has seen a lot of new industrial proposals like the Kona Truck Terminus,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/kona-truck-terminal-in-limbo/cid/938760 |title=KONA TRUCK TERMINAL IN LIMBO |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164748/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/kona-truck-terminal-in-limbo/cid/938760 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kolkata West International City]] and relocation of the old smoky foundry plants.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}. The West Bengal Government has also planned a major renovation of the city to match the city's urban facilities with its neighbouring city Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/howrah-to-become-a-mega-city/articleshow/38260786.cms |title=Howrah to become a mega city |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 July 2014 |language=en |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907073316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/howrah-to-become-a-mega-city/articleshow/38260786.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>


Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) is the statutory planning and development authority for Howrah, as the city lies within the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA).
The city contains a few unlicensed and unregulated residential areas or slums. The name of the novel ''[[City of Joy]]'', which has been often the name the [[Kolkata]] metropolis been called, is actually based on one such Howrah slum.<ref name="cityofjoy">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/a-city-of-joy-an-ocean-of-human-misery-1189306.html |access-date=22 September 2019 |title=Review of the book 'City of Joy', authored by Dominique Lapierre |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=5 December 1998 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922110513/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/a-city-of-joy-an-ocean-of-human-misery-1189306.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, recently, work has been done on broadening the National Highways and several local roads.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} These activities are expected to help in improvement of traffic conditions. Of late, Howrah has seen a lot of new industrial proposals like the Kona Truck Terminus,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/kona-truck-terminal-in-limbo/cid/938760 |title=KONA TRUCK TERMINAL IN LIMBO |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164748/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/kona-truck-terminal-in-limbo/cid/938760 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kolkata West International City]] and relocation of the old smoky foundry plants.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}. The West Bengal Government has also planned a major renovation of the city to match the city's urban facilities with its neighbouring city Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/howrah-to-become-a-mega-city/articleshow/38260786.cms |title=Howrah to become a mega city |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 July 2014 |language=en |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907073316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/howrah-to-become-a-mega-city/articleshow/38260786.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) is the statutory planning and development authority for Howrah, as the city lies within the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA).


==Economy==
==Economy==
Often termed as ''Sheffield of the East'',<ref name="2001-09-20-toi-sheffield" /> Howrah is known as an engineering hub, mainly in the area of light engineering industry.<ref name="2001-09-20-toi-sheffield" /> In 1823, Bishop [[Reginald Heber]] described Howrah as the place "chiefly inhabited by shipbuilders".<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=165}}</ref> There are small engineering firms all over Howrah, particularly around Belilios Road area near Howrah station<ref>Mark Holmström, p.137</ref> However these businesses are declining in the 21st century.<ref name="2001-09-20-toi-sheffield" /> There are many foundries in [[Liluah]] area.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
Often termed as ''Sheffield of the East'',<ref name="2001-09-20-toi-sheffield" /> Howrah is known as an engineering hub, mainly in the area of light engineering industry.<ref name="2001-09-20-toi-sheffield" /> In 1823, Bishop [[Reginald Heber]] described Howrah as the place "chiefly inhabited by shipbuilders".<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=165}}</ref> There are small engineering firms all over Howrah, particularly around Belilios Road area near Howrah station<ref>Mark Holmström, p.137</ref> However these businesses are declining in the 21st century.<ref name="2001-09-20-toi-sheffield" /> There are many foundries in [[Liluah]] area.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}


[[Burn Standard Company]], a major company in heavy engineering industry, has its oldest manufacturing unit located in Howrah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbunl.com/co_burn.html |title=Group Companies: Burn Standard Co. Ltd. |publisher=Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Limited |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225160816/http://www.bbunl.com/co_burn.html |archive-date=25 December 2008 }}</ref> [[Ramkrishna Forgings]] one of the largest forging company in India has one of its plant located at [[Liluah]] in Howrah. The Howrah plant of [[Shalimar Paints]] (established in 1902) was the first large-scale paint manufacturing plant to be set up not only in India but in entire South East Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shalimarpaints.com/about_fac.html |title=Shalimar Paints:About us – Manufacturing Facilities |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115152538/http://www.shalimarpaints.com/about_fac.html |archive-date=15 January 2009 }}</ref> The city houses one of the major manufacturing units of [[Tarsons Products]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarsons Products: Diversified portfolio & strong distribution network to facilitate its growth across geographies |url=https://mintgenie.livemint.com/news/markets/tarsons-products-diversified-portfolio-strong-distribution-network-to-facilitate-its-growth-across-geographies-151673427995452 |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=Mintgenie |language=en}}</ref> The jute industry suffered during the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)]], when the larger jute production area became part of [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh). The foundry industry saw a decline in demand due to growth in steel industry.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
[[Burn Standard Company]], a major company in heavy engineering industry, has its oldest manufacturing unit located in Howrah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbunl.com/co_burn.html |title=Group Companies: Burn Standard Co. Ltd. |publisher=Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Limited |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225160816/http://www.bbunl.com/co_burn.html |archive-date=25 December 2008 }}</ref> [[Ramkrishna Forgings]] one of the largest forging company in India has one of its plant located at [[Liluah]] in Howrah. The Howrah plant of [[Shalimar Paints]] (established in 1902) was the first large-scale paint manufacturing plant to be set up not only in India but in entire South East Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shalimarpaints.com/about_fac.html |title=Shalimar Paints:About us – Manufacturing Facilities |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115152538/http://www.shalimarpaints.com/about_fac.html |archive-date=15 January 2009 }}</ref> The city houses one of the major manufacturing units of [[Tarsons Products]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarsons Products: Diversified portfolio & strong distribution network to facilitate its growth across geographies |url=https://mintgenie.livemint.com/news/markets/tarsons-products-diversified-portfolio-strong-distribution-network-to-facilitate-its-growth-across-geographies-151673427995452 |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=Mintgenie |language=en}}</ref>


==Transport==
==Transport==
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===Rail===
===Rail===
[[File:Howrah Station.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Howrah Station]]]]
[[File:Howrah Station.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Howrah Station]]]]
[[Howrah railway station]] (more commonly referred to as Howrah Station) is the major railway station serving Howrah, Kolkata and the neighbouring districts. It is the second busiest rail station in India, along with being the largest railway station in terms of number of platform. It was established in 1854 when a railway line was constructed connecting the city to the coalfields of [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]]. Howrah Station serves as a terminal for two railway zones of India: the [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]] and the [[South Eastern Railway (India)|South Eastern Railway]], and it is connected to most of the major cities of India. From Howrah both Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway operates connecting various stations of the districts of Howrah, [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], Bardhaman, [[Purba Medinipur district|East Midnapore]] and [[Paschim Medinipur district|West Midnapore]]. Within Howrah city itself, there are twelve more stations, the most prominents being [[Santragachi Junction railway station|Santragachi]] and [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]].
[[Howrah railway station]] (more commonly referred to as Howrah Station) is the major railway station serving Howrah, Kolkata and the neighbouring districts. It is the busiest rail station in India, along with being the largest railway station in terms of number of platform (24). It was established in 1854 when a railway line was constructed connecting the city to the coalfields of [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]]. Howrah Station serves as a terminal for two railway zones of India: the [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]] and the [[South Eastern Railway (India)|South Eastern Railway]], and it is connected to most of the major cities of India. From Howrah both Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway operates connecting various stations of the districts of Howrah, [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], Bardhaman, [[Purba Medinipur district|East Midnapore]] and [[Paschim Medinipur district|West Midnapore]]. Within Howrah city itself, there are twelve more stations, the most prominents being [[Santragachi Junction railway station|Santragachi]] and [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]].


===Metro rail===
===Metro rail===
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[[File:Howrah metro station.jpg|thumb|Howrah metro station (under construction)]]
[[File:Howrah metro station.jpg|thumb|Howrah metro station (under construction)]]
Howrah is served by the [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] with Salt Lake in Kolkata via a tunnel under River Hooghly. The Metro line connects Howrah to Esplanade as well which will act as interchange where commuters can change sides to travel on the North-South line.
Howrah is served by the [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] with Salt Lake in Kolkata via a tunnel under River Hooghly. The Metro line connects Howrah to Esplanade as well which will act as interchange where commuters can change sides to travel on the North-South line.
On the Howrah side, the 2 Stations will be at [[Howrah metro station|Howrah Station]] and [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]]. These stations are open for public. The Metro currently connects Howrah Maidan Station on one side to Esplanade Station on the other. Howrah & Mahakaran stations lying in between.The Esplanade to Sealdah section is still under construction as of 13 September 2024 estimated to be completed by 2025.
On the Howrah side, the 2 Stations will be at [[Howrah metro station|Howrah Station]] and [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]]. These stations are open for public. The Metro currently connects Howrah Maidan Station on one side to Saltlake sector V Station on the other; Howrah, Esplanade & Sealdah stations lying in between. People can also interchange at Esplanade station to reach Airport or other blue line metro station's.


===Roads===
===Roads===
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===Other transport===
===Other transport===
There are ferry services available, between various jetties in Howrah and Kolkata, which was introduced in the 1970s.<ref name=eiasia>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/admin/newgovtpublications/upload/Chap-Chapt2.pdf |title=East-West Kolkata Metro Corridor: EIA and SIA (Chapter 2) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=21 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041100/http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/admin/newgovtpublications/upload/Chap-Chapt2.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The jetties on Howrah side are at Howrah Station, Ramkrishnapur, [[Shibpur]], [[Shalimar Station|Shalimar]], [[Salkia|Bandhaghat]], [[Belur Math]], [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]] and Nazirganj.
There are ferry services available, between various jetties in Howrah and Kolkata, which were introduced in the 1970s.<ref name=eiasia>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/admin/newgovtpublications/upload/Chap-Chapt2.pdf |title=East-West Kolkata Metro Corridor: EIA and SIA (Chapter 2) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=21 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041100/http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/admin/newgovtpublications/upload/Chap-Chapt2.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Howrah is also served by [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]], located in [[Dum Dum|Dumdum, Kolkata]]. The Airport will soon be connected to Howrah via Metro service which is presently under-construction.


==Neighbourhoods==
==Neighbourhoods==
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}}
}}


Howrah has many various neighbourhoods, the most notable being [[Shibpur]], [[Santragachi]], [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]], [[Salkia]], [[Ramrajatala]], [[Liluah]], Howrah Maidan and [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} [[Shibpur]] hosts the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]], containing [[the Great Banyan]] tree, Avani Riverside Mall is also located here and the [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/index.php/institute/iiest-institute/about |access-date=21 September 2019 |title=IIEST official website}}</ref> [[Santragachi]] has a large railway station as well as the [[Santragachhi#Santragachhi Jheel|Santragachhi Jheel]], a large lake that attracts migratory birds during winter.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]] hosts [[Belur Math]], the headquarters of the [[Ramakrishna Mission|Ramakrishna Math and Mission]]. Ramrajatala hosts a famous [[Rama]] Temple.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}.
Howrah has many various neighbourhoods, the most notable being [[Shibpur]], [[Santragachi]], [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]], [[Salkia]], [[Ramrajatala]], [[Liluah]], Howrah Maidan and [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} [[Shibpur]] hosts the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]], containing [[the Great Banyan]] tree, Avani Riverside Mall is also located here and the [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/index.php/institute/iiest-institute/about |access-date=21 September 2019 |title=IIEST official website}}</ref> Near Howrah Station is the slum of [[Pilkhana, West Bengal|Pilkhana]] which was the basis of the famous book and film ''[[City of Joy]]''.<ref name="cityofjoy" />
 
Near Howrah Station is the slum of [[Pilkhana, West Bengal|Pilkhana]] which was the basis of the famous book and film "[[City of Joy]]".<ref name="cityofjoy" /> [[Liluah]] host some of India's oldest railway factories and is also the educational Hub of Howrah.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}.


==Education==
==Education==
Line 418: Line 412:
==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Bhattacherje |first=S. B. |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA273 |year=2009 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. |isbn=978-81-207-4074-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Bhattacherje |first=S. B. |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA273 |year=2009 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. |isbn=978-81-207-4074-7}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gunguly |first1=C. K. |last2=Battarcharya |first2=S. K. |title=The Design Methodology and Construction Technique of 457 m Span Cable Stayed Bridge (Dead Load Composite) at Vidyasagar Setu |editor1-last=Dayaratnam |editor1-first=P |work=Cable stayed, supported, and suspension bridges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA113 |year=2000 |publisher=Universities Press (India) |pages=113–4 |isbn=978-81-7371-271-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gunguly |first1=C. K. |last2=Battarcharya |first2=S. K. |title=The Design Methodology and Construction Technique of 457 m Span Cable Stayed Bridge (Dead Load Composite) at Vidyasagar Setu |editor1-last=Dayaratnam |editor1-first=P |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA113 |year=2000 |publisher=Universities Press (India) |pages=113–114 |isbn=978-81-7371-271-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Y8AAAAIAAJ&q=howrah+industry&pg=PA137 |title=Industry and Inequality: The Social Anthropology of Indian Labour |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-26745-5 |access-date=29 December 2008}}
*{{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Y8AAAAIAAJ&q=howrah+industry&pg=PA137 |title=Industry and Inequality: The Social Anthropology of Indian Labour |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-26745-5 |access-date=29 December 2008}}
*{{cite book |last=Lach |first=Donald Frederick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wz23Oeg4ZdIC&q=betor+howrah&pg=PA473 |title=Asia in the Making of Europe |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1977 |isbn=0-226-46731-7 |access-date=28 December 2008}}
*{{cite book |last=Lach |first=Donald Frederick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wz23Oeg4ZdIC&q=betor+howrah&pg=PA473 |title=Asia in the Making of Europe |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1977 |isbn=0-226-46731-7 |access-date=28 December 2008}}
*{{Cite book |last1=O'Malley |first1=L. S. S. |last2=Chakravarti |first2=Monmohan |year=1909 |title=Bengal District Gazetteers: Howrah |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55774 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot}}
*{{Cite book |last1=O'Malley |first1=L.S S.|last2=Chakravarti |first2=Monmohan |year=1909 |title=Bengal District Gazetteers: Howrah |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55774 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot}}
*{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Samita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0KxZ0mji3QC&q=howrah+industry&pg=PA23 |title=Women and Labour in Late Colonial India: The Bengal Jute Industry |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-521-45363-1 |access-date=29 December 2008}}
*{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Samita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0KxZ0mji3QC&q=howrah+industry&pg=PA23 |title=Women and Labour in Late Colonial India: The Bengal Jute Industry |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-521-45363-1 |access-date=29 December 2008}}


Latest revision as of 20:45, 3 December 2025

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Howrah (Script error: No such module "IPAc-en".; Script error: No such module "IPA".; alternatively spelled as Haora)[1] is a city[2][3] in the Indian state of West Bengal. Howrah is located on the western bank of the Hooghly River, opposite to its twin city of Kolkata.[3] Administratively Howrah lies within Howrah district and is the headquarters of the Howrah Sadar subdivision; it is also part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Howrah is an important industrial and transportation hub, and is also a gateway to Kolkata (and the rest of West Bengal) via Howrah railway station and Howrah Bridge.

Etymology

The name came from the word Haor—Bengali word for a fluvial swampy lake, which is sedimentologically a depression where water, mud and organic debris accumulate.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The word itself was rather used in eastern part of Bengal (now Bangladesh), as compared to the western part (now West Bengal).[4]

History

The history of the city of Howrah dates back over 500 years, but the district is situated in an area historically occupied by the ancient Bengali kingdom of Bhurshut. Venetian explorer Cesare Federici, who travelled in India during 1565–79, mentioned a place called Buttor in his journal circa 1578.[5] As per his description, this was a location into which large ships could travel (presumably the Hoogli river) and perhaps a commercial port.[5] This place is identifiable with the modern day neighbourhood of Bator.[5] Bator was also mentioned in the Bengali poetry Manasamangal written by Bipradas Pipilai in 1495.[6]

In 1713, the Bengal Council of the British East India Company, on the accession of the Emperor Farrukhsiyar, grandson of Aurangzeb, to the throne of Delhi, sent a deputation to him with a petition for a settlement of five villages on west bank of Hooghly river along with thirty-three villages on the east bank.[7] The list of villages appeared in the Consultation Book of the Council dated 4 May 1714. The five villages on the west bank on Hooghly river were: 'Salica' (Salkia), 'Harirah' (Howrah), 'Cassundeah' (Kasundia), 'Ramkrishnopoor' (Ramkrishnapur) and 'Battar' (Bator): all identifiable with localities of modern-day Howrah city.[8] The deputation was successful except for these five villages.[8] By 1728, most of the present-day Howrah district was part of either of the two zamindaris: Burdwan or Muhammand Aminpur.[8]

On 11 October 1760, as a result of the Battle of Plassey, the East India Company signed a treaty with Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, to take over the control of Howrah district.[9] In 1787 the Hooghly district was formed and in 1819 the whole of the present day Howrah district was added to it.[10] The Howrah district was separated from the Hooghly district in 1843.[11]

Demographics

Religion in Howrah (2011)[12]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 82.72%
Islam
 
 15.25%
Jainism
 
 0.75%
Others
 
 1.28%

Howrah is 2nd most populated city in West Bengal (behind Kolkata).[13][14] As of 2011Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Indian census, Howrah had a population of {{#statements:population}} with {{#statements:number of households}} households.[15][note 1][16]

In the 1896 census of British India, Howrah had a population of 84,069, which grew to 157,594 in the 1901 census.[17][18] This rapid growth was due to abundance of job opportunities, which resulted in a 100% increase in male population during this period, whereas the female population grew only by 60%.[17]

Howrah town population by year[18][note 2]
Year Population % increase Males Females
1896 84,069
1901 157,594 99,904 57,690
1911 179,006 13.59 114,566 64,440
1921 195,301 9.10 128,472 66,829
1931 224,873 15.14 145,120 79,753
1941 379,292 68.67 246,959 132,333
1951 433,630 14.33 268,412 165,218
1961 532,692 22.84 325,493 207,199
1971 737,877 38.52 439,457 298,420
1981 744,429 0.89 421,636 322,793
1991 950,435 27.67 528,396 422,039
2001 1,007,532 6.01 547,068 460,464
2011[15] 1,077,075 6.90 561,220 515,855

Geography

Climate

Howrah has a Tropical wet-and-dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. The temperature averages 26.3 °C. Precipitation averages 1744 mm.[19]

Howrah has been ranked 40th best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.[20]

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Civic administration

Howrah Municipal Corporation is responsible for the administration of Howrah. The tenure of the last board of HMC had ended back on 10 December 2018. From then onwards the corporation has been run by unelected board of administrators selected by the West Bengal government.[21] The Howrah City Police is responsible for law enforcement in the city.

History

File:Great Banyan Tree at the Botanical Gardens, Howrah by Francis Frith (1).jpg
Great Banyan Tree at the Botanical Gardens, Howrah by Francis Frith (1850s-1870s)

Howrah Municipality was established in 1862.[22] From 1896, it started supplying filter water across the city.[23] During 1882–83, Bally Municipality was formed separating it out from Howrah.[17] Babu Mahendranath Roy was the first Indian elected chairperson of the Howrah Municipal corporation, many subsequent projects were undertaken by him for the development of the city.[24] As per the Howrah Municipal Corporation Act of 1980, Howrah became a municipal corporation in 1984.[25] The corporation area was divided into fifty wards, each of which elects a councillor.[26] The Mayor-in-council, which is led by Mayor and supported by Commissioner and officers, is responsible for administration of the corporation area.[26] In 2015, the Bally Municipality was re-amalgamated into Howrah Municipal Corporation, through Corporation vide notification no. 428/MA/O/C-4/IM-36/2014 dated 26 June 2015, which increased the total number of wards to 66.[27][28]

Other administrative offices

Howrah also hosts the temporary administrative office of the state of West Bengal. The office of the Chief Minister of state had been traditionally posted at the Writers' Building, however owing to renovation of the building, the administration has been occupying the Nabanna building.[29]

Development and growth

Although it is one of the largest cities in the state, Howrah witnessed urbanisation in an unplanned manner.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". As a result, Howrah is continuing to face its perennial problems like traffic congestion, heavy population growth, and pollution.[30]

The city contains a few unlicensed and unregulated residential areas or slums. The name of the novel City of Joy, which has been often the name the Kolkata metropolis been called, is actually based on one such Howrah slum.[31] However, recently, work has been done on broadening the National Highways and several local roads.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". These activities are expected to help in improvement of traffic conditions. Of late, Howrah has seen a lot of new industrial proposals like the Kona Truck Terminus,[32] Kolkata West International City and relocation of the old smoky foundry plants.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".. The West Bengal Government has also planned a major renovation of the city to match the city's urban facilities with its neighbouring city Kolkata.[33] The Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) is the statutory planning and development authority for Howrah, as the city lies within the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA).

Economy

Often termed as Sheffield of the East,[34] Howrah is known as an engineering hub, mainly in the area of light engineering industry.[34] In 1823, Bishop Reginald Heber described Howrah as the place "chiefly inhabited by shipbuilders".[35] There are small engineering firms all over Howrah, particularly around Belilios Road area near Howrah station[36] However these businesses are declining in the 21st century.[34] There are many foundries in Liluah area.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Burn Standard Company, a major company in heavy engineering industry, has its oldest manufacturing unit located in Howrah.[37] Ramkrishna Forgings one of the largest forging company in India has one of its plant located at Liluah in Howrah. The Howrah plant of Shalimar Paints (established in 1902) was the first large-scale paint manufacturing plant to be set up not only in India but in entire South East Asia.[38] The city houses one of the major manufacturing units of Tarsons Products.[39]

Transport

Howrah can be accessed from its many rail links, road links to National Highways, as well as its transport connections to Kolkata. Apart from the bridges connecting the cities, there are also ferry services between various jetties.

Rail

File:Howrah Station.jpg
Howrah Station

Howrah railway station (more commonly referred to as Howrah Station) is the major railway station serving Howrah, Kolkata and the neighbouring districts. It is the busiest rail station in India, along with being the largest railway station in terms of number of platform (24). It was established in 1854 when a railway line was constructed connecting the city to the coalfields of Bardhaman. Howrah Station serves as a terminal for two railway zones of India: the Eastern Railway and the South Eastern Railway, and it is connected to most of the major cities of India. From Howrah both Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway operates connecting various stations of the districts of Howrah, Hooghly, Bardhaman, East Midnapore and West Midnapore. Within Howrah city itself, there are twelve more stations, the most prominents being Santragachi and Shalimar.

Metro rail

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File:Howrah metro station.jpg
Howrah metro station (under construction)

Howrah is served by the Green Line with Salt Lake in Kolkata via a tunnel under River Hooghly. The Metro line connects Howrah to Esplanade as well which will act as interchange where commuters can change sides to travel on the North-South line. On the Howrah side, the 2 Stations will be at Howrah Station and Howrah Maidan. These stations are open for public. The Metro currently connects Howrah Maidan Station on one side to Saltlake sector V Station on the other; Howrah, Esplanade & Sealdah stations lying in between. People can also interchange at Esplanade station to reach Airport or other blue line metro station's.

Roads

The total road length in Howrah is approximately Template:Cvt.[40] Howrah hosts a branch of the Grand Trunk Road – this was built, starting 1804, by the Public Works Department of the British administration.[41] The road starts at the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden[42] and connects to the main road near Chandannagar.[41] Howrah also connects the metropolitan region to the national highways – NH 16 and NH 19, which are connected to Vidyasagar Setu via the Kona Expressway.

Bridges

File:Howrah Bridge-Rabindra Setu.jpg
Howrah Bridge

Howrah and Kolkata are separated by the Hooghly River/Ganges and connected by four bridges across the river. These are the:

The cantilever style Howrah Bridge and the cable-stayed Vidyasagar Setu are counted among the longest bridges in the world within their types.[43]

Other transport

There are ferry services available, between various jetties in Howrah and Kolkata, which were introduced in the 1970s.[44]

Neighbourhoods

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Howrah has many various neighbourhoods, the most notable being Shibpur, Santragachi, Belur, Salkia, Ramrajatala, Liluah, Howrah Maidan and Bally.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Shibpur hosts the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, containing the Great Banyan tree, Avani Riverside Mall is also located here and the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur.[45] Near Howrah Station is the slum of Pilkhana which was the basis of the famous book and film City of Joy.[31]

Education

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The Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur is a public engineering and research institution. It is the fourth oldest engineering institution in India, and is an institute of national importance.[46]

Howrah's schools are either run by the state government or by private institutions. The medium of instruction is Bengali, English or Hindi. Schools are affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education (WBBSE), West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education (WBCHSE), the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) and Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Howrah Zilla School, established in 1845, is the only Governmental school in Howrah.

Howrah's first vernacular Bengali medium school, established in 1857, was Santragachi Minor School: currently the school is running as Santragachi Kedarnath Institution, Howrah.[47]

Sports

The Sailen Manna Stadium, also known as the Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium, is a multi-use stadium that hosts sporting events for association football. Dumurjala Sports City is a multi-purpose sports complex at Dumurjala. Howrah Rifle Club is a sports shooting stadium located at Kadamtala.

Notable people

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File:Arial View of Howrah Bridge.jpg
Howrah Station

Gallery

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Footnotes

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  1. ↑ Census data of Howrah can be difficult to compare as the city is sometimes grouped together with the Kolkata and other settlements as the Kolkata metropolitan area. Further care needs to be taken to distinguish Howrah town from Howrah district. It is also worth noting that Bally Municipality was re-incorporated into Howrah in 2015
  2. ↑ Note that Howrah town census area was not stable until 1981

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  5. ↑ a b c Donald Frederick Lach, p.473
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  8. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  36. ↑ Mark Holmström, p.137
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

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External links

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Template:Geographic location Template:Howrah Template:Howrah District Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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