Bartholomew I of Constantinople: Difference between revisions
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| name = Bartholomew | | name = Bartholomew | ||
| patriarch_of = [[List of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] | | patriarch_of = [[List of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] | ||
| image = | | image = Патриарх_Варфоломей_(cropped).jpg | ||
| caption = Bartholomew in | | caption = Bartholomew in 2023 | ||
| enthroned = 2 November 1991 | | enthroned = 2 November 1991 | ||
| ended = | | ended = | ||
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| signature = Bartholomew I of Constantinople signature.png | | signature = Bartholomew I of Constantinople signature.png | ||
| coat_of_arms = Emblem of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I.svg | | coat_of_arms = Emblem of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I.svg | ||
| honorific_prefix = His All Holiness | | honorific_prefix = His All Holiness | ||
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'''Bartholomew'''{{efn|{{langx|el|Βαρθολομαῖος|''Bartholomaĩos''}}}} (born '''Dimitrios Archontonis'''{{efn|{{langx|el|Δημήτριος Αρχοντώνης|''Dimítrios Archontónis''}}}} | '''Bartholomew'''{{efn|{{langx|el|Βαρθολομαῖος|''Bartholomaĩos''}}}} (born '''Dimitrios Archontonis''',{{efn|{{langx|el|Δημήτριος Αρχοντώνης|''Dimítrios Archontónis''}}}} 29 February 1940) is the current [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] since 1991.<ref>John Meyendorff, John Chapin, Nicolas Lossky (1981), ''The Orthodox Church - its past and its role in the world today'', Crestwood, N.Y., [[Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary|St Vladimir's Seminary Press]], p. 132 {{ISBN|0-913836-81-8}}</ref> In accordance with his title, he is regarded as the ''[[primus inter pares]]'' (first among equals) in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], and as a spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians worldwide.{{refn|See:<ref name="Fitzgerald1998">{{Cite book |first=Thomas E. |last=Fitzgerald |title=The Orthodox Church |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_F5yntZocGIC&pg=PA117 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-275-96438-2 |page=117 |quote=THE VISIT OF THE ECUMENICAL PATRIARCH Ecumenical Patriarch Dimitrios I of Constantinople, together with a delegation that included five Metropolitans made an unprecedented visit to the United States 2–29 July 1990. Among the delegation was the present patriarch, Patriarch Bartholomew, who succeeded Patriarch Dimitrios in 1991. Although other Orthodox Patriarchs had visited this country in the past, this was the first visit of the Ecumenical Patriarch. His visit had a special significance because he is viewed as the first bishop of the Orthodox Church. As such, the Ecumenical Patriarch is frequently looked upon as the spiritual leader of the 300 million Orthodox Christians throughout the world}}</ref><ref name="HoltMuldoon2008">{{Cite book |first1=Andrew P. |last1=Holt |first2=James |last2=Muldoon |title=Competing Voices from the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/competingvoicesf00andr |url-access=registration |date=2008 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood World Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-84645-011-2 |page=xiv |quote=...one made during a visit to Greece in 2001 for the crusaders' sack of Constantinople in 1204. Three years later, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, the spiritual leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians, finally accepted the Pope's}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Eastern Churches Journal - A Journal of Eastern Christendom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOAkAQAAIAAJ |date=2004 |publisher=Society of Saint John Chrysostom |page=181 |quote=His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew is the 270th successor to the Apostle Andrew and spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.}}</ref><ref name="Stewart2013">{{Cite book |first=Dona J. |last=Stewart |title=The Middle East Today - Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYE2eOEmwmkC&pg=PA71 |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-78243-2 |page=71 |quote=Bartholomew I, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.}}</ref><ref name="El-AnsaryLinnan2010">{{Cite book |author1=W. El-Ansary |author2=D. Linnan |title=Muslim and Christian Understanding - Theory and Application of "A Common Word" |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi4WDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |date=26 November 2010 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-0-230-11440-1 |page=82 |quote=Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew is the 270th Archbishop to the 2000-year-old Church of Constantinople (Istanbul), "first among equals" of Orthodox bishops worldwide, and spiritual leader to 300 million faithful.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Jewish Political Studies Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrBtAAAAMAAJ&q=Bartholomew+I+of+Constantinople+spiritual+leader+300+million |date=2001 |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |page=8 |quote=Bartholomew I, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, the spiritual leader of an estimated 300 million Orthodox Christians around the ...}}</ref><ref name="MooreNelson2011">{{Cite book |first1=Kathleen Dean |last1=Moore |first2=Michael P. |last2=Nelson |title=Moral Ground - Ethical Action for a Planet in Peril |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkLpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |date=15 April 2011 |publisher=[[Trinity University Press]] |isbn=978-1-59534-105-1 |page=133 |quote=Bartholomew I, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Living Church |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jTiAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA8 |year=1997 |publisher=[[The Living Church]] by Morehouse-Gorham Company |page=3 |quote=the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Bartholomew I, is now touring 14 cities on his first visit to the United States. The 57-year-old leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians wore a gold and crimson mandya with train and tinkling bells}}</ref><ref name="MarshallKeough2005">{{Cite book |first1=Katherine |last1=Marshall |first2=Lucy |last2=Keough |title=Finding Global Balance: Common Ground Between the Worlds of Development and Faith |url=https://archive.org/details/findingglobalbal0000mars |url-access=registration |date=2005 |publisher=[[World Bank|World Bank Publications]] |isbn=978-0-8213-6247-1 |page=119 |quote=Bartholomew I, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.}}</ref><ref name="BassettProgramme2000">{{Cite book |first1=Libby |last1=Bassett |author2=United Nations Environment Programme |title=Earth and Faith - A Book of Reflection for Action |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlvWLpWJ7vAC&pg=PA16 |date=2000 |publisher=UNEP/Earthprint |isbn=978-92-807-1915-4 |page=16 |quote=Bartholomew I, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.}}</ref><ref name=aboutWeb>{{Cite web |last1=Fairchild |first1=Mary |title=Christianity:Basics:Eastern Orthodox Church Denomination |publisher=about.com |url=http://christianity.about.com/od/easternorthodoxy/p/orthodoxprofile.htm |access-date=22 May 2014 |ref=none |archive-date=5 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605234938/http://christianity.about.com/od/easternorthodoxy/p/orthodoxprofile.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Taylor2008">{{Cite book |first=Bron |last=Taylor |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 |date=10 June 2008 |publisher=[[A & C Black]] |isbn=978-1-4411-2278-0 |page=158 |quote=The spiritual leader of the over 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew – who has widely ...}}</ref><ref name="The Patriarch Bartholomew">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6001717n |title=The Patriarch Bartholomew |date=20 December 2009 |work=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]] |access-date=11 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6001717n |title=Quick facts about the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople |quote="His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew serves as the spiritual leader and representative worldwide voice of some 300 million Orthodox Christians throughout the world" |publisher=Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.patriarchate.org/biography |title=Biography – The Ecumenical Patriarchate |website=Patriarchate.org |access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/30/pope-francis-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew-_n_6243414.html |title=Pope Francis Bows, Asks For Blessing From Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew In Extraordinary Display Of Christian Unity |website=[[HuffPost]] |date=1 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201161503/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/30/pope-francis-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew-_n_6243414.html |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=1 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apostolicpilgrimage.org/who-is-the-ecumenical-patriarch- |title=Who is the Ecumenical Patriarch? Apostolic Pilgrimage of Pope Francis and Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew to Jerusalem |website=Apostolicpilgrimage.org |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113031850/https://www.apostolicpilgrimage.org/who-is-the-ecumenical-patriarch- |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | ||
Bartholomew was born in the village of [[Zeytinliköy, Gökçeada|Agios Theodoros]] (officially called Zeytinliköy) on the island of [[Imbros]] (later renamed Gökçeada by the Turkish government). After his graduation, he held a position at the [[Halki seminary|Patriarchal Theological Seminary of Halki]], where he was ordained a priest. Later, he served as [[Metropolis of Philadelphia]] and [[Metropolis of Chalcedon|Chalcedon]] and he became a member of the [[Holy Synod]] as well as other committees, prior to his enthronement as Patriarch. | Bartholomew was born in the village of [[Zeytinliköy, Gökçeada|Agios Theodoros]] (officially called Zeytinliköy) on the island of [[Imbros]] (later renamed Gökçeada by the Turkish government). After his graduation, he held a position at the [[Halki seminary|Patriarchal Theological Seminary of Halki]], where he was ordained a priest. Later, he served as [[Metropolis of Philadelphia]] and [[Metropolis of Chalcedon|Chalcedon]] and he became a member of the [[Holy Synod]] as well as other committees, prior to his enthronement as Patriarch. | ||
Bartholomew's tenure has been characterized by intra-Orthodox cooperation | Bartholomew's tenure has been characterized by intra-Orthodox cooperation and intra-Christian and [[inter-religious dialogue]], such as formal visits to [[Roman Catholic]], [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]], and [[Islam|Muslim]] leaders previously visited by a patriarch. He has exchanged numerous invitations with church and state dignitaries. His efforts to promote religious freedom and human rights, his initiatives to advance religious tolerance among the world's religions, as well as his efforts to promote ecology and the [[environmental protection|protection of the environment]], have been widely noted, and these endeavors have earned him the title "The Green Patriarch".<ref>{{Cite news |first=Marlise |last=Simons |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/science/bartholomew-i-of-constantinoples-bold-green-stance.html |title=Bartholomew I of Constantinople's Bold Green Stance |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 December 2012 |access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apostolicpilgrimage.org/the-green-patriarch |title=The Green Patriarch – Apostolic Pilgrimage of Pope Francis and Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew to Jerusalem |website=Apostolicpilgrimage.org |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=15 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115092351/https://www.apostolicpilgrimage.org/the-green-patriarch |url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
Among his many international positions, he currently sits on the Board of World Religious Leaders for the [[Elijah Interfaith Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/?id=730 |title=Elijah Interfaith – Sharing Wisdom Fostering Peace |website=Elijah-interfaith.org |access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> In 2018, the [[Moscow Patriarchate]] [[2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism|broke communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate]] as a result of disputes over his decision to grant [[autocephaly]] to the [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2018 |title=Russian Orthodox Church breaks "Eucharistic communion" with Patriarcate of Constantinople |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/world/news/2018-10/russian-orthodox-break-communion-with-ecumenical-patriarch.html |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=vaticannews.va |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=MacFarquhar |first=Neil |date=15 October 2018 |title=Russia Takes Further Step Toward Major Schism in Orthodox Church (Published 2018) |language=en |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/world/europe/russia-orthodox-church.html |access-date=16 November 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | |||
== Early life and background == | == Early life and background == | ||
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=== Ordinations and ecclesiastical appointments === | === Ordinations and ecclesiastical appointments === | ||
* 13 August 1961: [[Diaconate]] – receiving the [[ecclesiastical]] name Bartholomew | * 13 August 1961: [[Diaconate]] – receiving the [[religious name|ecclesiastical]] name Bartholomew | ||
* 19 October 1969: [[Priesthood]] | * 19 October 1969: [[Priesthood]] | ||
* 25 December 1973: [[Episcopacy]] – [[Metropolis of Philadelphia]] ([[Anatolia|Asia Minor]]) | * 25 December 1973: [[Episcopacy]] – [[Metropolis of Philadelphia]] ([[Anatolia|Asia Minor]]) | ||
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== Patriarchate == | == Patriarchate == | ||
[[File: | [[File:P110309PS-0270 (4073137280).jpg|thumb|United States President [[Barack Obama]] meets with Bartholomew.]] | ||
[[File: | [[File:President Donald Trump participates in a bilateral meeting with the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew (54791710521).jpg|thumb|United States President [[Donald Trump]] meets with Bartholomew and Archbishop [[Elpidophoros of America]].]] | ||
As Ecumenical Patriarch, Bartholomew has been particularly active internationally. One of his first focuses has been on rebuilding the once persecuted [[Eastern Orthodox church]]es of the former [[Eastern Bloc]] following the fall of [[Communism]] there in 1990. As part of this effort, he has worked to strengthen ties among the various national churches and patriarchates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. He has also continued the reconciliation dialogue with the [[Catholic Church]] started by his predecessors and initiated dialogue with other faiths, including other [[Christianity|Christian]] Churches, [[Muslims]], and [[Jews]].<ref>''Patriarch Bartholomew I - Texts and Speeches (1991–1992)'' (1998) George C. Papademetriou; Journal of Ecumenical Studies 35</ref><ref>Recent Patriarchal Encyclicals on Religious Tolerance and Peaceful Coexistence (2002) George C. Papademetriou Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 39</ref> | As Ecumenical Patriarch, Bartholomew has been particularly active internationally. One of his first focuses has been on rebuilding the once persecuted [[Eastern Orthodox church]]es of the former [[Eastern Bloc]] following the fall of [[Communism]] there in 1990. As part of this effort, he has worked to strengthen ties among the various national churches and patriarchates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. He has also continued the reconciliation dialogue with the [[Catholic Church]] started by his predecessors and initiated dialogue with other faiths, including other [[Christianity|Christian]] Churches, [[Muslims]], and [[Jews]].<ref>''Patriarch Bartholomew I - Texts and Speeches (1991–1992)'' (1998) George C. Papademetriou; Journal of Ecumenical Studies 35</ref><ref>Recent Patriarchal Encyclicals on Religious Tolerance and Peaceful Coexistence (2002) George C. Papademetriou Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 39</ref> | ||
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=== Ecumenical dialogue === | === Ecumenical dialogue === | ||
[[File:Pope Franciscus & Patriarch Bartholomew I in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem (1).JPG|thumb|[[Pope Francis]] and Bartholomew in the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in [[Jerusalem]].]] | |||
During his trip to Turkey in November 2006, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] traveled to Istanbul on the invitation of Bartholomew. The pope participated in the feast day services of [[St. Andrew]] the First Apostle, the patron saint of the Church of Constantinople. This was the third official visit to the Ecumenical Patriarchate by a pope (the first being by [[Paul VI]] in 1967, and the second by [[John Paul II]] in 1979). He attended the [[papal inauguration of Pope Francis]] on 19 March 2013, paving the way for better Catholic–Orthodox relations. It was the first time that the spiritual head of Eastern Orthodox Christians had attended a papal inauguration since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] in 1054.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-idUSBRE92D05P20130319 |title=Pope sets tone for humbler papacy, calls for defense of the weak |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180147/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/19/us-pope-idUSBRE92D05P20130319 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Our Eastern Brothers |first=Alton J. |last=Pelowski |journal=Columbia |date=May 2013 |pages=20–23}}</ref> After, he invited Pope Francis to travel with him to the Holy Land in 2014 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the embrace between Patriarch [[Athenagoras I of Constantinople]] and [[Pope Paul VI]]. Pope Francis was also invited to the Patriarchate for the [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] of [[Andrew the Apostle|Saint Andrew]] (30 November).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/United-against-economic-crisis-and-worldly-trends,-Bartholomew-and-Francis-to-be-in-Jerusalem-next-year-27450.html |title=United against economic crisis and "worldly trends", Bartholomew and Francis to be in Jerusalem next year |website=[[AsiaNews]] |date=20 March 2013}}</ref> | During his trip to Turkey in November 2006, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] traveled to Istanbul on the invitation of Bartholomew. The pope participated in the feast day services of [[St. Andrew]] the First Apostle, the patron saint of the Church of Constantinople. This was the third official visit to the Ecumenical Patriarchate by a pope (the first being by [[Paul VI]] in 1967, and the second by [[John Paul II]] in 1979). He attended the [[papal inauguration of Pope Francis]] on 19 March 2013, paving the way for better Catholic–Orthodox relations. It was the first time that the spiritual head of Eastern Orthodox Christians had attended a papal inauguration since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] in 1054.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-idUSBRE92D05P20130319 |title=Pope sets tone for humbler papacy, calls for defense of the weak |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180147/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/19/us-pope-idUSBRE92D05P20130319 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Our Eastern Brothers |first=Alton J. |last=Pelowski |journal=Columbia |date=May 2013 |pages=20–23}}</ref> After, he invited Pope Francis to travel with him to the Holy Land in 2014 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the embrace between Patriarch [[Athenagoras I of Constantinople]] and [[Pope Paul VI]]. Pope Francis was also invited to the Patriarchate for the [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] of [[Andrew the Apostle|Saint Andrew]] (30 November).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/United-against-economic-crisis-and-worldly-trends,-Bartholomew-and-Francis-to-be-in-Jerusalem-next-year-27450.html |title=United against economic crisis and "worldly trends", Bartholomew and Francis to be in Jerusalem next year |website=[[AsiaNews]] |date=20 March 2013}}</ref> | ||
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=== Macedonian Orthodox Church === | === Macedonian Orthodox Church === | ||
In 2022, the Ecumenical Patriarchate accepted the [[Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid]] into [[Koinonia|communion]], | In 2022, the Ecumenical Patriarchate accepted the [[Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid]] into [[Koinonia|communion]], recognizing [[North Macedonia]] as a canonical jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phanar - Yes to the recognition, no to "Macedonia" for the Archdiocese of Ohrid |website=Orthodox Times |language=en |url=https://orthodoxtimes.com/phanar-yes-to-the-recognition-no-to-macedonia-for-the-archdiocese-of-ohrid/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2022 |title=Κοβάτσεφσκι - Ευχαριστούμε τον Πατριάρχη Βαρθολομαίο για τον τερματισμό μιας ιστορικής αδικίας |trans-title=Kovacevski - We thank Patriarch Bartholomew for ending a historic injustice |url=https://www.ieidiseis.gr/kosmos/150203/kovatsefski-efxaristoyme-ton-patriarxi-vartholomaio-gia-ton-termatismo-mias-istorikis-adikias |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=ieidiseis.gr |language=el-gr}}</ref> | ||
=== Russian invasion of Ukraine === | === Russian invasion of Ukraine === | ||
[[File:Patriarch kirill and | [[File:Patriarch bartholomew, patriarch kirill and dmitri medvedev.jpeg|thumb|Bartholomew with Russian president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]] in 2010.]] | ||
Bartholomew has criticised both the Russian state and the Russian church for the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], calling it a crime of aggression and saying that it has caused enormous suffering both to the Ukrainian and the Russian people.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2023/03/23/russian-orthodox-church-shares-responsibility-for-russias-aggression-ecumenical-patriarch/ |title=Russian Orthodox Church shares responsibility for Russia's aggression – Ecumenical Patriarch |publisher=[[Euromaidan Press]] |date=23 March 2023}}</ref> In Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew's opinion he says "This is the theology that the sister Church of Russia began to teach, trying to justify an unjust, unholy, unprovoked, diabolical war against a sovereign and independent country – Ukraine".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patriarch Bartholomew firmly denied the possibility of "reconsidering" the granting of autocephaly to the Church of Ukraine |url=https://risu.ua/en/patriarch-bartholomew-firmly-denied-the-possibility-of-reconsidering-the-granting-of-autocephaly-to-the-church-of-ukraine_n142200 |date=3 September 2023}}</ref> | Bartholomew has criticised both the Russian state and the Russian church for the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], calling it a crime of aggression and saying that it has caused enormous suffering both to the Ukrainian and the Russian people.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2023/03/23/russian-orthodox-church-shares-responsibility-for-russias-aggression-ecumenical-patriarch/ |title=Russian Orthodox Church shares responsibility for Russia's aggression – Ecumenical Patriarch |publisher=[[Euromaidan Press]] |date=23 March 2023}}</ref> In Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew's opinion he says "This is the theology that the sister Church of Russia began to teach, trying to justify an unjust, unholy, unprovoked, diabolical war against a sovereign and independent country – Ukraine".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patriarch Bartholomew firmly denied the possibility of "reconsidering" the granting of autocephaly to the Church of Ukraine |url=https://risu.ua/en/patriarch-bartholomew-firmly-denied-the-possibility-of-reconsidering-the-granting-of-autocephaly-to-the-church-of-ukraine_n142200 |date=3 September 2023}}</ref> | ||
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In October 2021, he received an honorary degree from the [[University of Notre Dame]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Academic Convocation and Honorary Degree Conferral on His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew |url=https://president.nd.edu/ecumenical-patriarch/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=Office of the President, [[University of Notre Dame]] |language=en}}</ref> | In October 2021, he received an honorary degree from the [[University of Notre Dame]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Academic Convocation and Honorary Degree Conferral on His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew |url=https://president.nd.edu/ecumenical-patriarch/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=Office of the President, [[University of Notre Dame]] |language=en}}</ref> | ||
On 6 October 2024, Patriarch Bartholomew received a Doctor of Divinity [[honoris causa]] from [[The University of Notre Dame Australia]] in recognition of his inspiring work to unify contemporary society.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.notredame.edu.au/news-items/honorary-doctorate-awarded-to-his-all-holiness-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew-during-historic-visit |title=Honorary Doctorate awarded to His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew during historic visit |date=6 October 2024}}</ref> | On 6 October 2024, Patriarch Bartholomew received a Doctor of Divinity ''[[honoris causa]]'' from [[The University of Notre Dame Australia]] in recognition of his inspiring work to unify contemporary society.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.notredame.edu.au/news-items/honorary-doctorate-awarded-to-his-all-holiness-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew-during-historic-visit |title=Honorary Doctorate awarded to His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew during historic visit |date=6 October 2024}}</ref> | ||
=== Other === | === Other === | ||
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In October 2022, he was one of the first faith leaders to have an audience with [[King Charles III]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Royal Week 22–28 October 2022 |url=https://www.royal.uk/royal-week-22-28-october-2022 |website=Royal Family official website |date=28 October 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> | In October 2022, he was one of the first faith leaders to have an audience with [[King Charles III]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Royal Week 22–28 October 2022 |url=https://www.royal.uk/royal-week-22-28-october-2022 |website=Royal Family official website |date=28 October 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> | ||
On March | On 17 March 2025, the [[Institut de France]]'s [[Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques| Academy of Moral and Political Sciences]] elected him a Foreign Associate Member, giving him a chair formerly held by [[Pope Benedict XVI]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hellenicnews.com/the-2025-templeton-prize-to-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew/ | title=The 2025 Templeton Prize to Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew }}</ref> | ||
On April | On 10 April 2025, he was awarded the [[Templeton Prize]] for "his pioneering efforts to bridge scientific and spiritual understandings of humanity’s relationship with the natural world, bringing together people of different faiths to heed a call for stewardship of creation."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hellenicnews.com/the-2025-templeton-prize-to-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew/ | title=The 2025 Templeton Prize to Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew }}</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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{{Patriarchs of Constantinople}} | {{Patriarchs of Constantinople}} | ||
{{Templeton Prize Laureates}} | |||
{{Eastern Orthodox Church footer}} | {{Eastern Orthodox Church footer}} | ||
Latest revision as of 05:23, 10 November 2025
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BartholomewTemplate:Efn (born Dimitrios Archontonis,Template:Efn 29 February 1940) is the current Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople since 1991.[1] In accordance with his title, he is regarded as the primus inter pares (first among equals) in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and as a spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians worldwide.Template:Refn
Bartholomew was born in the village of Agios Theodoros (officially called Zeytinliköy) on the island of Imbros (later renamed Gökçeada by the Turkish government). After his graduation, he held a position at the Patriarchal Theological Seminary of Halki, where he was ordained a priest. Later, he served as Metropolis of Philadelphia and Chalcedon and he became a member of the Holy Synod as well as other committees, prior to his enthronement as Patriarch.
Bartholomew's tenure has been characterized by intra-Orthodox cooperation and intra-Christian and inter-religious dialogue, such as formal visits to Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, Oriental Orthodox, and Muslim leaders previously visited by a patriarch. He has exchanged numerous invitations with church and state dignitaries. His efforts to promote religious freedom and human rights, his initiatives to advance religious tolerance among the world's religions, as well as his efforts to promote ecology and the protection of the environment, have been widely noted, and these endeavors have earned him the title "The Green Patriarch".[2][3]
Among his many international positions, he currently sits on the Board of World Religious Leaders for the Elijah Interfaith Institute.[4] In 2018, the Moscow Patriarchate broke communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate as a result of disputes over his decision to grant autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.[5][6]
Early life and background
Dimitrios Arhondonis was born in the village of Agioi Theodoroi on the island of Imbros (now Gökçeada, Turkey), son of Christos and Meropi Archodónis (née Skarlatos), both of Greek descent. He was the fourth and last child and as a boy helped his father in his coffee shop that also doubled as a barber's.[7]
He began his studies at Imbro and went on to attend the Zografeion Lyceum high school in Istanbul, then entered the Theological School of Halki on the island of that name (Turkish: Heybeliada), in the Sea of Marmara. There he gained a doctorate in theology. On 13 August 1961, he was ordained deacon and in the years 1961–1963 completed military service in the Turkish army with the rank of sublieutenant. Following this, from 1963 to 1968, with a study bourse from the Ecumenical Patriarchate, he gained diplomas in postgraduate specialization at the Oriental Institute of the Gregorian University in Rome, the Ecumenical Institute of Bossey (Switzerland) and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Subsequently, he gained a doctorate from Rome's Gregorian University with a thesis regarding the codification of the canons and canonical decrees in the Orthodox Church, perfecting also in these years his knowledge of Latin, Italian, French, English, and German.
Ordinations and ecclesiastical appointments
- 13 August 1961: Diaconate – receiving the ecclesiastical name Bartholomew
- 19 October 1969: Priesthood
- 25 December 1973: Episcopacy – Metropolis of Philadelphia (Asia Minor)
- 14 January 1990: Enthronement as metropolitan of Chalcedon
- 22 October 1991: Elected archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome and ecumenical patriarch
- 2 November 1991: Enthronement in the Patriarchal Cathedral in the Phanar
Patriarchate
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As Ecumenical Patriarch, Bartholomew has been particularly active internationally. One of his first focuses has been on rebuilding the once persecuted Eastern Orthodox churches of the former Eastern Bloc following the fall of Communism there in 1990. As part of this effort, he has worked to strengthen ties among the various national churches and patriarchates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. He has also continued the reconciliation dialogue with the Catholic Church started by his predecessors and initiated dialogue with other faiths, including other Christian Churches, Muslims, and Jews.[8][9]
Environmentalism
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He has also gained a reputation as a prominent environmentalist, putting the support of the Ecumenical Patriarchate behind various international environmental causes.[10] This has earned him the nicknames of "the Green Patriarch" and "the Green Pope",[11][12][13][14] and in 2002 he was honored with the Sophie Prize for his contribution to environmentalism.[15] He has also been honoured with the Congressional Gold Medal,[16] the highest award which may be bestowed by the Legislative Branch of the United States government.
Turkey
In an interview published on 19 November 2006 in the daily newspaper Sabah, Bartholomew addressed the issues of religious freedom and the then upcoming papal trip of Pope Benedict XVI to Turkey. He also referred to the closing of the Halki seminary by saying: "As Turkish citizens, we pay taxes. We serve in the military. We vote. As citizens we do everything. We want the same rights. But it does not happen... If Muslims want to study theology, there are 24 theology faculties. Where are we going to study?" He also addressed the issue of his ecumenical title and it not being accepted by the Turkish government: "We've had this title since the 6th century... The word ecumenical has no political content. [...] This title is the only thing that I insist on. I will never renounce this title".[17][18]
Ecumenical dialogue
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During his trip to Turkey in November 2006, Pope Benedict XVI traveled to Istanbul on the invitation of Bartholomew. The pope participated in the feast day services of St. Andrew the First Apostle, the patron saint of the Church of Constantinople. This was the third official visit to the Ecumenical Patriarchate by a pope (the first being by Paul VI in 1967, and the second by John Paul II in 1979). He attended the papal inauguration of Pope Francis on 19 March 2013, paving the way for better Catholic–Orthodox relations. It was the first time that the spiritual head of Eastern Orthodox Christians had attended a papal inauguration since the Great Schism in 1054.[19][20] After, he invited Pope Francis to travel with him to the Holy Land in 2014 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the embrace between Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople and Pope Paul VI. Pope Francis was also invited to the Patriarchate for the feast day of Saint Andrew (30 November).[21]
It was after more than two decades as Ecumenical Patriarch, that Bartholomew was the target of an assassination plot which was planned to take place on 29 May 2013. One suspect was arrested and there is an ongoing search for two others.[22]
Support of refugees, reunification and peace
On 16 April 2016, he visited, together with Pope Francis and Archbishop Hieronymus II, the Moria Refugee Camp in the island of Lesbos, to call the attention of the world to the refugee issue.[23] In December 2018, he visited the Korean Demilitarized Zone (KDZ) and prayed for permanent peace and unification on the Korean Peninsula.[24][25]
Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine
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In October 2018 the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate agreed to grant autocephaly (self-governing) to the Orthodox Church in Ukraine, and to revoke the legal binding of the letter of 1686 which led to the Russian Orthodox Church establishing jurisdiction over the all of Rus's Church (including those located within borders of current Ukraine) and to lift the excommunications which affected clergy and faithful of two then unrecognized Orthodox churches in Ukraine, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP). In response to revoking a legal binding letter, the Russian Orthodox Church announced it was cutting ties of communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, which marked the beginning of the 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism.[26]
On 5 January 2019, Bartholomew granted autocephaly to the newly founded Orthodox Church of Ukraine by Canonical act.[27]
Possession of Vatican Saint Peter Bone Fragments
On 2 July 2019, it was announced that Pope Francis had given Bartholomew possession of nine bone fragments believed to belong to Saint Peter and which were publicly displayed by Pope Francis in November 2013 during a Vatican "Year of Faith" Mass.[28] Bartholomew, who also gained possession of the bronze reliquary in which they are displayed,[28] described the Pope's gesture as "brave and bold".[28]
Macedonian Orthodox Church
In 2022, the Ecumenical Patriarchate accepted the Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid into communion, recognizing North Macedonia as a canonical jurisdiction.[29][30]
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Bartholomew has criticised both the Russian state and the Russian church for the invasion of Ukraine, calling it a crime of aggression and saying that it has caused enormous suffering both to the Ukrainian and the Russian people.[31] In Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew's opinion he says "This is the theology that the sister Church of Russia began to teach, trying to justify an unjust, unholy, unprovoked, diabolical war against a sovereign and independent country – Ukraine".[32]
Distinctions
Orders
- Template:Country data Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Lamb (1993)[33]
- Script error: No such module "flag".: Order of the Golden Fleece[34]
- Template:Country data Georgia: Grand Collar of the Order of the Eagle of Georgia (22 October 2011) by Prince David Bagration of Mukhrani at Saint George's chapel.[35]
- Template:Country data Georgia: Order of Saint King David the Psalmist by Prince Nugzar Bagration-Gruzinsky of Georgia (27 August 2015) in a private ceremony in the patriarchal palace[36]
- Template:Country data Slovakia: Order of the White Double Cross by President Ivan Gašparovič (27 May 2013)[37]
- Template:Country data Ukraine: Order of Liberty (27 July 2013)[38] and Order of Merit 1st class (5 January 2019)[39]
Academic
He received an honorary doctorate from the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in South Korea on 23 June 2005.
In October 2009, he received an honorary doctorate from Fordham University in the United States.[40]
He received an honorary PhD. from The Hebrew University in Jerusalem on 6 December 2017.[41]
In December 2018, he received an honorary doctorate from the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in Ukraine.[42]
In October 2021, he received an honorary degree from the University of Notre Dame in the United States.[43]
On 6 October 2024, Patriarch Bartholomew received a Doctor of Divinity honoris causa from The University of Notre Dame Australia in recognition of his inspiring work to unify contemporary society.[44]
Other
In 1997, Bartholomew received the Congressional Gold Medal. The Congressional Gold Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom are the highest civilian awards given by the United States.[45]
In 2002, he received the Sophie Prize for his work on the environment.[46]
In April 2008, he was included on the Time 100 most influential people in the world list.[47] On 13 March 2007, the third anniversary of the death of Cardinal Franz König, Bartholomew was awarded in Vienna's St. Stephen Cathedral the "Cardinal König Prize" from the Foundation "Communio et Progressio".[48]
In 2012, he received the Four Freedoms Award for the Freedom of Worship.[49]
On 3 December 2013, he received the Global Thinkers Forum 2013 Award for Excellence in Peace and Collaboration.[50]
In 2019, he received the Plaque of St. Erik from the Archbishop of Church of Sweden, for promoting religious freedom, calling attention to the needs of refugees and care for creation.
On 1 November 2021, Bartholomew received the Human Dignity Award from the American Jewish Committee (AJC), a global Jewish advocacy organization. The AJC honor recognizes Bartholomew's singular care for humanity and the environment, exceptional commitment to interreligious coexistence, and indispensable advancement of Orthodox-Jewish relations.
In October 2022, he was one of the first faith leaders to have an audience with King Charles III.[51]
On 17 March 2025, the Institut de France's Academy of Moral and Political Sciences elected him a Foreign Associate Member, giving him a chair formerly held by Pope Benedict XVI.[52]
On 10 April 2025, he was awarded the Templeton Prize for "his pioneering efforts to bridge scientific and spiritual understandings of humanity’s relationship with the natural world, bringing together people of different faiths to heed a call for stewardship of creation."[53]
Notes
References
See also
- Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate
- Church of St George, Istanbul
- Ecumenism
- Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia
- Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
- History of the Eastern Orthodox Church
- List of current Christian leaders
- List of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople
- Mount Athos
External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- Official biography
- Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I - A Passion for Peace
- A Patriarch in Dire Straits by John Couretas, director of communications at the Acton Institute and executive director of the American Orthodox Institute
- End of Byzantium Template:Webarchive interview by Helena Drysdale from Aeon Magazine
- ↑ John Meyendorff, John Chapin, Nicolas Lossky (1981), The Orthodox Church - its past and its role in the world today, Crestwood, N.Y., St Vladimir's Seminary Press, p. 132 Template:ISBN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Patriarch Bartholomew I - Texts and Speeches (1991–1992) (1998) George C. Papademetriou; Journal of Ecumenical Studies 35
- ↑ Recent Patriarchal Encyclicals on Religious Tolerance and Peaceful Coexistence (2002) George C. Papademetriou Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 39
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I - insights into an Orthodox Christian worldview (2007) John Chryssavgis International Journal of Environmental Studies, 64, (1), pp. 9–18
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Categories:
- Pages with script errors
- Pages with broken file links
- 1940 births
- People from Imbros
- Living people
- 20th-century ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople
- 21st-century ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople
- Eastern Orthodox Christians from Turkey
- Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
- Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
- Congressional Gold Medal recipients
- Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria
- Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
- Turkish environmentalists
- Turkish people of Greek descent
- Theological School of Halki alumni
- Greek Orthodoxy in Turkey
- Bishops of Chalcedon
- Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class
- Recipients of the Order of Liberty (Ukraine)