Geranium: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
imported>OAbot
m Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.
 
imported>Lynch44
m Reverted edit by Sonicperhour (talk) to last version by Plantsurfer
 
Line 4: Line 4:
''' '''{{automatic taxobox
''' '''{{automatic taxobox
|image = Geranium February 2008-1.jpg
|image = Geranium February 2008-1.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Geranium dissectum]]''
|image_caption = ''[[Geranium dissectum]]'', Cut-leaved Crane's-bill
|taxon = Geranium
|taxon = Geranium
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
Line 20: Line 20:
[[Image:Floral diagram Geranium.jpg|thumb|Floral diagram of a ''Geranium'' garden hybrid called ‘Ann Thomson’, showing 5 free sepals, 5 free petals, 10 free fertile stamens, and a superior ovary consisting of 5 merged carpels, with 5 style branches]]
[[Image:Floral diagram Geranium.jpg|thumb|Floral diagram of a ''Geranium'' garden hybrid called ‘Ann Thomson’, showing 5 free sepals, 5 free petals, 10 free fertile stamens, and a superior ovary consisting of 5 merged carpels, with 5 style branches]]


The genus name is derived from [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|γέρανος}} (''géranos'') '[[Crane (bird)|crane]]'. The English name 'cranesbill' derives from the resemblance of the [[fruit capsule]] of some of the species to a crane's head and bill. The [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] portion forms the head and the prolonged [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] creates the appearance of a beak.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Ronald J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25708726|title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary|publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co|year=1994|isbn=0-87842-280-3|edition=rev.|location=Missoula, MT|pages=62|language=en|oclc=25708726|orig-year=1992}}</ref><ref name="APS">{{cite web |title=Geranium homeanum |url=https://resources.austplants.com.au/plant/geranium-homeanumrainforest-cranes-bill/ |website=Australian Plants Society |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en-AU |date=17 January 2024}}</ref>
The genus name is derived from [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|γέρανος}} (''géranos'') '[[Crane (bird)|crane]]'. The English name 'cranesbill' derives from the resemblance of the [[fruit capsule]] of some of the species to a crane's head and bill. The [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] portion forms the head and the prolonged [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] creates the appearance of a beak.<ref name="Taylor-1994">{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Ronald J.|title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary|publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co|year=1994|isbn=0-87842-280-3|edition=rev.|location=Missoula, MT|pages=62|language=en|oclc=25708726|orig-year=1992}}</ref><ref name="APS">{{cite web |title=Geranium homeanum |url=https://resources.austplants.com.au/plant/geranium-homeanumrainforest-cranes-bill/ |website=Australian Plants Society |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en-AU |date=17 January 2024}}</ref>


== Description ==
== Description ==
The flowers are typically five-petaled and white to purple. The leaves are palmate divided into narrow, pointed segments.<ref name=":0" />
The flowers are typically five-petaled and white to purple. The leaves are palmate divided into narrow, pointed segments.<ref name="Taylor-1994" />


The fruit capsule consists of five cells joined to a column produced from the centre of the flower. The cells form lobes which eventually separate, each containing one seed.<ref name=":0" /> When the fruit is ripe, the beak-like stigma springs open  and casts the ovoid, streamlined seeds some distance, dispersing the seeds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stamp |first1=Nancy E. |last2=Lucas |first2=Jeffrey R. |date=1983 |title=Ecological Correlates of Explosive Seed Dispersal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4217097 |journal=Oecologia |volume=59 |issue=2/3 |pages=272–278 |doi=10.1007/BF00378848 |jstor=4217097 |pmid=28310244 |bibcode=1983Oecol..59..272S |issn=0029-8549|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The fruit capsule consists of five cells joined to a column produced from the centre of the flower. The cells form lobes which eventually separate, each containing one seed.<ref name="Taylor-1994" /> When the fruit is ripe, the beak-like stigma springs open  and casts the ovoid, streamlined seeds some distance, dispersing the seeds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stamp |first1=Nancy E. |last2=Lucas |first2=Jeffrey R. |date=1983 |title=Ecological Correlates of Explosive Seed Dispersal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4217097 |journal=Oecologia |volume=59 |issue=2/3 |pages=272–278 |doi=10.1007/BF00378848 |jstor=4217097 |pmid=28310244 |bibcode=1983Oecol..59..272S |issn=0029-8549|url-access=subscription }}</ref>


==Confusion with ''Pelargonium''==
==Confusion with ''Pelargonium''==
Line 44: Line 44:
*''[[Geranium dalmaticum]]''
*''[[Geranium dalmaticum]]''
*''[[Geranium endressii]]'' (Endres's cranesbill)
*''[[Geranium endressii]]'' (Endres's cranesbill)
*''[[Geranium erianthum]]'' (wooly geranium)
*''[[Geranium erianthum]]'' (woolly geranium)
*''[[Geranium fremontii]]'' (Fremont's geranium)
*''[[Geranium fremontii]]'' (Fremont's geranium)
*''[[Geranium himalayense]]'', often sold under ''Geranium grandiflorum''
*''[[Geranium himalayense]]'', often sold under ''Geranium grandiflorum''
Line 65: Line 65:


===Cultivars===
===Cultivars===
[[File:Geranium (probably 'Johnson's Blue').jpg|thumb|Close up of a geranium flower (possibly 'Johnson's Blue') ]]
[[File:Geranium (probably 'Johnson's Blue').jpg|thumb|Close up of a wet geranium cultivar (probably 'Johnson's Blue') ]]
The following hybrid [[cultivars]] have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]] (other cultivars are dealt with under their species name - see above):-<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |title=AGM Plants - Ornamental |date=July 2017 |page=39 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 27 February 2018}}</ref>  
The following hybrid [[cultivars]] have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]] (other cultivars are dealt with under their species name - see above):-<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |title=AGM Plants - Ornamental |date=July 2017 |page=39 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 27 February 2018}}</ref>  
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
Line 93: Line 93:
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Geranium maculatum - wild cranesbill - desc-flower straight on.jpg
File:Geranium maculatum - wild cranesbill - desc-flower straight on.jpg|Geranium maculatum, wild cranesbill
File:Wild Geranium (Geranium maculatum).jpg|''[[Geranium maculatum]]''
File:Wild Geranium (Geranium maculatum).jpg|''[[Geranium maculatum]]''
File:Illustration Geranium phaeum0.jpg|''[[Geranium phaeum]]'' - from Thomé ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' 1885
File:Illustration Geranium phaeum0.jpg|''[[Geranium phaeum]]'' - from Thomé ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' 1885
Line 101: Line 101:
File:Geranium-robertianum(Samen).jpg|''[[Geranium robertianum]]'' (herb robert)
File:Geranium-robertianum(Samen).jpg|''[[Geranium robertianum]]'' (herb robert)
File:GeraniumMaderense.jpg|''[[Geranium maderense]]''
File:GeraniumMaderense.jpg|''[[Geranium maderense]]''
File:Wildgeranium.jpg|''[[Geranium maculatum]]''
File:Starr 980718-1820 Geranium arboreum.jpg|''[[Geranium arboreum]]''
File:Starr 980718-1820 Geranium arboreum.jpg|''[[Geranium arboreum]]''
File:Płatek bodziszka.jpg|Geranium petal under the microscope[[File:Geranios Rosas y Rojos.jpg|thumb|160x160px|Geranium ]]
File:Geranium (probably 'Johnson's Blue').jpg|''Geranium (possibly 'Johnson's Blue')''
File:גרניון גזור.jpg|''[[Geranium dissectum]]''
File:גרניון גזור.jpg|''[[Geranium dissectum]]''
</gallery>
</gallery>
Line 124: Line 121:
* [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=29104 ITIS list of Geranium species]
* [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=29104 ITIS list of Geranium species]
* [http://www.geranium.es/ Geranium Taxonomic Information System]
* [http://www.geranium.es/ Geranium Taxonomic Information System]
* [https://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/blog/how-to-prepare-your-plants-to-survive-winter/ Preparing Geraniums for Winter]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q157211}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q157211}}
Line 132: Line 128:
[[Category:Geraniales genera]]
[[Category:Geraniales genera]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 22:54, 12 September 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:Automatic taxobox

Geranium is a genus of 422 species of annual, biennial, and perennial plants that are commonly known as geraniums or cranesbills. They are found throughout the temperate regions of the world and the mountains of the tropics, with the greatest diversity in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region.[1]

The palmately cleft leaves are broadly circular in form. The flowers have five petals and are coloured white, pink, purple, or blue, often with distinctive veining.[1] Geraniums will grow in any soil as long as it is not waterlogged.[2] Propagation is by semiripe cuttings in summer, by seed, or by division in autumn or spring.[3]

Geraniums are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including brown-tail, ghost moth, and mouse moth. At least several species of Geranium are gynodioecious.[4][5][6] The species Geranium viscosissimum (sticky geranium) is considered to be protocarnivorous.[7]

Name

File:Floral diagram Geranium.jpg
Floral diagram of a Geranium garden hybrid called ‘Ann Thomson’, showing 5 free sepals, 5 free petals, 10 free fertile stamens, and a superior ovary consisting of 5 merged carpels, with 5 style branches

The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". (géranos) 'crane'. The English name 'cranesbill' derives from the resemblance of the fruit capsule of some of the species to a crane's head and bill. The ovary portion forms the head and the prolonged stigma creates the appearance of a beak.[8][9]

Description

The flowers are typically five-petaled and white to purple. The leaves are palmate divided into narrow, pointed segments.[8]

The fruit capsule consists of five cells joined to a column produced from the centre of the flower. The cells form lobes which eventually separate, each containing one seed.[8] When the fruit is ripe, the beak-like stigma springs open and casts the ovoid, streamlined seeds some distance, dispersing the seeds.[10]

Confusion with Pelargonium

File:Geranium sanguineum02.jpg
The "bill" and seed dispersal mechanism of G.Template:Nbsppratense

Confusingly, "geranium" is also the common name of members of the genus Pelargonium, which are also in the family Geraniaceae and are widely grown as horticultural bedding plants. Linnaeus originally included all the species in one genus, Geranium, but they were later separated into two genera by Charles L’Héritier in 1789.[11] Other former members of the genus are now classified in Erodium, including the plants known as filarees in North America.[12]

The term "hardy geranium" is often applied to horticultural Geraniums to distinguish them from the Pelargoniums, which are not winter-hardy in temperate horticulture.[13][14] However, not all Geranium species are winter-hardy (see below).[15]

The shape of the flowers offers one way of distinguishing between the two genera Geranium and Pelargonium. Geranium flowers have five very similar petals, and are thus radially symmetrical (actinomorphic), whereas Pelargonium (and also Erodium) flowers have two upper petals which are different from the three lower petals, so the flowers have a single plane of symmetry (zygomorphic).[16][17]

Cultivation

A number of geranium species are cultivated for horticultural use and for pharmaceutical products. Some of the more commonly grown species include: Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

All the above species are perennials and generally winter-hardy plants, grown for their attractive flowers and foliage. They are long-lived and most have a mounding habit, with palmately lobed foliage. Some species have spreading rhizomes. They are normally grown in part shade to full sun, in well-draining but moisture retentive soils, rich in humus.[18] Other perennial species grown for their flowers and foliage include: Geranium argenteum, G. eriostemon, G. farreri, G. nodosum, G. procurrens, G. pylzowianum, G. renardii, G. traversii, G. tuberosum, G. versicolor, G. wallichianum, and G. wlassovianum. Some of these are not winter-hardy in cold areas and are grown in specialized gardens like rock gardens.[19] Geranium 'Johnson's Blue' is a hybrid between G. himalayense (southwestern China), with G. pratense (European meadow cranesbill).[20]

Cultivars

File:Geranium (probably 'Johnson's Blue').jpg
Close up of a wet geranium cultivar (probably 'Johnson's Blue')

The following hybrid cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (other cultivars are dealt with under their species name - see above):-[21] Template:Div col

  • 'Ann Folkard'[22]
  • 'A. T. Johnson' (G. × oxonianum)[23]
  • 'Ballerina' [24]
  • 'Blue Cloud'[25]
  • Blue Sunrise='Blogold' (PBR) [26]
  • 'Brookside' [27]
  • 'Danny Boy'[28]
  • 'Dilys'[29]
  • 'Gypsy' (G. × lindavicum)[30]
  • 'Ivan' [31]
  • 'Mavis Simpson'[32]
  • 'Nimbus' [33]
  • 'Orion'[34]
  • Patricia='Brempat'[35]
  • Rothbury Gem='Gerfos'[36]
  • Rozanne='Gerwat'[37]
  • 'Russell Prichard'[38]
  • 'Sirak'[39]
  • 'Wageningen'[40]
  • 'Wargrave Pink' (G. × oxonianum)[41]

Template:Div col end

Gallery

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Hessing, M.B. 1989. Variation in self-fertility and floral characters of Geranium caespitosum (Geraniaceae) along an elevational gradient. Plant Systematics and Evolution 166:225-241.
  5. ↑ Van Etten and Chang 2014. Frequency-dependent pollinator discrimination acts against female plants in the gynodioecious Geranium maculatum Annals of Botany 114:1769–1778
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Geranium&oldid=3197281"