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[[File:Farmer mills branches of shrubs for the production of animal fodder in Namibia.jpg|thumb|Milling shrubs for low-cost fodder, Namibia ]] | [[File:Farmer mills branches of shrubs for the production of animal fodder in Namibia.jpg|thumb|Milling shrubs for low-cost fodder, Namibia ]] | ||
Increasing intensities and frequencies of drought events put rangeland agriculture under pressure in semi-arid and arid geographic areas. Innovative emergency fodder production concepts have been reported, such as bush-based animal fodder production in Namibia. During extended dry periods, some farmers have used woody biomass fibre from [[Woody plant encroachment|encroacher bush]] as their primary source of cattle feed, adding locally-available supplements for nutrients as well as to improve palatability.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mupangwa |first1=Johnfisher |title=Utilising Encroacher Bush in Animal Feeding |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2427-1_14 |work=Towards Sustainable Food Production in Africa: Best Management Practices and Technologies |pages=239–265 |editor-last=Fanadzo |editor-first=Morris |access-date=2023-07-13 |series=Sustainability Sciences in Asia and Africa |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-2427-1_14 |isbn=978-981-99-2427-1 |last2=Lutaaya |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Shipandeni |first3=Maria Ndakula Tautiko |last4=Kahumba |first4=Absalom |last5=Charamba |first5=Vonai |last6=Shiningavamwe |first6=Katrina Lugambo |editor2-last=Dunjana |editor2-first=Nothando |editor3-last=Mupambwa |editor3-first=Hupenyu Allan |editor4-last=Dube |editor4-first=Ernest|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Shiningavamwe |first1=Katrina Lugambo |title=Feed intake, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Damara lambs fed bush-based rations from four encroacher bush species |date=2024-05-14 |url=https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4241387/v1 |access-date=2024-06-13 |doi=10.21203/rs.3.rs-4241387/v1 |last2=Lutaaya |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Mupangwa |first3=Johnfisher}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher =Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry |date =2018|title = Report on the Bush-to-Feed Pilot Projet in the African Wild Dog Community Forest|url = http://www.forestry.gov.na/documents/32982/937523/NAFOLA+Report+on+bush/8be204be-eb4f-4156-bac7-610ae9c35315?version=1.0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-30|title=Manual on how to produce animal feed from local encroached bush launched |work= Namibia Economist| url=https://economist.com.na/40365/agriculture/manual-on-how-to-produce-animal-feed-from-local-encroached-bush-launched/|access-date= |first = Donald|last = Matthys}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-10-18|title=Turning bush to feed in face of drought|work=The Namibian|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/157045/archive-read/Turning-bush-to-feed-in-face-of-drought|access-date=2020-06-22|archive-date=2020-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625070201/https://www.namibian.com.na/157045/archive-read/Turning-bush-to-feed-in-face-of-drought|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Increasing intensities and frequencies of drought events put rangeland agriculture under pressure in semi-arid and arid geographic areas. Innovative emergency fodder production concepts have been reported, such as bush-based animal fodder production in Namibia. During extended dry periods, some farmers have used woody biomass fibre from [[Woody plant encroachment|encroacher bush]] as their primary source of cattle feed, adding locally-available supplements for nutrients as well as to improve palatability.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mupangwa |first1=Johnfisher |title=Utilising Encroacher Bush in Animal Feeding |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2427-1_14 |work=Towards Sustainable Food Production in Africa: Best Management Practices and Technologies |pages=239–265 |editor-last=Fanadzo |editor-first=Morris |access-date=2023-07-13 |series=Sustainability Sciences in Asia and Africa |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-2427-1_14 |isbn=978-981-99-2427-1 |last2=Lutaaya |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Shipandeni |first3=Maria Ndakula Tautiko |last4=Kahumba |first4=Absalom |last5=Charamba |first5=Vonai |last6=Shiningavamwe |first6=Katrina Lugambo |editor2-last=Dunjana |editor2-first=Nothando |editor3-last=Mupambwa |editor3-first=Hupenyu Allan |editor4-last=Dube |editor4-first=Ernest|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Shiningavamwe |first1=Katrina Lugambo |title=Feed intake, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Damara lambs fed bush-based rations from four encroacher bush species |date=2024-05-14 |url=https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4241387/v1 |access-date=2024-06-13 |doi=10.21203/rs.3.rs-4241387/v1 |last2=Lutaaya |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Mupangwa |first3=Johnfisher|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher =Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry |date =2018|title = Report on the Bush-to-Feed Pilot Projet in the African Wild Dog Community Forest|url = http://www.forestry.gov.na/documents/32982/937523/NAFOLA+Report+on+bush/8be204be-eb4f-4156-bac7-610ae9c35315?version=1.0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-30|title=Manual on how to produce animal feed from local encroached bush launched |work= Namibia Economist| url=https://economist.com.na/40365/agriculture/manual-on-how-to-produce-animal-feed-from-local-encroached-bush-launched/|access-date= |first = Donald|last = Matthys}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-10-18|title=Turning bush to feed in face of drought|work=The Namibian|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/157045/archive-read/Turning-bush-to-feed-in-face-of-drought|access-date=2020-06-22|archive-date=2020-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625070201/https://www.namibian.com.na/157045/archive-read/Turning-bush-to-feed-in-face-of-drought|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
==Sprouted grains as fodder== | ==Sprouted grains as fodder== | ||
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[[File:Fodder Solutions.jpg|thumb|On-site grain sprouting, US]] | [[File:Fodder Solutions.jpg|thumb|On-site grain sprouting, US]] | ||
Fodder in the form of [[Sprouting|Sprouted]] [[cereal grains]] such as [[barley]], and [[legume]]s can be grown in commercial quantities. Sprouted grains can significantly increase the nutritional value of the grain compared with feeding the ungerminated grain to stock.<ref name="mla.com.au-Oct2003p15">{{cite book | title=Review of Hydroponic Fodder Production for Beef Cattle | last1=Sneath | first1=Roger | last2=McIntosh | first2=Felicity | date=October 2003 | page=15 | publisher=Meat & Livestock Australia | Fodder in the form of [[Sprouting|Sprouted]] [[cereal grains]] such as [[barley]], and [[legume]]s can be grown in commercial quantities. Sprouted grains can significantly increase the nutritional value of the grain compared with feeding the ungerminated grain to stock.<ref name="mla.com.au-Oct2003p15">{{cite book | title=Review of Hydroponic Fodder Production for Beef Cattle | last1=Sneath | first1=Roger | last2=McIntosh | first2=Felicity | date=October 2003 | page=15 | publisher=Meat & Livestock Australia | isbn=1740365038}}</ref> They use less water than traditional forage, making them ideal for drought conditions. Sprouted barley and other cereal grains can be grown [[Hydroponics|hydroponically]] in a carefully-controlled environment.<ref name="mla.com.au-Oct2003">{{cite book | title=Review of Hydroponic Fodder Production for Beef Cattle | last1=Sneath | first1=Roger | last2=McIntosh | first2=Felicity | date=October 2003 | publisher=Meat & Livestock Australia | quote= Hydroponic sprouts may have profitable application in intensive, small-scale livestock situations with high value outputs, where land and alternative feed costs are high, and where the quality changes (eg less starch, more lysine, vitamins, etc) due to sprouting are advantageous to the particular livestock. | isbn=1740365038}}</ref> Hydroponically-grown sprouted fodder at {{Nowrap|150 mm}} tall with a {{Nowrap|50 mm}} root mat is at its peak for animal feed. Although barley is a grain, barley sprouts are approved by the American Grassfed Association as livestock feed.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Latest revision as of 06:17, 26 June 2025
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Fodder (Template:IPAc-en), also called provender (Template:IPAc-en), is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, rabbits, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. "Fodder" refers particularly to food given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves (called forage). Fodder includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and sprouted grains and legumes (such as bean sprouts, fresh malt, or spent malt). Most animal feed is from plants, but some manufacturers add ingredients to processed feeds that are of animal origin.
The worldwide animal feed trade produced 1.245 billion tons of compound feed in 2022 according to an estimate by the International Feed Industry Federation,[1] with an annual growth rate of about 2%. The use of agricultural land to grow feed rather than human food can be controversial (see food vs. feed); some types of feed, such as corn (maize), can also serve as human food; those that cannot, such as grassland grass, may be grown on land that can be used for crops consumed by humans.
Common plants specifically grown for fodder
- Alfalfa (lucerne)
- Barley
- Common duckweed[2]
- Birdsfoot trefoil
- Brassica spp.
- Clover
- Grass
- Bermuda grass
- Brome
- False oat grass
- Fescue
- Heath grass
- Meadow grasses (from naturally mixed grassland swards)
- Orchard grass
- Ryegrass
- Timothy-grass
- Corn (maize)
- Millet
- Oats
- Sorghum
- Soybeans
- Trees (pollard tree shoots for "tree-hay")
- Wheat
Types
- Biochar for cattle[3]
- Bran
- Conserved forage plants: hay and silage
- Compound feed and premixes, often called pellets, nuts or (cattle) cake
- Crop residues: stover, copra, straw, chaff, sugar beet waste
- Fish meal
- Freshly cut grass and other forage plants
- Grass or lawn clipping wasteTemplate:Sfn
- Green maize
- Green sorghum
- Horse gram
- Leaves from certain species of trees[4]
- Meat and bone meal (now illegal in cattle and sheep feeds in many areas due to risk of BSE)
- Molasses
- Native green grass
- Oilseed press cake (cottonseed, safflower, sunflower, soybean, peanut or groundnut)
- Oligosaccharides
- Processed insects (i.e. processed maggots[5])
- Seaweed (including Asparagopsis taxiformis which is used mainly as a supplement to reduce methane emissions by up to 90%)
- Seeds and grains, either whole or prepared by crushing, milling, etc.
- Single cell protein[6]([[Solein|can also be made from atmospheric Template:CO2]])
- Sprouted grains and legumes
- Yeast extract (brewer's yeast residue)
Health concerns
In the past, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease") spread through the inclusion of ruminant meat and bone meal in cattle feed due to prion contamination. This practice is now banned in most countries where it has occurred.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Some animals have a lower tolerance for spoiled or moldy fodder than others, and certain types of molds, toxins, or poisonous weeds inadvertently mixed into a feed source may cause economic losses due to sickness or death of the animals. The US Department of Health and Human Services regulates drugs of the Veterinary Feed Directive type that can be present within commercial livestock feed.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Droughts
Increasing intensities and frequencies of drought events put rangeland agriculture under pressure in semi-arid and arid geographic areas. Innovative emergency fodder production concepts have been reported, such as bush-based animal fodder production in Namibia. During extended dry periods, some farmers have used woody biomass fibre from encroacher bush as their primary source of cattle feed, adding locally-available supplements for nutrients as well as to improve palatability.[7][8][9][10][11]
Sprouted grains as fodder
Fodder in the form of Sprouted cereal grains such as barley, and legumes can be grown in commercial quantities. Sprouted grains can significantly increase the nutritional value of the grain compared with feeding the ungerminated grain to stock.[12] They use less water than traditional forage, making them ideal for drought conditions. Sprouted barley and other cereal grains can be grown hydroponically in a carefully-controlled environment.[13] Hydroponically-grown sprouted fodder at 150 mm tall with a 50 mm root mat is at its peak for animal feed. Although barley is a grain, barley sprouts are approved by the American Grassfed Association as livestock feed.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
See also
- Cannon fodder (metaphorical usage)
- Circular agriculture
- Factory farming
- Feed manufacturing
- Food-feed system
- Pasture
References
Works cited
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Further reading
- Zhou, Yiqin. Compar[ison of] Fresh or Ensiled Fodders (e.g., Grass, Legume, Corn) on the Production of Greenhouse Gases Following Enteric Fermentation in Beef Cattle. Rouyn-Noranda, Qué.: Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 2011. N.B.: Research report.
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External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- UK Food Standards Agency, Animal feed legislation and guidance Template:Webarchive
- FAO Feed Safety guidelines Template:Webarchive
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".:Mr Pow said his innovative farming system could help livestock producers become more profitable while helping to address the impact of climate change.
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