Pinus brutia: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of conifer}}
{{Short description|Species of conifer}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Pinus brutia - Kızılçam 03.JPG
| image = Pines in Mersin 02.jpg
| image_caption = Turkish pine foliage and cones
| image_caption = Turkish pine near Mersin, Turkey
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Pinus brutia'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T42347A2974345 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42347A2974345.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Pinus brutia'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T42347A2974345 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42347A2974345.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Pinus
| genus = Pinus
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}}
}}


'''''Pinus brutia''''', commonly known as the '''Turkish pine''' and '''Calabrian pine''', is a species of [[pine]] native to the eastern Mediterranean region. The bulk of its range is in Turkey, but certain varieties are naturalized as far east as Afghanistan.<ref name=":0" /> It is also known as '''East Mediterranean pine''', '''Afghan pine''', and '''Brutia pine'''. The name "Calabrian pine" comes from an introduced grove in the [[Calabria]] region of southern Italy; historically this region was called Bruttium, which is likely where the [[specific epithet]] "brutia" comes from.<ref name=":0" /> ''Pinus brutia'' bears many similarities with other, closely related species such as ''[[Pinus halepensis]]'' and ''[[Pinus canariensis]]''. Turkish pine forms a species complex with the former.<ref name=":4" />
'''''Pinus brutia''''', commonly known as the '''Turkish pine''' and '''Calabrian pine''', is a species of [[pine]] native to the eastern Mediterranean region. The bulk of its range is in Turkey, with smaller populations occuring in Bulgaria, Crete, Cyprus, Iraq, western Syria, Northern Iran, Crimea, the western Caucasus, and Azerbaijan; it is also [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] as far east as Afghanistan and Pakistan.<ref name=":0" /> It is also known as '''East Mediterranean pine''', '''Afghan pine''', and '''Brutia pine'''. The name "Calabrian pine" comes from an introduced grove in the region of [[Calabria]] in southern Italy; historically this region was called [[Bruttium]], which is likely where the [[specific epithet]] "brutia" comes from.<ref name=":0" /> ''Pinus brutia'' bears many similarities with other, closely related species such as ''[[Pinus halepensis]]'' and ''[[Pinus canariensis]]''. Turkish pine forms a species complex with the former.<ref name=":4" />


==Description==
==Description==
''Pinus brutia'' is a medium-size tree, reaching {{convert|20|-|35|m|abbr=off|ft}} tall with a trunk diameter of up to {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}}, exceptionally {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}}. The young [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is thin and red-orange, maturing to grey-brown to orange in color, fissured to flaky in texture. The leaves are needle-like, slender, {{Convert|10–16|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} long, dark green to yellow-green.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Frankis |first=Michael |date=1999 |title=367. PINUS BRUTIA: Pinaceae |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45065380 |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=173–184 |doi=10.1111/1467-8748.00216 |jstor=45065380 |issn=1355-4905|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Pinus brutia Ten. |url=https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000482336 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=The World Flora Online}}</ref> The needles come in fascicles of two and rarely three,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Pinus brutia |url=https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_brutia.php |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=The Gymnosperm Database}}</ref> the latter specimens showing similarities in cone structure to the related ''Pinus canariensis''.<ref name=":2" />  
''Pinus brutia'' is a medium-sized tree, reaching {{convert|20|-|35|m|abbr=off|ft}} tall with a trunk diameter of up to {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}}, exceptionally {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}}. The young [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is thin and red-orange, maturing to grey-brown to orange, fissured to flaky in texture. The leaves are needle-like, slender, {{Convert|10–18|cm|abbr=off|frac=2}} long, dark green to yellow-green.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Frankis |first=Michael |date=1999 |title=367. PINUS BRUTIA: Pinaceae |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=173–184 |doi=10.1111/1467-8748.00216 |jstor=45065380 |issn=1355-4905}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Pinus brutia Ten. |url=https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000482336 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=The World Flora Online}}</ref> The needles are in fascicles of two, or rarely three.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Pinus brutia |url=https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_brutia.php |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=The Gymnosperm Database}}</ref>  


The male cones are squat, {{Convert|15-20|mm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Pinus brutia - Trees and Shrubs Online |url=https://www.treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/pinus/pinus-brutia/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.treesandshrubsonline.org}}</ref> The female cones are short, with rigid, woody scales, {{Convert|5-10|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, {{Convert|5-7|cm|in|abbr=on}} broad, maturing from green to red-orange.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> They most often appear in whorls of 3 to 4, and generally open within two years of fertilization.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The seeds are usually wind dispersed, dropping from the cones after they open, but some trees have been observed with cones that do not open enough to facilitate wind dispersal. Frankis believes [[Krüper's nuthatch]] assists these trees in dispersal.<ref name=":0" /><gallery>
The male cones are squat, {{Convert|15-20|mm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Pinus brutia - Trees and Shrubs Online |url=https://www.treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/pinus/pinus-brutia/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.treesandshrubsonline.org}}</ref> The female cones are short, with rigid, woody scales, {{Convert|5-10|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, {{Convert|5-7|cm|in|abbr=on}} broad, maturing from green to red-orange; occasional specimens show similarities in cone structure to the related ''Pinus canariensis''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> They most often appear in whorls of 3 to 4, and mature in two years after pollination.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The seeds are usually wind dispersed, dropping from the cones after they open, but some trees have been observed with cones that do not open enough to facilitate wind dispersal. The [[Krüper's nuthatch]] may assist these trees in dispersal.<ref name=":0" /><gallery>
File:Escorça de pi de Calàbria (Pinus brutia), jardí botànic de València.JPG|Mature bark showing red-brown fissures
File:Pine trees in Yamanlardağı Nature Park.jpg|Forest in Yamanlardağı Nature Park, Karşıyaka, İzmir, Turkey
File:Pinus brutia - cones - Flickr - S. Rae.jpg|Mature female cones
File:Pinus brutia kz1.jpg|Mature bark showing red-brown fissures
File:Pinus brutia - Flowers 03.jpg| Male (pollen) cones  
File:Pinus brutia - Turkish pine 01.jpg|Closed cones and foliage, Adana, Turkey
File:Pinus brutia foliage Cyprus1.jpg|Foliage
File:Pinus brutia - cones - Flickr - S. Rae.jpg|Open cones, Argaka, Cyprus
File:Pinus brutia - Turkish pine, Pollen cones 03.jpg| Male (pollen) cones  
File:Pinus brutia, Findikli 0.jpg|An old specimen from [[Adana Province]], Turkey
File:Pinus brutia, Findikli 0.jpg|An old specimen from [[Adana Province]], Turkey
</gallery>
</gallery>


=== Varieties ===
==Taxonomy==
''Pinus brutia'' is closely related to ''Pinus halepensis'', and female ''P. brutia'' cones have been shown to accept and hybridize with ''P. halepensis'' pollen. In the past it has been considered a variety or subspecies of ''P. halepensis''.<ref name=":2" /> The species is now treated as distinct, and forms a species complex across the Mediterranean with ''P. halepensis''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Olsson |first1=Sanna |last2=Lorenzo |first2=Zaida |last3=Zabal-Aguirre |first3=Mario |last4=Piotti |first4=Andrea |last5=Vendramin |first5=Giovanni G. |last6=González-Martínez |first6=Santiago C. |last7=Grivet |first7=Delphine |date=2021-07-01 |title=Evolutionary history of the mediterranean Pinus halepensis-brutia species complex using gene-resequencing and transcriptomic approaches |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |language=en |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=367–380 |doi=10.1007/s11103-021-01155-7 |issn=1573-5028|doi-access=free |pmid=33934278 |hdl=10261/288206 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>[[File:Pinus brutia var eldarica kz3.jpg|alt=Lush, green needles on orange stems.|thumb|239x239px|''P. brutia'' var. ''eldarica'' specimen in Las Vegas.]]
The Italian botanist [[Michele Tenore]] described the species in 1811. While Tenore did not provide an explanation for the specific epithet, it was likely named after the historical region of Brut(t)ium, now Calabria, where an introduced population has become naturalised.<ref name=":0" />


* ''Pinus brutia'' var. ''brutia'': Typical form, with longer needles, {{Convert|10-18|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Found across Eastern Mediterranean.<ref name=":3" />
''Pinus brutia'' is closely related to ''Pinus halepensis'', and female ''P. brutia'' cones have been shown to accept and hybridise with ''P. halepensis'' pollen. In the past it has been considered a variety or subspecies of ''P. halepensis''.<ref name=":2" /> The species is now treated as distinct, and forms a species complex across the Mediterranean with ''P. halepensis''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Olsson |first1=Sanna |last2=Lorenzo |first2=Zaida |last3=Zabal-Aguirre |first3=Mario |last4=Piotti |first4=Andrea |last5=Vendramin |first5=Giovanni G. |last6=González-Martínez |first6=Santiago C. |last7=Grivet |first7=Delphine |date=2021-07-01 |title=Evolutionary history of the mediterranean Pinus halepensis-brutia species complex using gene-resequencing and transcriptomic approaches |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |language=en |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=367–380 |doi=10.1007/s11103-021-01155-7 |issn=1573-5028|doi-access=free |pmid=33934278 |bibcode=2021PMolB.106..367O |hdl=10261/288206 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* ''Pinus brutia'' var. ''pityusa'': Found in smaller stands along the eastern Black Sea coast, near [[Pitsunda]]. Very similar to var. ''brutia''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
* ''Pinus brutia'' var. ''pendulifolia'': [[Muğla]], Turkey.<ref name=":3" /> Exceptionally long needles, {{Convert|24-29|cm|in|abbr=on}}, that hang in pendules similar to ''P. canariensis''.<ref name=":0" />
* ''Pinus brutia'' var. ''eldarica'', Afghan Pine: native to Azerbaijan and Georgia and naturalized in Afghanistan and Pakistan.<ref name=":0" /> Smaller cones, {{Convert|5-8|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghan Pine {{!}} Woody Plant Finder {{!}} Comprehensive Landscape Plant Directory {{!}} Plant Finders {{!}} Plant Resources Home {{!}} TTU |url=https://www.depts.ttu.edu/plantresources/Pages/directories/landscape-info-sheets/woody-info/Pinus_eldarica.php |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.depts.ttu.edu}}</ref> Sometimes treated as a subspecies of ''P. brutia'' or a species of its own. Due to its tolerance of drought and poor soil, it is widely planted as an ornamental in both southwestern US and Europe.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas A&M Forest Service - Trees of Texas - List of Trees |url=http://texastreeid.tamu.edu/content/TreeDetails/?id=72 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=texastreeid.tamu.edu}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
=== Varieties ===
Italian botanist [[Michele Tenore]] described the species in 1811. While Tenore did not provide an explanation for the specific epithet, Frankis believes Tenore named it after the historical region of Brutium, now Calabria, where an introduced population has become naturalized.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Эльдарская сосна - Pinus eldarica.jpg|thumb|''P. brutia'' var. ''eldarica'' specimen cultivated in Baku, Azerbaijan.]]
* ''Pinus brutia'' var. ''brutia'': Typical form, with needles {{Convert|10-18|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Found across the Eastern Mediterranean.<ref name=":3" />
* ''Pinus brutia'' var. ''pityusa'': Found in smaller stands along the eastern Black Sea coast, near [[Pitsunda]], and on the south coast of [[Crimea]]. Very similar to var. ''brutia''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
* ''Pinus brutia'' var. ''pendulifolia'': [[Muğla]], Turkey.<ref name=":3" /> Exceptionally long needles, to {{Convert|24-29|cm|in|abbr=on}}, that are pendulous similar to ''P. canariensis''.<ref name=":0" />
* ''Pinus brutia'' var. ''eldarica'', Afghan Pine: native to Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Iraq, Iran, and naturalised in Afghanistan and Pakistan.<ref name=":0" /> Smaller cones, {{Convert|5-8|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghan Pine {{!}} Woody Plant Finder {{!}} Comprehensive Landscape Plant Directory {{!}} Plant Finders {{!}} Plant Resources Home {{!}} TTU |url=https://www.depts.ttu.edu/plantresources/Pages/directories/landscape-info-sheets/woody-info/Pinus_eldarica.php |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.depts.ttu.edu}}</ref> Often treated as a subspecies of ''P. brutia'',<ref name=":0" /> or a species of its own.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Shayanmehr | first1=F. | last2=Jalali | first2=S. Gh. | last3=Ghanati | first3=F. | last4=Kartoolinejad | first4=D. | title=Discrimination of Pinus eldarica Medw. and its two new species by epicuticular wax, lignin content, electrophoretic isozyme and activity of peroxidase | journal=Feddes Repertorium | volume=119 | issue=7-8 | date=2008 | issn=0014-8962 | doi=10.1002/fedr.200811188 | pages=644–654 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fedr.200811188 | access-date=2025-11-05| url-access=subscription }}</ref> Due to its tolerance of drought and poor soil, it is widely planted as an ornamental tree in southern Europe, Australia, South Africa, and the southwestern United States.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas A&M Forest Service - Trees of Texas - List of Trees |url=http://texastreeid.tamu.edu/content/TreeDetails/?id=72 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=texastreeid.tamu.edu}}</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Coastal forest.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Pinus brutia'' on the coast of [[Thasos]], Greece]]
[[File:Красивая сосна. Road Marmaris Datça Yolu. Emecik Köyü. Datça. Muğla. Турция. Июнь 2015 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Old ''Pinus brutia'' near Datça, Turkey]]
 
The bulk of its range is in Turkey, but it also extends to southeasternmost Bulgaria,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pinus brutia |url=http://e-ecodb.bas.bg/rdb/bg/vol1/Pinbruti.html |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Red Book of Bulgaria}}</ref> the East Aegean Islands of [[Aegean Sea]], [[Crete]], [[Crimea]], Iran, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Azerbaijan]], northern Iraq, western Syria, Lebanon and [[Cyprus]].<ref>{{GRIN|access-date=14 April 2011}}</ref> Its presence in the eastern Mediterranean is hypothesised to date only from the nineteenth century, and is predominantly due to human activity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Biger |first=Gideon |last2=Liphschitz |first2=Nili |date=1991-06-01 |title=The recent distribution of Pinus brutia: a reassessment based on dendroarchaeological and dendrohistorical evidence from Israel |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369100100208 |journal=The Holocene |language=EN |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=157–161 |doi=10.1177/095968369100100208 |issn=0959-6836}}</ref> It is not native to Israel, but was introduced there in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flora of Israel: Turkish pine |url=http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Pinusbrutia_page.htm |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.flowersinisrael.com}}</ref> It generally occurs at low altitudes, mostly from sea level to {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in northern Turkey, up to {{convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the south of its range.<ref name=":0" />
The bulk of its range is in Turkey, but it also extends to southeasternmost Bulgaria,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pinus brutia |url=http://e-ecodb.bas.bg/rdb/bg/vol1/Pinbruti.html |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Red Book of Bulgaria}}</ref> the East Aegean Islands of [[Aegean Sea]], [[Crete]], [[Crimea]], Iran, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Azerbaijan]], northern Iraq, western Syria, Lebanon and [[Cyprus]].<ref>{{GRIN|access-date=14 April 2011}}</ref> It generally occurs at low altitudes, mostly from sea level to {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}}, up to {{convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the south of its range.{{cn|date=June 2023}}


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
''Pinus brutia'' is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class ''Pinetea halepensis''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bonari|first1=Gianmaria|last2=Fernández-González|first2=Federico|last3=Çoban|first3=Süleyman|last4=Monteiro-Henriques|first4=Tiago|last5=Bergmeier|first5=Erwin|last6=Didukh|first6=Yakiv P.|last7=Xystrakis|first7=Fotios|last8=Angiolini|first8=Claudia|last9=Chytrý|first9=Kryštof|last10=Acosta|first10=Alicia T.R.|last11=Agrillo|first11=Emiliano|date=January 2021|editor-last=Ewald|editor-first=Jörg|title=Classification of the Mediterranean lowland to submontane pine forest vegetation|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/avsc.12544|journal=Applied Vegetation Science|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.1111/avsc.12544|bibcode=2021AppVS..24E2544B |hdl=10400.5/21923 |s2cid=228839165 |issn=1402-2001|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
''Pinus brutia'' is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class ''Pinetea halepensis''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bonari|first1=Gianmaria|last2=Fernández-González|first2=Federico|last3=Çoban|first3=Süleyman|last4=Monteiro-Henriques|first4=Tiago|last5=Bergmeier|first5=Erwin|last6=Didukh|first6=Yakiv P.|last7=Xystrakis|first7=Fotios|last8=Angiolini|first8=Claudia|last9=Chytrý|first9=Kryštof|last10=Acosta|first10=Alicia T.R.|last11=Agrillo|first11=Emiliano|date=January 2021|editor-last=Ewald|editor-first=Jörg|title=Classification of the Mediterranean lowland to submontane pine forest vegetation|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/avsc.12544|journal=Applied Vegetation Science|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|article-number=e12544 |doi=10.1111/avsc.12544|bibcode=2021AppVS..24E2544B |hdl=10400.5/21923 |s2cid=228839165 |issn=1402-2001|hdl-access=free}}</ref>


The [[Krüper's nuthatch]], a rare [[nuthatch]], is largely restricted to forests of Turkish pine and depends heavily on it for feeding; the ranges of the two species are largely coincident.{{cn|date=June 2023}}
The [[Krüper's nuthatch]], a rare [[nuthatch]], is largely restricted to forests of Turkish pine and depends heavily on it for feeding; the ranges of the two species are largely coincident.<ref name="Harrap">{{cite book |last=Harrap |first=Simon |others=Illustrated by David Quinn |title=Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers |date=1996|editor=[[Christopher Helm]] |publisher=[[Helm Identification Guides|Helm]] |pages=138–140|isbn=0-7136-3964-4}}</ref>


''P.&nbsp;brutia'' is resistant to the Israeli pine bast scale insect ''[[Matsucoccus josephi]]'' and is a major host for ''[[Thaumetopoea]]'' caterpillars.
''P.&nbsp;brutia'' is resistant to the Israeli pine bast scale insect ''[[Matsucoccus josephi]]'' and is a major host for ''[[Thaumetopoea]]'' caterpillars.


The species covers {{Convert|175,000|ha|abbr=off}} in Cyprus, roughly ~90% of all woodland coverage on the island.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loizides |first=Michael |date=2021-07-23 |title=Basidiomycete diversity within Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) ecosystems on the island of Cyprus |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mtax/mt/2021/00000136/00000002/art00017;jsessionid=16hs8sgqjliu.x-ic-live-03 |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=136 |issue=2 |pages=543 |doi=10.5248/136.543|s2cid=238789537 }}</ref> It forms [[ectomycorrhiza]]l associations with numerous species of fungi, and its logs and branches are excellent substrates for many kinds of decomposing organisms.
The species covers {{Convert|175,000|ha|abbr=off}} in Cyprus, roughly ~90% of all woodland coverage on the island.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loizides |first=Michael |date=2021-07-23 |title=Basidiomycete diversity within Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) ecosystems on the island of Cyprus |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mtax/mt/2021/00000136/00000002/art00017;jsessionid=16hs8sgqjliu.x-ic-live-03 |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=136 |issue=2 |page=543 |doi=10.5248/136.543|s2cid=238789537 }}</ref> It forms [[ectomycorrhiza]]l associations with numerous species of fungi, and its logs and branches are excellent substrates for many kinds of decomposing organisms.


==Uses==
==Uses==
[[File:Tree on a mountain - from monastry of Semen Stolbnik near Aleppo - Syria.jpg|thumb|''Pinus brutia'' on the mountains near [[Aleppo]]]]
[[File:Караул-Оба, деревья, Крым, Karaul Oba, Crimea.jpg|thumb|''Pinus brutia'' in Crimea, Ukraine]]


===Honey===
===Honey===
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===Forestry===
===Forestry===
It is widely planted for timber, both in its native area (it is the most important tree in [[forestry]] in Turkey and Cyprus) and elsewhere in the Mediterranean region east to Pakistan.
It is widely planted for timber, both in its native area (it is the most important tree in [[forestry]] in Turkey and Cyprus) and elsewhere in the Mediterranean region east to Pakistan.
The timber is used for many purposes including carpentry, industry, general constructions, firewood and pulp.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fady, B.|author2=Semerci, H.|author3=Vendramin, G.G.|name-list-style=amp|title=Aleppo and Brutia pines - ''Pinus halepensis''/''Pinus brutia''|journal=EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use|date=2003|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/858_Techinical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_of_Aleppo_pine__Pinus_halepensis__and_Brutia_pine__Pinus_brutia_.pdf}}</ref> In Israel it is sometimes preferred to the wider-used ''[[Pinus halepensis]]'' (Aleppo pine) because of its resistance to ''Matsucoccus josephi''. It is also known for being well suited to recreational sites.
The timber is used for many purposes including carpentry, industry, general constructions, firewood and pulp.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fady, B.|author2=Semerci, H.|author3=Vendramin, G.G.|name-list-style=amp|title=Aleppo and Brutia pines - ''Pinus halepensis''/''Pinus brutia''|journal=EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use|date=2003|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/858_Techinical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_of_Aleppo_pine__Pinus_halepensis__and_Brutia_pine__Pinus_brutia_.pdf|archive-date=2018-09-30|access-date=2016-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930004647/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/858_Techinical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_of_Aleppo_pine__Pinus_halepensis__and_Brutia_pine__Pinus_brutia_.pdf}}</ref> In Israel it is sometimes preferred to the more widely-used ''[[Pinus halepensis]]'' (Aleppo pine) because of its resistance to ''Matsucoccus josephi''. It is also known for being well suited to recreational sites.


===Cultivation===
===Cultivation===
''Pinus brutia'' is a popular [[ornamental tree]], extensively planted in parks and gardens in hot dry areas (such as southern [[California]], [[Utah]], [[New Mexico]] and [[Nevada]], as well as throughout [[Arizona]] and central [[Texas]] in the United States), where its considerable heat and drought tolerance is highly valued. The subspecies ''eldarica'' is the most drought tolerant form, used in Afghanistan, Iran and more recently in the [[Southwestern United States]]. In this region, ''P.&nbsp;brutia'' subsp. ''eldarica'' is referred to as "Eldarica pine", "Afghan pine" or "Mondell pine" (after Mondell Bennett, a commercial tree grower in New Mexico who popularized the species starting in 1969).<ref name="Widmoyer">{{cite web|last=Widmoyer|first=Fred B.|title=History of Pinus Eldarica in the United States|url=http://morasc.nmsu.edu/docs/History%20of%20Pinus%20Eldarica%20in%20the%20United%20States.pdf|work=Southwest Christmas Tree Industry Research Needs and Commercial Opportunities: Proceedings of the Symposium held May 11, 1984, Tucson, Arizona|publisher=New Mexico State University|access-date=5 May 2012|date=1984-05-11}}</ref>
''Pinus brutia'' is a popular [[ornamental tree]], extensively planted in parks and gardens in hot dry areas (such as southern [[California]], [[Utah]], [[New Mexico]] and [[Nevada]], as well as throughout [[Arizona]] and central [[Texas]] in the United States), where its considerable heat and drought tolerance is highly valued. The subspecies ''eldarica'' is the most drought tolerant form, used in Afghanistan, Iran and more recently in the [[Southwestern United States]]. In this region, ''P.&nbsp;brutia'' subsp. ''eldarica'' is referred to as "Eldarica pine", "Afghan pine" or "Mondell pine" (after Mondell Bennett, a commercial tree grower in New Mexico who popularised the species starting in 1969).<ref name="Widmoyer">{{cite web|last=Widmoyer|first=Fred B.|title=History of Pinus Eldarica in the United States|url=http://morasc.nmsu.edu/docs/History%20of%20Pinus%20Eldarica%20in%20the%20United%20States.pdf|work=Southwest Christmas Tree Industry Research Needs and Commercial Opportunities: Proceedings of the Symposium held May 11, 1984, Tucson, Arizona|publisher=New Mexico State University|access-date=5 May 2012|date=1984-05-11|archive-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210104005/http://morasc.nmsu.edu/docs/History%20of%20Pinus%20Eldarica%20in%20the%20United%20States.pdf}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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* Shayanmehr, F., Jalali, S. G., Ghanati, F., & Kartoolinejad, D. (2008). Discrimination of Pinus eldarica MEDW. and its two new species by epicuticular wax, lignin content, electrophoretic isozyme and activity of peroxidase. Feddes Repertorium, 119(7‐8), 644–654. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fedr.200811188/full
* Shayanmehr, F., Jalali, S. G., Ghanati, F., & Kartoolinejad, D. (2008). Discrimination of Pinus eldarica MEDW. and its two new species by epicuticular wax, lignin content, electrophoretic isozyme and activity of peroxidase. Feddes Repertorium, 119(7‐8), 644–654. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fedr.200811188/full
* Shayanmehr, F., Jalali, S. G., Ghanati, F., Kartoolinejad, D., & Apple, M. E. (2009). Two new morphotypes of Pinus eldarica: Discrimination by macromorphological and anatomical traits. Dendrobiology, 61, 27–36. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fedr.200811188/full
* Shayanmehr, F., Jalali, S. G., Ghanati, F., Kartoolinejad, D., & Apple, M. E. (2009). Two new morphotypes of Pinus eldarica: Discrimination by macromorphological and anatomical traits. Dendrobiology, 61, 27–36. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fedr.200811188/full
* Frankis, M. P. (1999). Pinus brutia. ''Curtis's Botanical Magazine'' 16: 173–184.


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 19:34, 15 December 2025

Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox

Pinus brutia, commonly known as the Turkish pine and Calabrian pine, is a species of pine native to the eastern Mediterranean region. The bulk of its range is in Turkey, with smaller populations occuring in Bulgaria, Crete, Cyprus, Iraq, western Syria, Northern Iran, Crimea, the western Caucasus, and Azerbaijan; it is also naturalised as far east as Afghanistan and Pakistan.[1] It is also known as East Mediterranean pine, Afghan pine, and Brutia pine. The name "Calabrian pine" comes from an introduced grove in the region of Calabria in southern Italy; historically this region was called Bruttium, which is likely where the specific epithet "brutia" comes from.[1] Pinus brutia bears many similarities with other, closely related species such as Pinus halepensis and Pinus canariensis. Turkish pine forms a species complex with the former.[2]

Description

Pinus brutia is a medium-sized tree, reaching Script error: No such module "convert". tall with a trunk diameter of up to Script error: No such module "convert"., exceptionally Script error: No such module "convert".. The young bark is thin and red-orange, maturing to grey-brown to orange, fissured to flaky in texture. The leaves are needle-like, slender, Script error: No such module "convert". long, dark green to yellow-green.[1][3] The needles are in fascicles of two, or rarely three.[1][4]

The male cones are squat, Script error: No such module "convert". long.[3][5] The female cones are short, with rigid, woody scales, Script error: No such module "convert". long, Script error: No such module "convert". broad, maturing from green to red-orange; occasional specimens show similarities in cone structure to the related Pinus canariensis.[1][4][5] They most often appear in whorls of 3 to 4, and mature in two years after pollination.[1][5] The seeds are usually wind dispersed, dropping from the cones after they open, but some trees have been observed with cones that do not open enough to facilitate wind dispersal. The Krüper's nuthatch may assist these trees in dispersal.[1]

Taxonomy

The Italian botanist Michele Tenore described the species in 1811. While Tenore did not provide an explanation for the specific epithet, it was likely named after the historical region of Brut(t)ium, now Calabria, where an introduced population has become naturalised.[1]

Pinus brutia is closely related to Pinus halepensis, and female P. brutia cones have been shown to accept and hybridise with P. halepensis pollen. In the past it has been considered a variety or subspecies of P. halepensis.[4] The species is now treated as distinct, and forms a species complex across the Mediterranean with P. halepensis.[2]

Varieties

File:Эльдарская сосна - Pinus eldarica.jpg
P. brutia var. eldarica specimen cultivated in Baku, Azerbaijan.
  • Pinus brutia var. brutia: Typical form, with needles Script error: No such module "convert". long. Found across the Eastern Mediterranean.[5]
  • Pinus brutia var. pityusa: Found in smaller stands along the eastern Black Sea coast, near Pitsunda, and on the south coast of Crimea. Very similar to var. brutia.[4][5]
  • Pinus brutia var. pendulifolia: Muğla, Turkey.[5] Exceptionally long needles, to Script error: No such module "convert"., that are pendulous similar to P. canariensis.[1]
  • Pinus brutia var. eldarica, Afghan Pine: native to Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Iraq, Iran, and naturalised in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[1] Smaller cones, Script error: No such module "convert"..[5][6] Often treated as a subspecies of P. brutia,[1] or a species of its own.[7] Due to its tolerance of drought and poor soil, it is widely planted as an ornamental tree in southern Europe, Australia, South Africa, and the southwestern United States.[1][5][8]

Distribution and habitat

File:Красивая сосна. Road Marmaris Datça Yolu. Emecik Köyü. Datça. Muğla. Турция. Июнь 2015 - panoramio.jpg
Old Pinus brutia near Datça, Turkey

The bulk of its range is in Turkey, but it also extends to southeasternmost Bulgaria,[9] the East Aegean Islands of Aegean Sea, Crete, Crimea, Iran, Georgia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, western Syria, Lebanon and Cyprus.[10] Its presence in the eastern Mediterranean is hypothesised to date only from the nineteenth century, and is predominantly due to human activity.[11] It is not native to Israel, but was introduced there in the 1930s.[12] It generally occurs at low altitudes, mostly from sea level to Script error: No such module "convert". in northern Turkey, up to Script error: No such module "convert". in the south of its range.[1]

Ecology

Pinus brutia is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis.[13]

The Krüper's nuthatch, a rare nuthatch, is largely restricted to forests of Turkish pine and depends heavily on it for feeding; the ranges of the two species are largely coincident.[14]

P. brutia is resistant to the Israeli pine bast scale insect Matsucoccus josephi and is a major host for Thaumetopoea caterpillars.

The species covers Script error: No such module "convert". in Cyprus, roughly ~90% of all woodland coverage on the island.[15] It forms ectomycorrhizal associations with numerous species of fungi, and its logs and branches are excellent substrates for many kinds of decomposing organisms.

Uses

File:Караул-Оба, деревья, Крым, Karaul Oba, Crimea.jpg
Pinus brutia in Crimea, Ukraine

Honey

Turkish pine is host to a sap-sucking aphid Marchalina hellenica. Under normal circumstances, this insect does no significant damage to the pine, but is of great importance for the excess sugar it secretes. This sugar, "honeydew", is collected by honey bees which make it into a richly flavoured and valuable honey, "pine honey" (Turkish, çam balı), with reputed medicinal benefits.

Landmark

The "Lone Pine", a prominent landmark tree at an ANZAC First World War battle at Gallipoli, was this species. Cones from the battlefield were taken home to Australia, and plants sourced from the seeds were planted as living memorials.

"Lone Pine" memorials, based on cones brought back from Gallipoli, may use this species or Aleppo pine. Some memorials utilise other species altogether.[16]

Forestry

It is widely planted for timber, both in its native area (it is the most important tree in forestry in Turkey and Cyprus) and elsewhere in the Mediterranean region east to Pakistan. The timber is used for many purposes including carpentry, industry, general constructions, firewood and pulp.[17] In Israel it is sometimes preferred to the more widely-used Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) because of its resistance to Matsucoccus josephi. It is also known for being well suited to recreational sites.

Cultivation

Pinus brutia is a popular ornamental tree, extensively planted in parks and gardens in hot dry areas (such as southern California, Utah, New Mexico and Nevada, as well as throughout Arizona and central Texas in the United States), where its considerable heat and drought tolerance is highly valued. The subspecies eldarica is the most drought tolerant form, used in Afghanistan, Iran and more recently in the Southwestern United States. In this region, P. brutia subsp. eldarica is referred to as "Eldarica pine", "Afghan pine" or "Mondell pine" (after Mondell Bennett, a commercial tree grower in New Mexico who popularised the species starting in 1969).[18]

References

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Further reading

External links

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

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