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{{Distinguish|Scotti (disambiguation){{!}}Scotti}} | {{Distinguish|Scotti (disambiguation){{!}}Scotti}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} | ||
'''''Scoti''''' or '''''Scotti''''' is a [[Latin language|Latin]] name for the [[Gaels]],<ref name="Duffy">Duffy, Seán. ''Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge, 2005. p.698</ref> first attested in the late [[3rd century]]. It originally referred to all Gaels, first those in [[Ireland]] and then those who had settled in [[Great Britain]] as well; it later came to refer only to Gaels in northern Britain.<ref name="Duffy"/> The [[Kingdom of Scotland|kingdom to which their culture spread]] became known as ''[[Scotia]]'' or [[Scotland]], and eventually | '''''Scoti''''' or '''''Scotti''''' is a [[Latin language|Latin]] name for the [[Gaels]],<ref name="Duffy">Duffy, Seán. ''Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge, 2005. p.698</ref> first attested in the late [[3rd century]]. It originally referred to all Gaels, first those in [[Ireland]] and then those who had settled in [[Great Britain]] as well; it later came to refer only to Gaels in northern Britain.<ref name="Duffy"/> The [[Kingdom of Scotland|kingdom to which their culture spread]] became known as ''[[Scotia]]'' or [[Scotland]], and eventually its inhabitants came to be known as [[Scottish people|Scots]]. | ||
[[File:Public Schools Historical Atlas - Roman Britain 400.jpg|thumb|A map of the Roman divisions of Britain with the Scoti shown as a tribal grouping in the north of Ireland]] | [[File:Public Schools Historical Atlas - Roman Britain 400.jpg|thumb|A map of the Roman divisions of Britain with the Scoti shown as a tribal grouping in the north of Ireland]] | ||
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An early use of the word can be found in the ''Nomina Provinciarum Omnium'' (Names of All the Provinces), which dates to about AD 312. This is a short list of the names and provinces of the Roman Empire. At the end of this list is a brief list of tribes deemed to be a growing threat to the Empire, which included the ''Scoti'', as a new term for the Irish.<ref>P. Freeman, ''Ireland and the Classical World'', Austin, 2001, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA91 91]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA92 92].</ref> There is also a reference to the word in [[Prosper of Aquitaine|St Prosper]]'s chronicle of AD 431 where he describes [[Pope Celestine I|Pope Celestine]] sending [[Palladius (bishop of Ireland)|St Palladius]] to Ireland to preach "''ad Scotti in Christum''" ("to the Scots who believed in Christ").<ref>M. De Paor – L. De Paor, ''Early Christian Ireland'', London, 1958, p. 27.</ref> | An early use of the word can be found in the ''Nomina Provinciarum Omnium'' (Names of All the Provinces), which dates to about AD 312. This is a short list of the names and provinces of the Roman Empire. At the end of this list is a brief list of tribes deemed to be a growing threat to the Empire, which included the ''Scoti'', as a new term for the Irish.<ref>P. Freeman, ''Ireland and the Classical World'', Austin, 2001, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA91 91]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA92 92].</ref> There is also a reference to the word in [[Prosper of Aquitaine|St Prosper]]'s chronicle of AD 431 where he describes [[Pope Celestine I|Pope Celestine]] sending [[Palladius (bishop of Ireland)|St Palladius]] to Ireland to preach "''ad Scotti in Christum''" ("to the Scots who believed in Christ").<ref>M. De Paor – L. De Paor, ''Early Christian Ireland'', London, 1958, p. 27.</ref> | ||
Thereafter, periodic raids by Scoti are reported by several later 4th and early 5th century Latin writers, namely [[Pacatus]],<ref>Pacatus, ''Panegyric'' 5.1.</ref> [[Ammianus Marcellinus]],<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'' XX 1.1; XXVI 4.5; XXVII 8.5.</ref> [[Claudian]]<ref>Claudius Claudianus, ''Panegyricus dictus Honorio Augusto tertium consuli'' [ | Thereafter, periodic raids by Scoti are reported by several later 4th and early 5th century Latin writers, namely [[Pacatus]],<ref>Pacatus, ''Panegyric'' 5.1.</ref> [[Ammianus Marcellinus]],<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'' XX 1.1; XXVI 4.5; XXVII 8.5.</ref> [[Claudian]]<ref>Claudius Claudianus, ''Panegyricus dictus Honorio Augusto tertium consuli'' [https://www.divusangelus.it/claudianus/hon3.htm 52–58]; ''Panegyricus dictus Honorio Augusto quartum consuli'' [https://www.divusangelus.it/claudianus/hon4.htm 24–33]; ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' [https://www.divusangelus.it/claudianus/stilicho2.htm II 247–255]; ''Epithalamium dictum Honorio Augusto et Mariae'' [https://www.divusangelus.it/claudianus/nupt.htm 88–90]; ''Bellum Geticum'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/l/roman/texts/Claudian/De_Bello_Gothico*.html 416–418].</ref> and the [[Chronica Gallica of 452]].<ref>''Chronica Gallica ad annum'' 452, Gratiani IV (= T. Mommsen (ed.), ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores antiquissimi'' IX, Berlin, 1892, p. [http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000798.html?pageNo=646 646]).</ref> Two references to Scoti have been identified in Greek literature (as Σκόττοι), in the works of [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]], Bishop of [[Salamis, Cyprus|Salamis]], writing in the 370s.<ref>P. Rance, | ||
[https://www.academia.edu/3676904/Epiphanius_of_Salamis_and_the_Scotti_new_evidence_for_late_Roman-Irish_relations_Britannia_43_2012_227-242 Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations], in ''Britannia'' 43 (2012), pp. 227–242.</ref> The fragmentary evidence suggests an intensification of Scoti raiding from the early 360s, culminating in the | [https://www.academia.edu/3676904/Epiphanius_of_Salamis_and_the_Scotti_new_evidence_for_late_Roman-Irish_relations_Britannia_43_2012_227-242 Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations], in ''Britannia'' 43 (2012), pp. 227–242.</ref> The fragmentary evidence suggests an intensification of Scoti raiding from the early 360s, culminating in the [[Great Conspiracy|barbarian conspiracy]] of 367–368, and continuing up to and beyond the [[End of Roman rule in Britain|end of Roman rule c. 410]]. The location and frequency of attacks by Scoti remain unclear, as do the origin and identity of the [[Gael]]ic population-groups who participated in these raids.<ref>P. Freeman, ''Ireland and the Classical World'', Austin, 2001, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA88 88]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA106 106]; P. Rance, | ||
[https://www.academia.edu/3676904/Epiphanius_of_Salamis_and_the_Scotti_new_evidence_for_late_Roman-Irish_relations_Britannia_43_2012_227-242 Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations], in ''Britannia'' 43 (2012), pp. 227–242.</ref> | [https://www.academia.edu/3676904/Epiphanius_of_Salamis_and_the_Scotti_new_evidence_for_late_Roman-Irish_relations_Britannia_43_2012_227-242 Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations], in ''Britannia'' 43 (2012), pp. 227–242.</ref> | ||
By the 5th century, the Gaelic or ''[[Goidelic languages|Scottish]]'' kingdom of [[Dál Riata]] had emerged in the area of modern Scotland that is now [[Argyll]]. Although this kingdom was destroyed and subjugated by the [[Pictland|Pictish kingdom]] of the 8th century under [[Oengus I|Angus I]], the convergence of [[Pictish language|Pictish]] and Gaelic languages over several centuries resulted in the [[Edward the Elder|English]] labelling Pictland under [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]] as ''Scottish'' in the early 10th century, first attested in AD 920, viewing the Picts as speaking a [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] tongue. The growing influence of the English and [[Scots language|Scots]] languages from the 12th century with the introduction of | By the 5th century, the Gaelic or ''[[Goidelic languages|Scottish]]'' kingdom of [[Dál Riata]] had emerged in the area of modern Scotland that is now [[Argyll]]. Although this kingdom was destroyed and subjugated by the [[Pictland|Pictish kingdom]] of the 8th century under [[Oengus I|Angus I]], the convergence of [[Pictish language|Pictish]] and Gaelic languages over several centuries resulted in the [[Edward the Elder|English]] labelling Pictland under [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]] as ''Scottish'' in the early 10th century, first attested in AD 920, viewing the Picts as speaking a [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] tongue. The growing influence of the English and [[Scots language|Scots]] languages from the 12th century with the introduction of Norman-French knights and southerly expansion of Scotland's borders by [[David I of Scotland|David I]] saw the terms ''Scot'', ''[[Scottish people|Scottish]]'' and ''[[Scotland]]'' also begin to be used commonly by natives of that country.<ref>From Caledonia to Pictland, Scotland to 795, James E. Fraser, 2009, Edinburgh University Press</ref><ref>From Pictland to Alba, 789-1070, Alex Woolf, 2007, Edinburgh University Press</ref> | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
The etymology of [[Late Latin]] ''Scoti'' is unclear. It is not a Latin derivation, nor does it correspond to any known [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic (Gaelic)]] term the Gaels used to name themselves as a whole or a constituent population group. Several derivations have been conjectured, but none has gained general acceptance in mainstream scholarship. | The etymology of [[Late Latin]] ''Scoti'' is unclear. It is not a Latin derivation, nor does it correspond to any known [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic (Gaelic)]] term the Gaels used to name themselves as a whole or a constituent population group. Several derivations have been conjectured, but none has gained general acceptance in mainstream scholarship. | ||
In the 19th century, Aonghas MacCoinnich proposed that ''Scoti'' came from Gaelic ''sgaothaich'', meaning | In the 19th century, Aonghas MacCoinnich proposed that ''Scoti'' came from Gaelic ''sgaothaich'', meaning 'crowd' or 'horde'.<ref>A. MacCoinnich, ''Eachdraidh na h-Alba'', Glasgow, 1867, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=04AQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 18]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=04AQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19].</ref> | ||
[[Charles Oman]] (1910) derived it from Gaelic ''scuit'', meaning someone cut off. He believed it referred to bands of outcast Gaelic raiders, suggesting that the Scots were to the Gaels what the [[Vikings]] were to the [[Norsemen|Norse]].<ref>C. Oman, ''A History of England before the Norman Conquest'', London, 1910, p. [https://archive.org/stream/englandbeforeno00oman#page/n7/mode/2up 157].</ref> | [[Charles Oman]] (1910) derived it from Gaelic ''scuit'', meaning someone cut off. He believed it referred to bands of outcast Gaelic raiders, suggesting that the Scots were to the Gaels what the [[Vikings]] were to the [[Norsemen|Norse]].<ref>C. Oman, ''A History of England before the Norman Conquest'', London, 1910, p. [https://archive.org/stream/englandbeforeno00oman#page/n7/mode/2up 157].</ref> | ||
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More recently, Philip Freeman (2001) has speculated on the likelihood of a group of raiders adopting a name from an [[Indo-European root]], *''skot'', citing the parallel in the [[Ancient Greek]] ''skotos'' (σκότος), meaning "darkness, gloom".<ref>P. Freeman, ''Ireland and the Classical World'', Austin, 2001, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA93 93].</ref> | More recently, Philip Freeman (2001) has speculated on the likelihood of a group of raiders adopting a name from an [[Indo-European root]], *''skot'', citing the parallel in the [[Ancient Greek]] ''skotos'' (σκότος), meaning "darkness, gloom".<ref>P. Freeman, ''Ireland and the Classical World'', Austin, 2001, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA93 93].</ref> | ||
Linguist Kim McCone (2013) derives it from the Old Irish noun ''scoth'' meaning "pick", as in "the pick" of the population, the nobility, from an [[Archaic Irish]] reconstruction ''*skotī''.<ref>McCone, Kim (2013). "The Celts: questions of nomenclature and identity", in ''Ireland and its Contacts''. [[University of Lausanne]]. p.26</ref> | Linguist [[Kim McCone]] (2013) derives it from the Old Irish noun ''scoth'' meaning "pick", as in "the pick" of the population, the nobility, from an [[Archaic Irish]] reconstruction ''*skotī''.<ref>McCone, Kim (2013). "The Celts: questions of nomenclature and identity", in ''Ireland and its Contacts''. [[University of Lausanne]]. p.26</ref> | ||
An origin has also been suggested in a word related to the English ''scot'' ("tax") and [[Old Norse]] ''skot''; this referred to an activity in ceremonies whereby ownership of land was transferred by placing a parcel of earth in the lap of a new owner,<ref>J. Truedson Demitz, ''[[Throne of a Thousand Years]]: Chronicles as Told by Erik, Son of Riste, Commemorating Sweden's Monarchy from 995–96 to 1995–1996'', Ludvika – Los Angeles, 1996, p. 9.</ref> whence 11th-century King [[Olof Skötkonung|Olaf]], one of Sweden's first known rulers, may have been known as a ''scot king''.<ref>L.O. Lagerqvist – N. Åberg, ''Öknamn och tillnamn på nordiska stormän och kungligheter'', Stockholm, 1997, p. 23 (etymology of [[epithet]]s of Nordic kings and magnates).</ref> | An origin has also been suggested in a word related to the English ''scot'' ("tax") and [[Old Norse]] ''skot''; this referred to an activity in ceremonies whereby ownership of land was transferred by placing a parcel of earth in the lap of a new owner,<ref>J. Truedson Demitz, ''[[Throne of a Thousand Years]]: Chronicles as Told by Erik, Son of Riste, Commemorating Sweden's Monarchy from 995–96 to 1995–1996'', Ludvika – Los Angeles, 1996, p. 9.</ref> whence 11th-century King [[Olof Skötkonung|Olaf]], one of Sweden's first known rulers, may have been known as a ''scot king''.<ref>L.O. Lagerqvist – N. Åberg, ''Öknamn och tillnamn på nordiska stormän och kungligheter'', Stockholm, 1997, p. 23 (etymology of [[epithet]]s of Nordic kings and magnates).</ref> | ||
| Line 45: | Line 45: | ||
*Freeman, Philip (2001), ''Ireland in the Classical World'' (University of Texas Press: Austin, Texas. {{ISBN|978-0-292-72518-8}} | *Freeman, Philip (2001), ''Ireland in the Classical World'' (University of Texas Press: Austin, Texas. {{ISBN|978-0-292-72518-8}} | ||
*Rance, Philip (2012), [https://www.academia.edu/3676904/Epiphanius_of_Salamis_and_the_Scotti_new_evidence_for_late_Roman-Irish_relations_Britannia_43_2012_227-242 'Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations'], ''Britannia'' 43: 227–242 | *Rance, Philip (2012), [https://www.academia.edu/3676904/Epiphanius_of_Salamis_and_the_Scotti_new_evidence_for_late_Roman-Irish_relations_Britannia_43_2012_227-242 'Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations'], ''Britannia'' 43: 227–242 | ||
*Rance, Philip (2015), [https://www.academia.edu/12039539/Irish_in_Y._LE_BOHEC_et_al._edd._The_Encyclopedia_of_the_Roman_Army_Chichester_Malden_MA_2015 'Irish'] in Y. Le Bohec ''et al''. (edd.), ''The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army'' (Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester/Malden, MA, 2015). | *Rance, Philip (2015),[https://www.academia.edu/12039539/Irish_in_Y._LE_BOHEC_et_al._edd._The_Encyclopedia_of_the_Roman_Army_Chichester_Malden_MA_2015 'Irish'] in Y. Le Bohec ''et al''. (edd.), ''The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army'' (Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester/Malden, MA, 2015). | ||
{{Gaels}} | {{Gaels}} | ||
Latest revision as of 21:44, 19 June 2026
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Scoti or Scotti is a Latin name for the Gaels,[1] first attested in the late 3rd century. It originally referred to all Gaels, first those in Ireland and then those who had settled in Great Britain as well; it later came to refer only to Gaels in northern Britain.[1] The kingdom to which their culture spread became known as Scotia or Scotland, and eventually its inhabitants came to be known as Scots.
History
An early use of the word can be found in the Nomina Provinciarum Omnium (Names of All the Provinces), which dates to about AD 312. This is a short list of the names and provinces of the Roman Empire. At the end of this list is a brief list of tribes deemed to be a growing threat to the Empire, which included the Scoti, as a new term for the Irish.[2] There is also a reference to the word in St Prosper's chronicle of AD 431 where he describes Pope Celestine sending St Palladius to Ireland to preach "ad Scotti in Christum" ("to the Scots who believed in Christ").[3]
Thereafter, periodic raids by Scoti are reported by several later 4th and early 5th century Latin writers, namely Pacatus,[4] Ammianus Marcellinus,[5] Claudian[6] and the Chronica Gallica of 452.[7] Two references to Scoti have been identified in Greek literature (as Σκόττοι), in the works of Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis, writing in the 370s.[8] The fragmentary evidence suggests an intensification of Scoti raiding from the early 360s, culminating in the barbarian conspiracy of 367–368, and continuing up to and beyond the end of Roman rule c. 410. The location and frequency of attacks by Scoti remain unclear, as do the origin and identity of the Gaelic population-groups who participated in these raids.[9]
By the 5th century, the Gaelic or Scottish kingdom of Dál Riata had emerged in the area of modern Scotland that is now Argyll. Although this kingdom was destroyed and subjugated by the Pictish kingdom of the 8th century under Angus I, the convergence of Pictish and Gaelic languages over several centuries resulted in the English labelling Pictland under Constantine II as Scottish in the early 10th century, first attested in AD 920, viewing the Picts as speaking a Gaelic tongue. The growing influence of the English and Scots languages from the 12th century with the introduction of Norman-French knights and southerly expansion of Scotland's borders by David I saw the terms Scot, Scottish and Scotland also begin to be used commonly by natives of that country.[10][11]
Etymology
The etymology of Late Latin Scoti is unclear. It is not a Latin derivation, nor does it correspond to any known Goidelic (Gaelic) term the Gaels used to name themselves as a whole or a constituent population group. Several derivations have been conjectured, but none has gained general acceptance in mainstream scholarship.
In the 19th century, Aonghas MacCoinnich proposed that Scoti came from Gaelic sgaothaich, meaning 'crowd' or 'horde'.[12]
Charles Oman (1910) derived it from Gaelic scuit, meaning someone cut off. He believed it referred to bands of outcast Gaelic raiders, suggesting that the Scots were to the Gaels what the Vikings were to the Norse.[13]
More recently, Philip Freeman (2001) has speculated on the likelihood of a group of raiders adopting a name from an Indo-European root, *skot, citing the parallel in the Ancient Greek skotos (σκότος), meaning "darkness, gloom".[14]
Linguist Kim McCone (2013) derives it from the Old Irish noun scoth meaning "pick", as in "the pick" of the population, the nobility, from an Archaic Irish reconstruction *skotī.[15]
An origin has also been suggested in a word related to the English scot ("tax") and Old Norse skot; this referred to an activity in ceremonies whereby ownership of land was transferred by placing a parcel of earth in the lap of a new owner,[16] whence 11th-century King Olaf, one of Sweden's first known rulers, may have been known as a scot king.[17]
See also
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ a b Duffy, Seán. Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2005. p.698
- ↑ P. Freeman, Ireland and the Classical World, Austin, 2001, pp. 91-92.
- ↑ M. De Paor – L. De Paor, Early Christian Ireland, London, 1958, p. 27.
- ↑ Pacatus, Panegyric 5.1.
- ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae XX 1.1; XXVI 4.5; XXVII 8.5.
- ↑ Claudius Claudianus, Panegyricus dictus Honorio Augusto tertium consuli 52–58; Panegyricus dictus Honorio Augusto quartum consuli 24–33; De consulatu Stilichonis II 247–255; Epithalamium dictum Honorio Augusto et Mariae 88–90; Bellum Geticum 416–418.
- ↑ Chronica Gallica ad annum 452, Gratiani IV (= T. Mommsen (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores antiquissimi IX, Berlin, 1892, p. 646).
- ↑ P. Rance, Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations, in Britannia 43 (2012), pp. 227–242.
- ↑ P. Freeman, Ireland and the Classical World, Austin, 2001, pp. 88-106; P. Rance, Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations, in Britannia 43 (2012), pp. 227–242.
- ↑ From Caledonia to Pictland, Scotland to 795, James E. Fraser, 2009, Edinburgh University Press
- ↑ From Pictland to Alba, 789-1070, Alex Woolf, 2007, Edinburgh University Press
- ↑ A. MacCoinnich, Eachdraidh na h-Alba, Glasgow, 1867, p. 18-19.
- ↑ C. Oman, A History of England before the Norman Conquest, London, 1910, p. 157.
- ↑ P. Freeman, Ireland and the Classical World, Austin, 2001, pp. 93.
- ↑ McCone, Kim (2013). "The Celts: questions of nomenclature and identity", in Ireland and its Contacts. University of Lausanne. p.26
- ↑ J. Truedson Demitz, Throne of a Thousand Years: Chronicles as Told by Erik, Son of Riste, Commemorating Sweden's Monarchy from 995–96 to 1995–1996, Ludvika – Los Angeles, 1996, p. 9.
- ↑ L.O. Lagerqvist – N. Åberg, Öknamn och tillnamn på nordiska stormän och kungligheter, Stockholm, 1997, p. 23 (etymology of epithets of Nordic kings and magnates).
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Bibliography
- Freeman, Philip (2001), Ireland in the Classical World (University of Texas Press: Austin, Texas. Template:ISBN
- Rance, Philip (2012), 'Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations', Britannia 43: 227–242
- Rance, Philip (2015),'Irish' in Y. Le Bohec et al. (edd.), The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army (Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester/Malden, MA, 2015).
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