Voiceless labial–velar fricative: Difference between revisions

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The '''voiceless labial–velar fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|xʷ}} or occasionally {{angbr IPA|ʍ}}. The letter {{angbr IPA|ʍ}} was defined as a "voiceless {{IPA|[w]}}" until 1979,<ref>{{cite journal
The '''voiceless labial–velar fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʍ}}. The letter {{angbr IPA|ʍ}} was defined as a "voiceless {{IPA|[w]}}" until 1979,<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Association phonétique internationale
|author=Association phonétique internationale
|year=1952
|year=1952
Line 22: Line 22:
|at=Front matter
|at=Front matter
|jstor=44748475
|jstor=44748475
}}</ref> when it was defined as a [[fricative]] with the place of articulation of {{IPA|[k͡p]}} the same way that {{IPA|[w]}} is an approximant with the place of articulation of {{IPA|[ɡ͡b]}}.<ref>{{cite journal
}}</ref> when it was defined as a [[fricative]] with the place of articulation of {{IPAblink|k͡p}} the same way that {{IPA|[w]}} is an approximant with the place of articulation of {{IPAblink|ɡ͡b}}.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=International Phonetic Association
|author=International Phonetic Association
|year=1978
|year=1978
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|at=Supplement
|at=Supplement
|jstor=44541414
|jstor=44541414
}}</ref> The IPA ''Handbook'' describes {{angbr IPA|ʍ}} as a "fricative" in the introduction (IPA 1999: ix) while a chapter within characterizes it as an "approximate" (IPA 1999: 136).
}}</ref> The IPA ''Handbook'' describes {{angbr IPA|ʍ}} as a "fricative" in the introduction (IPA 1999: ix) while a chapter within characterizes it as an "approximant" (IPA 1999: 136).


Some linguists posit [[voiceless approximant]]s distinct from voiceless fricatives. To them, English {{IPA|/ʍ/}} is an approximant {{IPA|[w̥]}},<ref>For instance, Lyle Campbell (2020) ''Historical Linguistics'', 4th edition, page xxii.</ref> a labialized glottal fricative {{IPA|[hʷ]}}, or an {{IPA|[hw]}} sequence, not a velar fricative.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2006|p=68}} [[Scots language|Scots]] {{IPA|/ʍ/}} has been described as a velar fricative,{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=22}} especially in older Scots, where it was {{IPA|[xw]}}.{{sfnp|Johnston|1997|pp=499, 510}} Other linguists believe that a "voiceless approximant" is a contradiction in terms, and so {{IPA|[w̥]}} must be the same as {{IPA|[xʷ]}}. Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation, like labial and velar.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=330–2}} They conclude that "if it is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative".{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=326}}
Some linguists posit [[voiceless approximant]]s distinct from voiceless fricatives. To them, English {{IPA|/ʍ/}} is an approximant {{IPA|[w̥]}},<ref>For instance, Lyle Campbell (2020) ''Historical Linguistics'', 4th edition, page xxii.</ref> a labialized glottal fricative {{IPA|[hʷ]}}, or an {{IPA|[hw]}} sequence, not a velar fricative.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2006|p=68}} [[Scots language|Scots]] {{IPA|/ʍ/}} has been described as a velar fricative,{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=22}} especially in older Scots, where it was {{IPA|[xw]}}.{{sfnp|Johnston|1997|pp=499, 510}} Other linguists believe that a "voiceless approximant" is a contradiction in terms, and so {{IPA|[w̥]}} must be the same as {{IPA|[xʷ]}}. Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation, like labial and velar.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=330–2}} They conclude that "if it is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative".{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=326}}

Latest revision as of 07:52, 24 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The voiceless labial–velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA. The letter Template:Angbr IPA was defined as a "voiceless Script error: No such module "IPA"." until 1979,[1] when it was defined as a fricative with the place of articulation of Template:IPAblink the same way that Script error: No such module "IPA". is an approximant with the place of articulation of Template:IPAblink.[2] The IPA Handbook describes Template:Angbr IPA as a "fricative" in the introduction (IPA 1999: ix) while a chapter within characterizes it as an "approximant" (IPA 1999: 136).

Some linguists posit voiceless approximants distinct from voiceless fricatives. To them, English Script error: No such module "IPA". is an approximant Script error: No such module "IPA".,[3] a labialized glottal fricative Script error: No such module "IPA"., or an Script error: No such module "IPA". sequence, not a velar fricative.Template:Sfnp Scots Script error: No such module "IPA". has been described as a velar fricative,Template:Sfnp especially in older Scots, where it was Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp Other linguists believe that a "voiceless approximant" is a contradiction in terms, and so Script error: No such module "IPA". must be the same as Script error: No such module "IPA".. Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation, like labial and velar.Template:Sfnp They conclude that "if it is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative".Template:Sfnp

Features

Features of the voiceless labial–velar fricative:

Template:Fricative Template:Labiovelar Template:Voiceless short Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Family Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Eskimo-Aleut Aleut[4] Atkan hwax̂ Script error: No such module "IPA". 'smoke'
Bering ʼЎaӽ
Celtic Cornish SWF Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'you all'
Germanic English Conservative Received Pronunciation[5] whine Script error: No such module "IPA". 'whine' English Script error: No such module "IPA". is generally a labio-velar fricative or approximant.Template:Sfnp It is usually represented phonemically as /hw/, but phonetically there is not a sequence of [h] plus [w] (see English phonology). In General AmericanTemplate:Sfnp and New Zealand EnglishTemplate:Sfnp only some speakers maintain a distinction with Script error: No such module "IPA".; in Europe, mostly heard in Irish and Scottish accents.[5] See English phonology and phonological history of wh.
Cultivated South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp
Conservative General AmericanTemplate:Sfnp
IrishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "IPA".
ScottishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
Southern AmericanTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "IPA".
New ZealandTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "IPA".
Athabaskan Hupa[6] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'his property' A voiceless labialized velar fricative.
Sino-Tibetan Kham Gamale Kham Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'tooth' Described as an approximant.Template:Sfnp
Iranian Kurdish Kurmanji (Northern) Script error: No such module "Lang". / xwîşk Script error: No such module "IPA". 'sister'
Kalhori (Southern) Script error: No such module "Lang". / xweş Script error: No such module "IPA". 'nice'
Salishan Lushootseed Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Newhalem, Washington'
Iranian Persian Classical Persian Script error: No such module "Lang". / xwâstän Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to want' In modern standard dialects of Persian, the pronunciation has evolved to a simple Voiceless velar fricative ([x]) sound
Salishan Shuswap Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Shuswap language'
Slavic SloveneTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp vse Script error: No such module "IPA". 'everything' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in the syllable onset before voiceless consonants, in free variation with a vowel Template:IPAblink. Voiced Template:IPAblink before voiced consonants.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Slovene phonology.
Washo (isolate) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". 'he's the one who's doing it' Variously described as a labialized velar fricative or a voiceless approximant.

See also

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Refbegin

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  • Template:SOWL
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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Template:Accents of English
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Template:Refend

External links

Template:IPA navigation

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ For instance, Lyle Campbell (2020) Historical Linguistics, 4th edition, page xxii.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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