'''Anti-capitalism''' is a [[political ideology]] and [[Political movement|movement]] encompassing a variety of attitudes and ideas that oppose [[capitalism]]. In this sense, anti-capitalists are those who wish to replace capitalism with another type of [[economic system]], such as [[socialism]], [[communism]], and historically [[fascism]].
'''Anti-capitalism''' is a [[political ideology]] and [[Political movement|movement]] encompassing a variety of attitudes and ideas that oppose [[capitalism]]. Anti-capitalists seek to combat the worst effects of capitalism and to eventually replace capitalism with alternative [[economic systems]] such as [[socialism]] and [[communism]].
== Historical movements ==
== Characteristics ==
Anti-capitalism was widespread among workers in the [[United States]] in the [[1900s]] and [[1910s]], and [[Colorado]] was especially known as a center of anti-capitalist [[Labour movement|labor movements]] in that era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Thomas G. |title=Killing for Coal: America's Deadliest Labor War |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-674-03101-2 |location=Cambridge |page=6 |author-link=Thomas G. Andrews (historian)}}</ref>
Anti-capitalism can range from a [[reformism|reformist position]], which aims to limit corporate power and oppose neoliberal policies, to a [[radical politics|radical position]], which entirely rejects [[capitalism]] and seeks to replace the existing [[social order]]. Key principles of anti-capitalism, as outlined by the charter of the [[World Social Forum]], include a committent to [[democracy]] and [[egalitarianism]].{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|p=76}} Anti-capitalists view capitalism either as a [[social relation]] or as a distinct [[economic system|economic]] and [[political system]], and how they view it informs their methods of opposing it. Reformist anti-capitalism places itself in opposition to specific economic practices, including [[commodification]] and [[capital accumulation]], and seeks to combat the [[Externality#Negative|negative externalities]] of capitalism without fundamentally altering the economic system; on the other hand, forms of [[revolutionary socialism]] see capitalism as a fundamentally flawed social system that needs to be overthrown and replaced. Although the reformist and revolutionary perspectives differ, they are not necessarily distinct, with anti-capitalists often taking aspects of one or the other depending on the material conditions they are faced with.{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|pp=76-77}} <!--Radical Democracy, pp. 94-96-->
== Socialism ==
Various economic systems have been proposed as an alternative to capitalism. American economist [[Michael Albert]] proposed a system of [[participatory economics]], a kind of [[democratic socialism]] which would involve [[social ownership]], [[workers' self-management]], [[participatory planning]] and system of remuneration [[To each according to his contribution|based on contribution]], among other factors.{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|pp=77-78}} [[Neozapatismo]] emphasises the [[self-determination]] of [[indigenous peoples]] and a form of [[participatory democracy]] that stands in contrast to the [[centralisation]] and [[vanguardism]] of [[authoritarian socialism|authoritarian socialist tendencies]].{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|p=78}}
{{main|Socialism}}
[[File:Karl Marx 001.jpg|thumb|[[Karl Marx]], considered by many as one of the founding fathers of anti-capitalist thought]]
Socialism advocates public or direct worker ownership and administration of the [[means of production]] and allocation of resources, and a society characterized by equal access to resources for all individuals, with an [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] method of compensation.<ref name="SocialismAVeryShortIntroduction">''Newman, Michael''. (2005) ''Socialism: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-280431-6}}</ref><ref>"Socialism". Oxford English Dictionary.</ref>
# A theory or policy of social organisation which aims at or advocates the ownership and democratic control of the means of production, by workers or the community as a whole, and their administration or distribution in the interests of all.
# Socialists argue for a [[worker cooperative]]/community economy, or the [[commanding heights of the economy]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/socialism |title=Socialism |date=2008 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> with democratic control by the people over the state, although there have been some undemocratic philosophies. "State" or "worker cooperative" ownership is in fundamental opposition to "private" ownership of [[means of production]], which is a defining feature of capitalism. Most socialists argue that capitalism unfairly concentrates power, wealth and profit, among a small segment of society that controls [[Capital (economics)|capital]] and derives its wealth through [[exploitation of labour|exploitation]].
Socialists argue that the accumulation of capital generates waste through [[externalities]] that require costly corrective regulatory measures. They also point out that this process generates wasteful industries and practices that exist only to generate sufficient demand for products to be sold at a profit (such as high-pressure advertisement); thereby creating rather than satisfying economic demand.<ref name=WorldSocialism>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/may10/page23.html |title=Let's produce for use, not profit |publisher=socialist standard |date=May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716140329/http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/may10/page23.html |archive-date=July 16, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=Fred Magdoff and Michael D. Yates |url=http://www.monthlyreview.org/091109magdoff-yates.php |title=What Needs To Be Done: A Socialist View |magazine=Monthly Review |access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref>
== History ==
Early opposition to the rise of capitalism first arose during the 17th century, when [[Feudalism|feudal]] [[landlord|landowners]] first came under threat from the increasing power of [[businessperson|business owners]]. During the 19th century, the [[Industrial Revolution]] gave rise to [[mass production]], which accelerated the shift away from [[mercantilism]] as the predominant economic system and the [[globalization]] of capitalism. The [[division of labour]] within this industrial capitalist economy led to the rapid growth of the [[working class]], who were increasingly drawn towards anti-capitalism and organised themselves in [[trade union]]s and [[Socialist Party|socialist parties]].{{Sfn|Wallerstein|1974|p=410}}
Socialists argue that capitalism consists of irrational activity, such as the purchasing of commodities only to sell at a later time when their price appreciates, rather than for consumption, even if the commodity cannot be sold at a profit to individuals in need; they argue that ''making money'', or accumulation of capital, does not correspond to the satisfaction of demand.<ref name=WorldSocialism />
== Contemporary anti-capitalist movement ==
===1960s–1980s===
Contemporary anti-capitalism finds its roots among the [[New Left]] and the [[counterculture of the 1960s]], which infused anti-capitalism with a [[postmodernism|postmodern tendency]] by the end of the [[Cold War]].{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|p=80}} During this period, anti-capitalism began to developed within the [[environmental movement]], with [[green politics]] drawing a lot of its influence from the New Left and groups such as [[Greenpeace]] aligning themselves against [[economic growth]] and pioneering new methods of [[direct action]] which had previously been advocated by [[anarchism|anarchists]].{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|pp=81-82}} [[Radical environmentalism|Radical environmentalists]] such as [[Earth First]], which infused their green politics with anti-capitalism, used [[decentralisation|decentralised]] [[clandestine cell system]]s to carry out large-scale acts of [[sabotage]]; tactics which would later be taken up by the wider anti-capitalist movement.{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|pp=82-83}} Capitalism was increasingly seen as responsible for [[environmental degradation]], leading to the adoption of anti-capitalism by those who aimed to stop it.{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|p=84}} <!--Situationists in Gilbert 2008, pp. 99-103; Social Ecology in Gilbert 2008, pp. 103-105-->
Private ownership imposes constraints on planning, leading to inaccessible economic decisions that result in immoral production, unemployment and a tremendous waste of material resources during crisis of [[overproduction]]. According to socialists, private property in the means of production becomes obsolete when it concentrates into centralized, socialized institutions based on private appropriation of revenue (but based on cooperative work and internal planning in the allocation of inputs) until the role of the capitalist becomes redundant.<ref>Engels, Fredrich. ''Socialism: Utopian and Scientific''. Retrieved October 30, 2010, from Marxists.org: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch03.htm, "The bourgeoisie demonstrated to be a superfluous class. All its social functions are now performed by salaried employees."</ref> With no need for [[capital accumulation]] and a class of owners, private property in the means of production is perceived as being an outdated form of economic organization that should be replaced by a [[free association (communism and anarchism)|free association]] of individuals based on public or [[common ownership]] of these socialized assets.<ref>''The Political Economy of Socialism'', by Horvat, Branko. 1982. Chapter 1: Capitalism, The General Pattern of Capitalist Development (pp. 15–20)</ref> Socialists view [[private property]] relations as limiting the potential of [[productive forces]] in the economy.<ref name="Engels Selected Works 1968, p. 40">Marx and Engels Selected Works, Lawrence and Wishart, 1968, p. 40. Capitalist property relations put a "fetter" on the productive forces.</ref>
===1990s===
By the 1990s, [[neoliberalism]] had asserted a [[hegemony|hegemonic influence]] over the [[world economy|global economy]]. In reaction against the rise of neoliberalism, a new anti-capitalist movement began to take shape.{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|p=75}} The contemporary anti-capitalist movement first emerged in January 1994, with the [[Zapatista uprising]] against the implementation of the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA).{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|p=78}} Zapatista spokesperson [[Subcomandante Marcos]] explicitly expressed [[solidarity]] with [[minority group]]s throughout the world, seeking to make a common cause with others who experienced [[oppression]] under globalized capitalism.{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|p=79}} The [[Zapatista territories|Zapatista autonomous region]] in [[Chiapas]] inspired a new generation of anti-capitalists worldwide.{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|pp=79-80}} Anti-capitalists began to defend [[cultural pluralism]] and stand in solidarity with [[indigenism|indigenous rights movements]], breaking from the 20th century's anti-capitalist movement, which had few links with the [[Decolonization|decolonial]] and [[anti-racism|anti-racist]] movements of its period.{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|pp=80-81}}
Early socialists ([[Utopian socialist]]s and [[Ricardian socialism|Ricardian socialists]]) criticized capitalism for concentrating [[power (philosophy)|power]] and [[wealth]] within a small segment of society,<ref>in Encyclopædia Britannica (2009). Retrieved October 14, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551569/socialism, "Main" summary: "Socialists complain that capitalism necessarily leads to unfair and exploitative concentrations of wealth and power in the hands of the relative few who emerge victorious from free-market competition—people who then use their wealth and power to reinforce their dominance in society."</ref> and for not utilising available [[technology]] and resources to their maximum potential in the interests of the public.<ref name="Engels Selected Works 1968, p. 40"/>
In 1995, the establishment of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), which sought to promote a neoliberal policy of [[economic globalization]], met with opposition from the nascent [[anti-globalization movement]] (also known as the [[alter-globalization]] movement or [[global justice movement]]).{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|pp=75-76}} Other opponents of neoliberal globalization included [[nationalism|nationalists]] and [[fundamentalism|religious fundamentalists]], although these tendencies differed widely from anti-capitalism in their principles and objectives.{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|p=76}} The anti-capitalist movement provided a [[militant]] opposition to the WTO and its [[General Agreement on Trade in Services]], distinguishing their [[progressive politics]] from the prevailing [[liberal democracy|liberal democratic politics]] which upheld these institutions and had resigned to a belief that [[There is no alternative|no alternative existed]].{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|p=77}} English philosopher [[Mark Fisher]] referred to this phenomenon as [[capitalist realism]].{{sfn|Fisher|2009|p=2}}
=== Anarchism and libertarian socialism ===
Towards the end of the 1990s, the British environmentalist group [[Reclaim the Streets]] sought to build ties with the anti-globalisation movement, culminating with the [[Carnival Against Capital]] on 18 June 1999 in [[London]]. Although the protest precipitated a decline in the British anti-capitalist movement, following the rise of [[Tony Blair]]'s [[New Labour]] government, it also renewed contacts within the international anti-capitalist movement and accelerated a shift towards revolutionary anti-capitalism.{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|pp=83-84}} During the late 1990s, confrontations between militant anti-capitalists and the police became commonplace at [[G8]] summits and [[Ministerial Conference|WTO conferences]], which were regularly targeted for protests by a diverse and decentralised coalition of organisations.{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|pp=84-85}} The largest of these were the [[1999 Seattle WTO protests]], where [[anarchism in the United States|anarchists]], [[Environmental movement in the United States|environmentalists]] and [[trade unions in the United States|trade unionists]] caused conference negotiations to collapse; this inspired a new wave of anti-capitalist [[activism]] in the 21st century, with large protests taking place against the [[26th G8 summit]] in [[Prague]] and the [[27th G8 summit]] in [[Genoa]].{{Sfn|Gilbert|2008|p=85}}
[[File:Portrait Emma Goldman.jpg|thumb|[[Emma Goldman]] famously denounced wage slavery by saying: "The only difference is that you are hired slaves instead of block slaves."{{sfn|Goldman|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0IF7CusxuMcC&pg=PA283 283]}}]]
For the influential German [[individualist anarchist]] philosopher [[Max Stirner]], "[[private property]] is a spook" which "lives by the grace of law" and it "becomes 'mine' only by the effect of the law". In other words, private property exists purely "through the protection of the State, through the State's grace." Recognising its need for state protection, Stirner argued that "[i]t need not make any difference to the 'good citizens' who protects them and their principles, whether an absolute King or a constitutional one, a republic if only they are protected. And what is their principle, whose protector they always 'love'? Not that of labour", rather it is "interest-bearing possession ... labouring capital, therefore ... labour certainly, yet little or none at all of one's own, but labour of capital and of the—subject labourers."<ref>{{cite web|author= Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin |url=http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionG6 |title=G.6 What are the ideas of Max Stirner? in An Anarchist FAQ |publisher=Infoshop.org |access-date=2010-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123154932/http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionG6 |archive-date=2010-11-23 }}</ref> French anarchist [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] opposed government privilege that protects capitalist, banking and land interests, and the accumulation or acquisition of property (and any form of [[coercion]] that led to it) which he believed hampers competition and keeps wealth in the hands of the few. The Spanish individualist anarchist [[Miguel Giménez Igualada]] saw:<ref>{{cite web |quote=el capitalismo es sólo el efecto del gobierno; desaparecido el gobierno, el capitalismo cae de su pedestal vertiginosamente...Lo que llamamos capitalismo no es otra cosa que el producto del Estado, dentro del cual lo único que se cultiva es la ganancia, bien o mal habida. Luchar, pues, contra el capitalismo es tarea inútil, porque sea Capitalismo de Estado o Capitalismo de Empresa, mientras el Gobierno exista, existirá el capital que explota. La lucha, pero de conciencias, es contra el Estado. |language=es |trans-quote=capitalism [as] an effect of government; the disappearance of government means capitalism falls from its pedestal vertiginously...That which we call capitalism is not something else but a product of the State, within which the only thing that is being pushed forward is profit, good or badly acquired. And so to fight against capitalism is a pointless task, since be it State capitalism or Enterprise capitalism, as long as Government exists, exploiting capital will exist. The fight, but of consciousness, is against the State. |url=http://www.kclibertaria.comyr.com/lpdf/l125.pdf |title=Anarquismo |trans-title=Anarchism |first=Miguel Gimenez |last=Igualada |author-link=Miguel Gimenez Igualada |access-date=2014-03-31 |archive-date=2017-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131205417/http://www.kclibertaria.comyr.com/lpdf/l125.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><blockquote>capitalism [as] an effect of government; the disappearance of government means capitalism falls from its pedestal vertiginously...That which we call capitalism is not something else but a product of the State, within which the only thing that is being pushed forward is profit, good or badly acquired. And so to fight against capitalism is a pointless task, since be it State capitalism or Enterprise capitalism, as long as Government exists, exploiting capital will exist. The fight, but of consciousness, is against the State.</blockquote>Within [[anarchism]] there emerged a critique of [[wage slavery]], which refers to a situation perceived as quasi-[[voluntary slavery]],{{sfn|Ellerman|1992}} where a person's [[livelihood]] depends on [[wage]]s, especially when the dependence is total and immediate.<ref name="merriam-webster.com">{{cite dictionary |title=wage slave |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wage%20slave |dictionary=[[Merriam Webster|merriam-webster.com]] |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |title=wage slave |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wage%20slave |dictionary=[[dictionary.com]] |access-date= 4 March 2013}}</ref> It is a [[connotation|negatively connoted]] term used to draw an analogy between [[slavery]] and [[wage labor]] by focusing on similarities between owning and [[employment|renting]] a person. The term ''wage slavery'' has been used to criticize [[economic exploitation]] and [[social stratification]], with the former seen primarily as unequal bargaining power between labor and capital (particularly when workers are paid comparatively low wages, e.g. in [[sweatshops]]),{{sfn|Sandel|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_KdrTfTxqvgC&pg=PA184 184]}} and the latter as a lack of [[workers' self-management]], fulfilling job choices and leisure in an economy.<ref name="globetrotter.berkeley.edu">{{cite web |url=http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con2.html |title=Conversation with Noam Chomsky |page=2 |publisher=Globetrotter.berkeley.edu |access-date=2010-06-28 |archive-date=2019-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919041544/http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Hallgrimsdottir|Benoit|2007}}<ref name="spunk.org">{{cite web |title=The Bolsheviks and Workers Control, 1917–1921: The State and Counter-revolution |url=http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/russia/sp001861/bolintro.html |publisher=[[Spunk Library]] |access-date=4 March 2013 }}</ref> [[Libertarian socialism|Libertarian socialists]] believe if freedom is valued, then society must work towards a system in which individuals have the power to decide economic issues along with political issues. Libertarian socialists seek to replace unjustified authority with [[direct democracy]], voluntary federation, and popular autonomy in all aspects of life,<ref>Harrington, Austin, et al. ''Encyclopedia of Social Theory'' Routledge (2006) p. 50</ref> including physical communities and economic enterprises. With the advent of the [[Industrial Revolution]], thinkers such as [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] and [[Karl Marx|Marx]] elaborated the comparison between wage labor and slavery in the context of a critique of societal property not intended for active personal use,{{sfn|Proudhon|1890}}<ref name="Marx 1863 c7">{{Harvnb|Marx|1969|loc=[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/theories-surplus-value/ch07.htm Chapter VII]}}</ref> [[Luddite]]s emphasized the [[dehumanization]] brought about by machines, while later American anarchist [[Emma Goldman]] famously denounced wage slavery by saying: "The only difference is that you are hired slaves instead of block slaves."{{sfn|Goldman|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0IF7CusxuMcC&pg=PA283 283]}} Goldman believed that the economic system of capitalism was incompatible with human liberty. "The only demand that property recognizes," she wrote in ''Anarchism and Other Essays'', "is its own gluttonous appetite for greater wealth, because wealth means power; the power to subdue, to crush, to exploit, the power to enslave, to outrage, to degrade."<ref name="Goldman1917p54">Goldman, Emma. ''Anarchism and Other Essays''. 3rd ed. 1917. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1969., p. 54.</ref> She also argued that capitalism dehumanized workers, "turning the producer into a mere particle of a machine, with less will and decision than his master of steel and iron."<ref name="Goldman1917p54" />
[[Noam Chomsky]] contends that there is little moral difference between chattel slavery and renting one's self to an owner or "wage slavery". He feels that it is an attack on personal integrity that undermines individual freedom. He holds that workers should own and control their workplace.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con2.html |title=Conversation with Noam Chomsky, p. 2 of 5 |publisher=Globetrotter.berkeley.edu |access-date=August 16, 2011 |archive-date=September 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919041544/http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many libertarian socialists argue that large-scale voluntary associations should manage industrial manufacture, while workers retain rights to the individual products of their labor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lindemann |first=Albert S. |author-link=Albert S. Lindemann |title=A History of European Socialism |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |date=1983 |pages=160}}</ref> As such, they see a distinction between the concepts of "private property" and "[[Personal property|personal possession]]". Whereas "private property" grants an individual exclusive control over a thing whether it is in use or not, and regardless of its productive capacity, "possession" grants no rights to things that are not in use.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ely |first=Richard |author-link=Richard T. Ely |display-authors=etal |title=Property and Contract in Their Relations to the Distribution of Wealth |publisher=The Macmillan Company |date=1914}}</ref>
===2000s===
{{Expand section|date=June 2025}}
<!--European anti-capitalism in Gilbert 2008, pp. 85-89; Latin American socialism in Gilbert 2008, pp. 89-94; Anti-capitalist culture in Gilbert 2008, pp. 96-99-->
In addition to individualist anarchist [[Benjamin Tucker]]'s "big four" monopolies (land, money, tariffs, and patents), [[Kevin Carson]] argues that the [[Sovereign state|state]] has also transferred wealth to the wealthy by subsidizing organizational centralization, in the form of transportation and communication subsidies. He believes that Tucker overlooked this issue due to Tucker's focus on individual market transactions, whereas Carson also focuses on organizational issues. Carson holds that "capitalism, arising as a new class society directly from the old class society of the [[Middle Ages]], was founded on an act of robbery as massive as the earlier [[Feudalism|feudal]] conquest of the land. It has been sustained to the present by continual state intervention to protect its system of privilege without which its survival is unimaginable."<ref name=Richman>Richman, Sheldon, [http://www.amconmag.com/blog/libertarian-left/ Libertarian Left] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814153531/http://www.amconmag.com/blog/libertarian-left/ |date=2011-08-14 }}, ''[[The American Conservative]]'' (March 2011)</ref> Carson coined the [[pejorative]] term "vulgar libertarianism", a phrase that describes the use of a free market rhetoric in defense of [[corporate capitalism]] and [[economic inequality]]. According to Carson, the term is derived from the phrase "vulgar political economy", which [[Karl Marx]] described as an economic order that "deliberately becomes increasingly apologetic and makes strenuous attempts to talk out of existence the ideas which contain the contradictions [existing in economic life]."{{sfn|Marx|1969|p=501}}
===2010s===
{{Expand section|date=June 2025}}
=== Marxism ===
===2020s===
{{main|Marxism}}
{{Expand section|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Zentralbibliothek Zürich Das Kapital Marx 1867.jpg|thumbnail|''[[Das Kapital|Capital: Critique of Political Economy]]'', by [[Karl Marx]], is a critical analysis of political economy, meant to reveal the economic laws of the [[Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]].]]
[[Karl Marx]] saw capitalism as a historical stage, once progressive but which would eventually stagnate due to internal contradictions and would eventually be followed by socialism. Marx claimed that capitalism was nothing more than a necessary stepping stone for the progression of man, which would then face a political revolution before embracing the [[classless society]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallerstein |first1=Immanuel |title=The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |date=September 1974 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=387–415 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500007520 |s2cid=73664685}}</ref>
=== Contemporary anti-capitalism ===
Inspired by Marxist thought, the [[Frankfurt School]] in Germany was established in 1923, with the purpose of analyzing the superstructure. Marx defined the superstructure as the [[social stratification]] and mores reflecting the economic base of capitalism. Through the 1930s, the Frankfurt School, led by thinkers such as [[Herbert Marcuse]] and [[Max Horkheimer]] created the philosophical movement of [[critical theory]]. Later, Critical theorist [[Jürgen Habermas]] noted that the universality of modern worldviews posed a threat to marginalized perspectives outside of western rationality. While Critical Theory emphasized the social issues stemming from capitalism with the intention towards liberating humanity, it did not directly offer an alternative economic model. Instead its analysis shifted attention to the reinforcement of existing power dynamics through statecraft and a complicit citizenry.
In turn, Critical Theory inspired postmodern philosophers such as [[Michel Foucault]] to conceptualize how we form identities through social interaction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agger |first1=Ben |title=Critical Theory, Poststructuralism, Postmodernism: Their Sociological Relevance |journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]] |date=1991 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=105–131 |doi=10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.000541 |jstor=2083337}}</ref> During the 1960s and 1970s the global political movement called the [[New Left]] explored what liberation entailed through social activism on behalf of these identities. Therefore, socialist identifying movements critical of capitalism extended their reach beyond purely economic considerations and became involved in anti-war and civil rights movements. Later this postmodern activism centered around identities regarding ethnicity, gender, orientation, and race would influence more direct anti-capitalist movements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Farred |first1=Grant |title=Endgame Identity? Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity Politics |journal=[[New Literary History]] |date=2000 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=627–648 |doi=10.1353/nlh.2000.0045 |jstor=20057628 |s2cid=144650061}}</ref>
New critiques of capitalism also developed in accordance with modern concerns. [[Anti-globalization]] and [[alter-globalization]] oppose what they view as the sweeping [[neoliberal]] and pro-corporate capitalism that spread internationally in the wake of the Soviet Union's fall. They are particularly critical of international financial institutions and regulations such as the [[IMF]], [[WTO]], and [[free trade agreements]]. In response, they promote the autonomy of sovereign people and the importance of environmental concerns as priorities over international market participation. Notable examples of contemporary anti-globalist movements include Mexico's [[EZLN]]. The [[World Social Forum]], began in 2002, is an annual international event dedicated to countering capitalist globalization through networking of attending organizations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Jeremy |title=Anticapitalism and culture: radical theory and popular politics |date=2008 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-84788-451-0 |url=https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-273844 |chapter=Another World Is Possible: The Anti-Capitalist Movement |pages=75–106}}</ref>
According to historian [[Gary Gerstle]], the ideological space for anti-capitalism in the United States shrank significantly with the end of the [[Cold War]] and the globalization of capitalism, forcing the left to "redefine their radicalism in alternative terms" by heavily focusing on multiculturalism and partisan culture war issues, which "turned out to be those that the capitalist system could more, rather than less, easily manage."{{sfn|Gerstle|2022|p=149}} Late philosopher [[Mark Fisher]] referred to this phenomenon as [[Capitalist realism#Mark Fisher|capitalist realism]]: "the widespread sense that not only is capitalism the only viable political and economic system, but also that it is now impossible even to imagine a coherent alternative to it."{{sfn|Fisher|2009|p=2}}
== Fascism ==
{{See also|Fascism|Economics of fascism}}
Modern historians and scholars don't agree on one cohesive economic policy of fascism, but historically, fascism presented itself as an alternative to both socialism and [[Economic liberalism|liberal capitalism]], referred to as a [[Third Position|third position]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berlet |first=Chip |date=2016-12-19 <!-- - 1:32 AM --> |title=What is the Third Position? |url=https://politicalresearch.org/2016/12/19/what-third-position |journal=Political Research Associates |language=en}}</ref> [[Benito Mussolini]], credited with founding fascism, claimed liberalism prioritized individuals over the nation, and that capitalism was materialistic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mussolini |first=Benito |url=https://archive.org/details/myautobiography00muss/page/65/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater |title=My autobiography |last2=Child |first2=Richard Washburn |last3=John Davis Batchelder Collection (Library of Congress) |date=1928 |publisher=New York, C. Scribner's Sons |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Mussolini advocated for [[class collaboration]] as opposed to [[Class conflict|class struggle]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mussolini - THE DOCTRINE OF FASCISM |url=https://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/mussolini.htm |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=www.worldfuturefund.org}}</ref>
== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 58:
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* [[Accumulation by dispossession]]
* [[Accumulation by dispossession]]
* [[Adbusters]]
* [[Adbusters]]
* [[Alter-globalization]]
* [[Anti-Capitalist Convergence]]
* [[Anti-Capitalist Convergence]]
* [[Anti-consumerism]]
* [[Anti-consumerism]]
* [[Anti-globalization]]
*[[Anti-system politics]]
*[[Anti-system politics]]
*[[Anti-politics]]
*[[Anti-politics]]
* [[Christian views on poverty and wealth]]
* [[Christian views on poverty and wealth]]
* [[Culture jamming]]
* [[Economics of fascism|Fascist economy]]
* [[Economics of fascism|Fascist economy]]
* [[Degrowth]]
* [[Degrowth]]
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* [[Eye of a needle]]
* [[Eye of a needle]]
* [[Foundations of Real-World Economics]]
* [[Foundations of Real-World Economics]]
* [[Global justice movement]]
* [[Humanistic economics]]
* [[Humanistic economics]]
* [[Islam and poverty|Islamic views on poverty]]
* [[Islam and poverty|Islamic views on poverty]]
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* [[Solidarity economy]]
* [[Solidarity economy]]
* [[Syndicalism]]
* [[Syndicalism]]
* [[Hatari (band)]]
{{colend}}
{{colend}}
== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}
=== Bibliography ===
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Ellerman |first=David P. |author-link=David Ellerman |year=1992 |title=Property and Contract in Economics: The Case for Economic Democracy |url=http://www.ellerman.org/Davids-Stuff/Books/P&C-Book.pdf |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-55786-309-6 |access-date=9 March 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Fisher|first=Mark |author-link=Mark Fisher|date=2009 |title=[[Capitalist Realism|Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?]]|location= |publisher= [[John Hunt Publishing]]|isbn=978-1846943171}}
* {{cite book |last=Fisher|first=Mark |author-link=Mark Fisher|date=2009 |title=[[Capitalist Realism|Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?]]|location= |publisher= [[John Hunt Publishing]]|isbn=978-1846943171}}
*{{cite book |last=Gerstle |first=Gary |author-link=Gary Gerstle |date=2022 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en& |location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0197519646}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Jeremy |title=Anticapitalism and culture: radical theory and popular politics |date=2008 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-84788-451-0 |url=https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-273844 |chapter=Another World Is Possible: The Anti-Capitalist Movement |pages=75–106}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Emma |author-link=Emma Goldman |editor-first=Candace |editor-last=Falk |editor-link=List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1998 |display-editors=etal |year=2003 |title=Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years, Volume I: Made for America, 1890–1901 |location=Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-08670-8}}
* {{cite journal|last=Latham |first=Robert |year=2018 |title=Contemporary capitalism, uneven development, and the arc of anti-capitalism |journal=Global Discourse |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=169–186 |doi=10.1080/23269995.2018.1461339 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hallgrimsdottir |first1=Helga Kristin |last2=Benoit |first2=Cecilia |year=2007 |title=From Wage Slaves to Wage Workers: Cultural Opportunity Structures and the Evolution of the Wage Demands of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor, 1880–1900 |journal=[[Social Forces]] |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=1393–1411 |jstor=4494978 |doi=10.1353/sof.2007.0037 |s2cid=154551793}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wallerstein |first1=Immanuel |title=The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis |journal=[[Comparative Studies in Society and History]] |date=September 1974 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=387–415 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500007520 |s2cid=73664685}}
* {{cite book |last=Kmlos |first=J. |year=2023 |title=Foundations of Real-World Economics: 3rd edition, Section 9.1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eResEAAAQBAJ&q=John+Komlos%2C+Foundations|location=Abingdon-on-Thames, UK |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-84789-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Latham |first=R. |year=2020 |title=Contemporary capitalism, uneven development, and the arc of anti-capitalism. In The Radical Left and Social Transformation |publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |year=1969 |orig-year=1863 |title=[[Theories of Surplus Value]] |location=Moscow |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Proudhon |first=Pierre-Joseph |author-link=Pierre-Joseph Proudhon |year=1890 |orig-year=1840 |title=[[What Is Property?|What Is Property? or, An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government]] |location=New York, NY |publisher=Humboldt Publishing}}
* {{cite book |last=Sandel |first=Michael J. |author-link=Michael Sandel |year=1996 |title=Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[Belknap Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-19744-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/democracysdiscon0000sand}}
* {{cite book|last=Adamovsky|first=Ezequiel|author-link=Ezequiel Adamovsky|year=2011|orig-year=2008|title=Anti-capitalism: the new generation of emancipatory movements|url=https://archive.org/details/anticapitalismne0000adam/|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Seven Stories Press]]|translator-first=Marie|translator-last=Trigona|isbn=9781609800871}}
* Chris Williams. ''Ecology and Socialism''. [[Haymarket Books]]. 2010
* {{cite journal|last=Blackledge|first=Paul|year=2005|title='Anti-Leninist' anti-capitalism: a critique|journal=Contemporary Politics|volume=11|issue=2–3|pages=99–116|doi=10.1080/13569770500275114}}
* David E Lowes. ''The Anti-Capitalist Dictionary''. [[Zed Books]]. 2006
* {{cite book|last=Gilbert|first=Jeremy|year=2006|chapter=Cultural studies and anti-capitalism|editor-last=Hall|editor-first=Gary|title=New Cultural Studies: Adventures in Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHsxEAAAQBAJ|pages=181–199|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7486-2208-5}}
* [[David McNally (professor)|David McNally]]. ''Another World Is Possible: Globalization and Anti-Capitalism''. [[Arbeiter Ring Publishing]]. 2006
* {{cite journal|last=Heartfield|first=James|author-link=James Heartfield|year=2003|title=postmodern desertions capitalism and anti-capitalism|journal=Interventions|volume=5|issue=2|pages=271–289|doi=10.1080/1369801031000112996}}
* [[Emma Goldman]]. ''[[Anarchism and Other Essays|Anarchism and other essays.]]'' [[Mother Earth Publishing Association]]. 1910
* {{cite journal|last=Malherbe|first=Nick|year=2023|title=A Psychoanalytic Case for Anti-capitalism as an Organisational Form|journal=Theory, Culture & Society|volume=41|issue=6|pages=77–94|doi=10.1177/02632764231178648|doi-access=free}}
* [[Ludwig von Mises]]. ''[[The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality]]''. [[Mises Institute]]. 1956
* {{cite book|last=McNally|first=David|author-link=David McNally (professor)|year=2006|title=Another World Is Possible: Globalization and Anti-Capitalism|url=https://archive.org/details/anotherworldispo0000mcna|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Arbeiter Ring Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-85036-585-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Sanders|first=Bernie |author-link=Bernie Sanders|date=2023 |title=It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism|url= |location= |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]]|page= |isbn=978-0593238714|title-link=It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism}}
* {{cite book|last=Morland|first=Dave|year=2012|chapter-url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/downloadpdf/display/9781526137289/9781526137289.00008.pdf|chapter=Anticapitalism and poststructuralist anarchism|editor-last1=Purkis|editor-first1=Jonathan|editor-last2=Bowen|editor-first2=James|title=Changing anarchism: Anarchist theory and practice in a global age|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|isbn=9780719066955|pages=23–38}}
* Simon Tormey. ''Anti-Capitalism: A Beginner's Guide''. [[Oneworld Publications]]. 2013
* {{cite journal|last1=Sayre|first1=Robert|last2=Löwy|first2=Michael|author-link=Michael Löwy|year=1984|title=Figures of Romantic Anti-Capitalism|journal=New German Critique|issue=32|pages=42–92|doi=10.2307/488156|jstor=488156 }}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Schalit|editor-first=Joel|year=2002|title=The anti-capitalism reader: imagining a geography of opposition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GlSVoiOdzwC|publisher=[[Akashic Books]]|isbn=1-888451-33-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Tormey|first=Simon|year=2013|orig-year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/anticapitalismbe0000torm|url-access=registration|title=Anti-Capitalism: A Beginner's Guide|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn=978-1-78074-250-2}}
== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Anti-capitalism}}
{{Commons category|Anti-capitalism}}
* [http://www.marxists.de/anticap/theprax/index.htm Anti-capitalism: theory and practice] by [[Chris Harman]], SWP (2000).
* [http://www.marxists.de/anticap/theprax/index.htm Anti-capitalism: theory and practice] by [[Chris Harman]], SWP (2000).
* [http://www.fifthinternational.org/content/publications/pamphlets/rough-guide-anticapitalist-movement Rough Guide to the Anti-Capitalist Movement], [[League for the Fifth International]]
* [http://www.fifthinternational.org/content/publications/pamphlets/rough-guide-anticapitalist-movement Rough Guide to the Anti-Capitalist Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707171409/http://www.fifthinternational.org/content/publications/pamphlets/rough-guide-anticapitalist-movement |date=2022-07-07 }}, [[League for the Fifth International]]
* {{cite news |last1=Rifkin |first1=Jeremy |title=The Rise of Anti-Capitalism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/opinion/sunday/the-rise-of-anti-capitalism.html |work=The New York Times |date=15 March 2014 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Rifkin |first1=Jeremy |title=The Rise of Anti-Capitalism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/opinion/sunday/the-rise-of-anti-capitalism.html |work=The New York Times |date=15 March 2014 }}
* [http://www.infoshop.org/ Infoshop.org Anarchists Opposed to Capitalism], Infoshop.org
* [http://www.infoshop.org/ Infoshop.org Anarchists Opposed to Capitalism], Infoshop.org
Anti-capitalism is a political ideology and movement encompassing a variety of attitudes and ideas that oppose capitalism. Anti-capitalists seek to combat the worst effects of capitalism and to eventually replace capitalism with alternative economic systems such as socialism and communism.
Anti-capitalism can range from a reformist position, which aims to limit corporate power and oppose neoliberal policies, to a radical position, which entirely rejects capitalism and seeks to replace the existing social order. Key principles of anti-capitalism, as outlined by the charter of the World Social Forum, include a committent to democracy and egalitarianism.Template:Sfn Anti-capitalists view capitalism either as a social relation or as a distinct economic and political system, and how they view it informs their methods of opposing it. Reformist anti-capitalism places itself in opposition to specific economic practices, including commodification and capital accumulation, and seeks to combat the negative externalities of capitalism without fundamentally altering the economic system; on the other hand, forms of revolutionary socialism see capitalism as a fundamentally flawed social system that needs to be overthrown and replaced. Although the reformist and revolutionary perspectives differ, they are not necessarily distinct, with anti-capitalists often taking aspects of one or the other depending on the material conditions they are faced with.Template:Sfn
Towards the end of the 1990s, the British environmentalist group Reclaim the Streets sought to build ties with the anti-globalisation movement, culminating with the Carnival Against Capital on 18 June 1999 in London. Although the protest precipitated a decline in the British anti-capitalist movement, following the rise of Tony Blair's New Labour government, it also renewed contacts within the international anti-capitalist movement and accelerated a shift towards revolutionary anti-capitalism.Template:Sfn During the late 1990s, confrontations between militant anti-capitalists and the police became commonplace at G8 summits and WTO conferences, which were regularly targeted for protests by a diverse and decentralised coalition of organisations.Template:Sfn The largest of these were the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, where anarchists, environmentalists and trade unionists caused conference negotiations to collapse; this inspired a new wave of anti-capitalist activism in the 21st century, with large protests taking place against the 26th G8 summit in Prague and the 27th G8 summit in Genoa.Template:Sfn
2000s
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2010s
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2020s
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See also
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