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'''''Metrosideros''''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|t|r|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|d|ər|ə|s|,_|-|t|r|oʊ|-}}<ref> | '''''Metrosideros''''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|t|r|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|d|ər|ə|s|,_|-|t|r|oʊ|-}} {{respell|MET|roe|SID|uh|ruhs}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sunset western garden book |date=1995 |publisher=Sunset Pub. Corp |isbn=978-0-376-03851-7 |editor-last=Sunset Books |edition=6th ed., completely rev. and updated |location=Menlo Park, Calif |page=607}}</ref> is a genus of approximately 60 [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, and [[vine]]s in the family [[Myrtaceae]], mostly found in the Pacific region. Most of the tree forms are small, but some are exceptionally large, the New Zealand species in particular. The name derives from the [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] ''metra'' or "[[heartwood]]" and ''sideron'' or "iron". Perhaps the best-known species are the [[pōhutukawa]] (''M. excelsa''), [[Metrosideros robusta|northern rātā]] (''M. robusta'') and [[Metrosideros umbellata|southern rātā]] (''M. umbellata'') of New Zealand, and ''[[Metrosideros polymorpha|{{okina}}ōhi{{okina}}a lehua]]'' (''M. polymorpha'') from the [[Hawaiian Islands]]. | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
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''Metrosideros'' is one of the most widely spread flowering plant genera in the Pacific. [[New Caledonia]] has 21 species, [[New Zealand]] has 12, [[New Guinea]] has seven and [[Hawaii]] has 5. The genus is present on most other high [[Pacific Islands]], including [[Solomon Islands]], [[Vanuatu]], [[Fiji]], [[Samoa]], [[Cook Islands]], [[French Polynesia]], [[Bonin Islands]] and [[Lord Howe Island]], but absent from [[Micronesia]]. The genus is also represented by one species in the [[Philippines]], one in [[South America]] (Chile and Argentina), and one outlier in [[South Africa]].{{cn|date=February 2025}} | ''Metrosideros'' is one of the most widely spread flowering plant genera in the Pacific. [[New Caledonia]] has 21 species, [[New Zealand]] has 12, [[New Guinea]] has seven and [[Hawaii]] has 5. The genus is present on most other high [[Pacific Islands]], including [[Solomon Islands]], [[Vanuatu]], [[Fiji]], [[Samoa]], [[Cook Islands]], [[French Polynesia]], [[Bonin Islands]] and [[Lord Howe Island]], but absent from [[Micronesia]]. The genus is also represented by one species in the [[Philippines]], one in [[South America]] (Chile and Argentina), and one outlier in [[South Africa]].{{cn|date=February 2025}} | ||
''Metrosideros'' seeds are very lightweight and easily dispersed by wind. The seeds can also survive freezing temperatures, and up to 30 days submerged in salt water, and still germinate,<ref>Wright | ''Metrosideros'' seeds are very lightweight and easily dispersed by wind. The seeds can also survive freezing temperatures, and up to 30 days submerged in salt water, and still germinate,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Shane D. |last2=Yong |first2=Catherine G. |last3=Wichman |first3=Stephen R. |last4=Dawson |first4=John W. |author-link4=John Dawson (botanist) |last5=Gardner |first5=Richard C. |date=2001 |title=Stepping Stones to Hawaii: A Trans-Equatorial Dispersal Pathway for Metrosideros (Myrtaceae) Inferred from nrDNA (ITS + ETS) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/827454 |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=769–774 |issn=0305-0270 |jstor=827454 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00605.x| bibcode = 2001JBiog..28..769W | s2cid = 83166606}}</ref> which probably accounts for their wide distribution. They are often found as pioneer trees on lava flows and on mountain ridges. Despite the clear propensity towards long-distance dispersal, the genus does not occur in mainland Australia.<ref name="Tarran">{{Cite journal |last1=Tarran |first1=Myall |last2=Wilson |first2=Peter G. |last3=Hill |first3=Robert S. |author-link3=Robert Hill (botanist) |date=2016 |title=Oldest record of Metrosideros (Myrtaceae): Fossil flowers, fruits, and leaves from Australia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43827382 |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=754–768 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1500469 |issn=0002-9122 |jstor=43827382|pmid=27056926 }}</ref> | ||
==Fossil record== | ==Fossil record== | ||
{{Further|Metrosideros leunigii}} | {{Further|Metrosideros leunigii}} | ||
For some time, it had been hypothesised that ''Metrosideros'' evolved in New Zealand, and dispersed from there throughout the Pacific. This was due to the long fossil record of ''Metrosideros'' in New Zealand coupled with the absence of any ''Metrosideros'' fossils on other [[Gondwanan]] landmasses. The oldest conclusive fossil evidence of ''Metrosideros'' in New Zealand is fossil fruits from the [[Miocene]] aged Manuherikia sediments of [[Central Otago]].<ref>Pole | For some time, it had been hypothesised that ''Metrosideros'' evolved in New Zealand, and dispersed from there throughout the Pacific. This was due to the long fossil record of ''Metrosideros'' in New Zealand coupled with the absence of any ''Metrosideros'' fossils on other [[Gondwanan]] landmasses. The oldest conclusive fossil evidence of ''Metrosideros'' in New Zealand is fossil fruits from the [[Miocene]] aged Manuherikia sediments of [[Central Otago]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pole |first=Mike |date=December 1993 |title=Early Miocene flora of the Manuherikia Group, New Zealand. 7. Myrtaceae, including Eucalyptus |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.1080/03036758.1993.10721229 |issn=0303-6758 |doi-access=free|bibcode=1993JRSNZ..23..313P }}</ref> There is a fossil pollen record going back much further, but it has been shown that ''Metrosideros'' pollen is very similar morphologically to many other genera within the family [[Myrtaceae]] and as such, fossil pollen cannot be reliably used as the oldest record of the genus.<ref name=Tarran /> | ||
The oldest conclusive record of ''Metrosideros'' are fossil fruits and flowers of ''[[Metrosideros leunigii]]'', an extinct species, from [[Oligocene]] aged sediments in Tasmania, Australia. This is very curious considering that ''Metrosideros'' is one of the most widely spread plants in the Pacific, and is not present in Australia today. These fossils may also point towards an Australian origin for the genus.<ref name=Tarran /> | The oldest conclusive record of ''Metrosideros'' are fossil fruits and flowers of ''[[Metrosideros leunigii]]'', an extinct species, from [[Oligocene]] aged sediments in Tasmania, Australia. This is very curious considering that ''Metrosideros'' is one of the most widely spread plants in the Pacific, and is not present in Australia today. These fossils may also point towards an Australian origin for the genus.<ref name=Tarran /> | ||
==Cultivation== | ==Cultivation== | ||
''Metrosideros'' are often cultivated for their showy flowers, as street trees or in home gardens. The flowers are generally red, but some cultivars have orange, yellow or white flowers. Some names listed in horticultural catalogues and other publications, such as ''M. villosa'' and ''M. vitiensis'', are actually the names of varieties or cultivars (usually of ''M. collina'') rather than valid scientific species. The [[pōhutukawa]] of New Zealand has several cultivars grown in Australia, Hawaii and [[California]]. It has been planted successfully in the north of [[Spain]]<ref>{{cite web| | ''Metrosideros'' are often cultivated for their showy flowers, as street trees or in home gardens. The flowers are generally red, but some cultivars have orange, yellow or white flowers. Some names listed in horticultural catalogues and other publications, such as ''M. villosa'' and ''M. vitiensis'', are actually the names of varieties or cultivars (usually of ''M. collina'') rather than valid scientific species. The [[pōhutukawa]] of New Zealand has several cultivars grown in Australia, Hawaii and [[California]]. It has been planted successfully in the north of [[Spain]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Galbreath |first=Ross |date=1 March 2009 |title=New Zealand species overseas – Plants overseas |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/new-zealand-species-overseas/page-2 |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]}}</ref> and on the [[Scilly Isles]] off the south-west coast of [[United Kingdom|Britain]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/12215.shtml|title=BBC - Gardening: Plant Finder - Christmas tree, Pohutukawa|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> but the species is considered an invasive pest in parts of South Africa and in the [[Azores]].<ref>[http://www.azores.gov.pt/Portal/en/entidades/sraf/noticias/Government+invests+in+fight+against+invasive+exotic+species.htm Governo dos Açores: "Government invests in fight against invasive exotic species"]</ref> ''[[Metrosideros kermadecensis]]'' is recently naturalised in Hawaii, and has the potential to become a pest. In turn, various cultivars of ''M. collina'' and ''M. polymorpha'' are widely grown in New Zealand under various names. ''[[Metrosideros umbellata]]'' occurs naturally south of mainland New Zealand in the [[Auckland Islands]] at 50° South latitude, and is the hardiest member of the genus, and a few cultivated specimens are growing in [[Scotland]].{{cn|date=February 2025}} | ||
==''Metrosideros'' species== | ==''Metrosideros'' species== | ||
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==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
* Simpson | * {{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Philip |title=Pōhutukawa & rātā: New Zealand's iron-hearted trees |date=2005 |publisher=Te Papa Press |others=Project Crimson, Project Crimson Trust |isbn=978-1-877385-13-1 |location=Wellington, N.Z}} | ||
* Wagner | * {{Cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Warren L. |title=Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i |last2=Herbst |first2=Derral R. |last3=Sohmer |first3=S. H. |date=August 1999 |publisher=Univ. of Hawaii Pr. [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-8248-2166-1 |series=Bishop Museum special publication |location=Honolulu}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Shane D. |last2=Yong |first2=Catherine G. |last3=Wichman |first3=Stephen R. |last4=Dawson |first4=John W. |author-link4=John Dawson (botanist) |last5=Gardner |first5=Richard C. |date=2001 |title=Stepping Stones to Hawaii: A Trans-Equatorial Dispersal Pathway for Metrosideros (Myrtaceae) Inferred from nrDNA (ITS + ETS) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/827454 |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=769–774 |issn=0305-0270 |jstor=827454 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00605.x| bibcode = 2001JBiog..28..769W | s2cid = 83166606}} | ||
* {{cite journal | last1 = Wright | first1 = S. D. | last2 = Gray | first2 = R. D. | last3 = Gardner | first3 = R. C. | year = 2003 | title = Energy and the rate of evolution: inferences from plant rDNA substitution rates in the Western Pacific | journal = Evolution | volume = 57 | issue = 12| pages = 2893–2898 | doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01529.x| pmid = 14761066 | s2cid = 29596868 }} | * {{cite journal | last1 = Wright | first1 = S. D. | last2 = Gray | first2 = R. D. | last3 = Gardner | first3 = R. C. | year = 2003 | title = Energy and the rate of evolution: inferences from plant rDNA substitution rates in the Western Pacific | journal = Evolution | volume = 57 | issue = 12| pages = 2893–2898 | doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01529.x| pmid = 14761066 | s2cid = 29596868 }} | ||
* {{ | * {{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=S. D. |last2=Yong |first2=C. G. |last3=Dawson |first3=J. W. |last4=Whittaker |first4=D. J. |last5=Gardner |first5=R. C. |date=2000-04-11 |title=Riding the ice age El Niño? Pacific biogeography and evolution of Metrosideros subg. Metrosideros (Myrtaceae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=97 |issue=8 |pages=4118–4123 |doi=10.1073/pnas.050351197 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=18169 |pmid=10725356}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Latest revision as of 09:12, 20 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Metrosideros Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell[1] is a genus of approximately 60 trees, shrubs, and vines in the family Myrtaceae, mostly found in the Pacific region. Most of the tree forms are small, but some are exceptionally large, the New Zealand species in particular. The name derives from the Ancient Greek metra or "heartwood" and sideron or "iron". Perhaps the best-known species are the pōhutukawa (M. excelsa), northern rātā (M. robusta) and southern rātā (M. umbellata) of New Zealand, and ʻōhiʻa lehua (M. polymorpha) from the Hawaiian Islands.
Distribution
Metrosideros is one of the most widely spread flowering plant genera in the Pacific. New Caledonia has 21 species, New Zealand has 12, New Guinea has seven and Hawaii has 5. The genus is present on most other high Pacific Islands, including Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Bonin Islands and Lord Howe Island, but absent from Micronesia. The genus is also represented by one species in the Philippines, one in South America (Chile and Argentina), and one outlier in South Africa.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Metrosideros seeds are very lightweight and easily dispersed by wind. The seeds can also survive freezing temperatures, and up to 30 days submerged in salt water, and still germinate,[2] which probably accounts for their wide distribution. They are often found as pioneer trees on lava flows and on mountain ridges. Despite the clear propensity towards long-distance dispersal, the genus does not occur in mainland Australia.[3]
Fossil record
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". For some time, it had been hypothesised that Metrosideros evolved in New Zealand, and dispersed from there throughout the Pacific. This was due to the long fossil record of Metrosideros in New Zealand coupled with the absence of any Metrosideros fossils on other Gondwanan landmasses. The oldest conclusive fossil evidence of Metrosideros in New Zealand is fossil fruits from the Miocene aged Manuherikia sediments of Central Otago.[4] There is a fossil pollen record going back much further, but it has been shown that Metrosideros pollen is very similar morphologically to many other genera within the family Myrtaceae and as such, fossil pollen cannot be reliably used as the oldest record of the genus.[3]
The oldest conclusive record of Metrosideros are fossil fruits and flowers of Metrosideros leunigii, an extinct species, from Oligocene aged sediments in Tasmania, Australia. This is very curious considering that Metrosideros is one of the most widely spread plants in the Pacific, and is not present in Australia today. These fossils may also point towards an Australian origin for the genus.[3]
Cultivation
Metrosideros are often cultivated for their showy flowers, as street trees or in home gardens. The flowers are generally red, but some cultivars have orange, yellow or white flowers. Some names listed in horticultural catalogues and other publications, such as M. villosa and M. vitiensis, are actually the names of varieties or cultivars (usually of M. collina) rather than valid scientific species. The pōhutukawa of New Zealand has several cultivars grown in Australia, Hawaii and California. It has been planted successfully in the north of Spain[5] and on the Scilly Isles off the south-west coast of Britain,[6] but the species is considered an invasive pest in parts of South Africa and in the Azores.[7] Metrosideros kermadecensis is recently naturalised in Hawaii, and has the potential to become a pest. In turn, various cultivars of M. collina and M. polymorpha are widely grown in New Zealand under various names. Metrosideros umbellata occurs naturally south of mainland New Zealand in the Auckland Islands at 50° South latitude, and is the hardiest member of the genus, and a few cultivated specimens are growing in Scotland.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Metrosideros species
<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css"/>
Template:Col-1-of-3
- New Caledonia Template:Au
- Metrosideros brevistylis Template:Au
- Metrosideros cacuminum Template:Au
- Metrosideros cherrieri Template:Au
- Metrosideros dolichandra Template:Au
- Metrosideros elegans Template:Au
- Metrosideros engleriana Template:Au
- Metrosideros humboldtiana Template:Au
- Metrosideros laurifolia Template:Au
- Metrosideros longipetiolata Template:Au
- Metrosideros microphylla Template:Au
- Metrosideros nitida Template:Au
- Metrosideros operculata Template:Au
- Metrosideros oreomyrtus Template:Au
- Metrosideros paniensis Template:Au
- Metrosideros patens Template:Au
- Metrosideros porphyrea Template:Au
- Metrosideros punctata Template:Au
- Metrosideros rotundifolia Template:Au
- Metrosideros tardiflora Template:Au
- Metrosideros tetrasticha Template:Au
- Metrosideros whitakeri Template:Au
- New Zealand
- Metrosideros albiflora Template:Au - Large white rātā
- Metrosideros bartlettii Template:Au - Bartlett's rātā
- Metrosideros carminea Template:Au - Carmine rātā
- Metrosideros colensoi Template:Au - Colenso's rātā
- Metrosideros diffusa Template:Au - White rātā
- Metrosideros excelsa Template:Au - Pōhutukawa
- Metrosideros fulgens Template:Au - Scarlet rātā
- Metrosideros kermadecensis Template:Au - Kermadec pōhutukawa (Kermadec Islands)
- Metrosideros parkinsonii Template:Au - Parkinson's rātā
- Metrosideros perforata Template:Au - Small white rātā
- Metrosideros robusta Template:Au - Northern rātā
- Metrosideros umbellata Template:Au - Southern rātā
- Metrosideros arfakensis Template:Au
- Metrosideros cordata Template:Au
- Metrosideros ovata Template:Au
- Metrosideros parallelinervis Template:Au
- Metrosideros ramiflora Template:Au
- Metrosideros regelii Template:Au
- Metrosideros whiteana Template:Au
- Hawaii
- Metrosideros macropus Template:Au - Lehua mamo (Oʻahu)
- Metrosideros polymorpha Template:Au - ʻŌhiʻa lehua
- Metrosideros rugosa Template:Au - Lehua papa (Oʻahu)
- Metrosideros tremuloides Template:Au- Lehua ʻāhihi (Oʻahu)
- Metrosideros waialealae Template:Au (Kauaʻi, Molokaʻi, and Maui)
- Metrosideros gregoryi Template:Au (Samoa)
- Metrosideros ochrantha Template:Au (Fiji)
- Metrosideros tabwemasanaensis Template:Au (Vanuatu)
- Metrosideros vitiensis Template:Au
- Metrosideros nervulosa Template:Au - Mountain rose
- Metrosideros sclerocarpa Template:Au
References
Further reading
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External links
Template:Sister project Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control
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- ↑ Governo dos Açores: "Government invests in fight against invasive exotic species"