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'''Threadfins''' are silvery grey [[fish]] of the [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Polynemidae''', taxonomically considered a type of [[flatfish]]. Found in tropical to subtropical waters throughout the world, the threadfin family contains eight [[genera]] and about 40 [[species]].<ref name = Nelson5errata>{{cite web | url = https://81a86d48-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/fotw5th/Inserts%20for%20pp.%20437-441%20in%20FotW5.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cru1eiQxyWX8FftCgaTlRq9uD0uYDI1EC32O0iAg-exxLlJoV0tig3JxqIskoE9lDff-FZQgh-HnL2SjOMJcBU3obkvnrkdEJJK-81gj_tCcLedWnb6FgxKVLIY_TGKddKHUVwBuXDEv_JTYPh-mLSQcdVoFfVTHyK-UfvJzknKcwPrwv1Emc1ecKU8OkALrUr6PX_CEHQIjheLBwZ3EwOb7kqz8iSpmirHBGnnbtpJx1aiszU%3D&attredirects=0 | title = Inserts for pages 437–441 | access-date = 13 April 2020 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons Limited}}</ref> An unrelated species sometimes known by the name threadfin, ''Alectis indicus'', is properly the [[Indian threadfish]] (family [[Carangidae]]).
'''Threadfins''' are silvery grey [[fish]] of the [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Polynemidae''', taxonomically considered a type of [[flatfish]]. Found in tropical to subtropical waters throughout the world, the threadfin family contains nine [[genera]] and about 40 [[species]].<ref name = Nelson5errata>{{cite web | url = https://81a86d48-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/fotw5th/Inserts%20for%20pp.%20437-441%20in%20FotW5.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cru1eiQxyWX8FftCgaTlRq9uD0uYDI1EC32O0iAg-exxLlJoV0tig3JxqIskoE9lDff-FZQgh-HnL2SjOMJcBU3obkvnrkdEJJK-81gj_tCcLedWnb6FgxKVLIY_TGKddKHUVwBuXDEv_JTYPh-mLSQcdVoFfVTHyK-UfvJzknKcwPrwv1Emc1ecKU8OkALrUr6PX_CEHQIjheLBwZ3EwOb7kqz8iSpmirHBGnnbtpJx1aiszU%3D&attredirects=0 | title = Inserts for pages 437–441 | access-date = 13 April 2020 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons Limited}}</ref> An unrelated species sometimes known by the name threadfin, ''Alectis indicus'', is properly the [[Indian threadfish]] (family [[Carangidae]]).


Ranging in length from {{convert|11|cm|in|abbr=on|round=0.5}} in the [[dwarf threadfin]] (''Parapolynemus verekeri'') to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in [[fourfinger threadfin]] (''Eleutheronema tetradactylum'') and [[giant African threadfin]] (''Polydactylus quadrifilis''), threadfins are both important to commercial [[fishery|fisheries]] as a food fish, and popular among [[fishing|angler]]s. Their habit of forming large schools makes the threadfins a reliable and economic catch.
Ranging in length from {{convert|11|cm|in|abbr=on|round=0.5}} in the [[dwarf threadfin]] (''Parapolynemus verekeri'') to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in [[fourfinger threadfin]] (''Eleutheronema tetradactylum'') and [[giant African threadfin]] (''Polydactylus quadrifilis''), threadfins are both important to commercial [[fishery|fisheries]] as a food fish, and popular among [[fishing|angler]]s. Their habit of forming large schools makes the threadfins a reliable and economic catch.
Line 38: Line 38:
[[File:Elegant paradiseus fish Polynemus multifilis.jpg|thumb|[[Elegant paradise fish]] (''Polynemus multifilis'')]]
[[File:Elegant paradiseus fish Polynemus multifilis.jpg|thumb|[[Elegant paradise fish]] (''Polynemus multifilis'')]]


The family includes 43 species in eight genera:
The family includes 43 species in nine<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Girard |first1=Matthew G. |last2=Chovanec |first2=Kevin R. |date=2025-09-30 |title=Unlocking the genomic potential of historical and formalin-fixed specimens: phylogenetic insights from museum-preserved threadfin fishes (Teleostei: Polynemidae) |url=https://peerj.com/articles/20029 |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=13 |article-number=e20029 |doi=10.7717/peerj.20029 |doi-access=free |issn=2167-8359}}</ref> genera:


* Genus ''[[Eleutheronema]]''
* Genus ''[[Eleutheronema]]''
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** ''[[Filimanus similis]]'' <small>Feltes 1991</small> (Indian sevenfinger threadfin)
** ''[[Filimanus similis]]'' <small>Feltes 1991</small> (Indian sevenfinger threadfin)
** ''[[Filimanus xanthonema]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1831)</small> (Yellowthread threadfin)
** ''[[Filimanus xanthonema]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1831)</small> (Yellowthread threadfin)
* Genus ''Filistriatus''<ref name=":0" />
** ''[[Polydactylus bifurcus|Filistriatus bifurcus]]'' (<small>[[Hiroyuki Motomura|Motomura]], [[Seishi Kimura|Kimura]] & [[Yukio Iwatsuki|Iwatsuki]], 2001)</small> (Slender fivefinger threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus plebeius|Filistriatus plebeius]]'' <small>([[Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonet|Broussonet]], 1782)</small> (Striped threadfin)
** ''Filistriatus [[Polydactylus sexfilis|sexfilis]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1831)</small> (Sixfinger threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus siamensis|Filistriatus siamensis]]'' (<small>Motomura, Iwatsuki & [[Tetsue Yoshino|Yoshino]], 2001)</small> (Largemouth striped threadfin)
* Genus ''[[Galeoides]]''
* Genus ''[[Galeoides]]''
** ''[[Galeoides decadactylus]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1795)</small> ([[Lesser African threadfin]])
** ''[[Galeoides decadactylus]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1795)</small> ([[Lesser African threadfin]])
* Genus ''[[Leptomelanosoma]]''
* Genus ''[[Leptomelanosoma]]''
** ''[[Leptomelanosoma indicum]]'' <small>(Shaw, 1804)</small> ([[Indian threadfin]])
** ''[[Leptomelanosoma indicum]]'' <small>(Shaw, 1804)</small> ([[Indian threadfin]])
** ''[[Polydactylus longipes|Leptomelanosoma longipes]]'' (<small>Motomura, Okamoto & Iwatsuki, 2001)</small> (Long-limb threadfin)
* Genus ''[[Parapolynemus]]''
* Genus ''[[Parapolynemus]]''
** ''[[Parapolynemus verekeri]]'' <small>([[William Saville-Kent|Saville-Kent]], 1889)</small> ([[Dwarf paradise fish]])
** ''[[Parapolynemus verekeri]]'' <small>([[William Saville-Kent|Saville-Kent]], 1889)</small> ([[Dwarf paradise fish]])
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* Genus ''[[Polydactylus]]'' (likely not monophyletic<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Girard|first1=Matthew G.|last2=Davis|first2=Matthew P.|last3=Baldwin|first3=Carole C.|last4=Dettaï|first4=Agnès|last5=Martin|first5=Rene P.|last6=Smith|first6=W. Leo|title=Molecular phylogeny of the threadfin fishes (Polynemidae) using ultraconserved elements|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfb.14997|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|year=2022|volume=100|issue=3|pages=793–810|language=en|doi=10.1111/jfb.14997|pmid=35137410|bibcode=2022JFBio.100..793G |s2cid=246678758|issn=1095-8649|url-access=subscription}}</ref>)
* Genus ''[[Polydactylus]]'' (likely not monophyletic<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Girard|first1=Matthew G.|last2=Davis|first2=Matthew P.|last3=Baldwin|first3=Carole C.|last4=Dettaï|first4=Agnès|last5=Martin|first5=Rene P.|last6=Smith|first6=W. Leo|title=Molecular phylogeny of the threadfin fishes (Polynemidae) using ultraconserved elements|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfb.14997|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|year=2022|volume=100|issue=3|pages=793–810|language=en|doi=10.1111/jfb.14997|pmid=35137410|bibcode=2022JFBio.100..793G |s2cid=246678758|issn=1095-8649|url-access=subscription}}</ref>)
** ''[[Polydactylus approximans]]'' <small>([[George Tradescant Lay|Lay]] & [[Edward Turner Bennett|Bennett]], 1839)</small> (Blue bobo)
** ''[[Polydactylus approximans]]'' <small>([[George Tradescant Lay|Lay]] & [[Edward Turner Bennett|Bennett]], 1839)</small> (Blue bobo)
** ''[[Polydactylus bifurcus]]'' <small>[[Hiroyuki Motomura|Motomura]], [[Seishi Kimura|Kimura]] & [[Yukio Iwatsuki|Iwatsuki]], 2001</small> (Slender fivefinger threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus longipes]]'' <small>Motomura, Okamoto & Iwatsuki, 2001</small> (Long-limb threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus luparensis]]'' <small>[[Pek Khiok Annie Lim|Lim]], Motomura & [[Albert Chuan Gambag|Gambang]], 2010</small> (Sarawak giant threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus luparensis]]'' <small>[[Pek Khiok Annie Lim|Lim]], Motomura & [[Albert Chuan Gambag|Gambang]], 2010</small> (Sarawak giant threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus macrochir]]'' <small>([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1867)</small> ([[King threadfin]])
** ''[[Polydactylus macrochir]]'' <small>([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1867)</small> ([[King threadfin]])
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** ''[[Polydactylus opercularis]]'' <small>[[Alvin Seale|Seale]] & [[Barton Appler Bean|Bean]], 1907</small> (Yellow bobo)
** ''[[Polydactylus opercularis]]'' <small>[[Alvin Seale|Seale]] & [[Barton Appler Bean|Bean]], 1907</small> (Yellow bobo)
** ''[[Polydactylus persicus]]'' <small>Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001</small> (Persian blackspot threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus persicus]]'' <small>Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001</small> (Persian blackspot threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus plebeius]]'' <small>([[Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonet|Broussonet]], 1782)</small> (Striped threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus quadrifilis]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829)</small> (Giant African threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus quadrifilis]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829)</small> (Giant African threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus sexfilis]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1831)</small> (Sixfinger threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus sextarius]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801)</small> (Blackspot threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus sextarius]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801)</small> (Blackspot threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus siamensis]]'' <small>Motomura, Iwatsuki & [[Tetsue Yoshino|Yoshino]], 2001</small> (Largemouth striped threadfin)
** ''[[Polydactylus virginicus]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small> (Barbu)
** ''[[Polydactylus virginicus]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small> (Barbu)
* Genus ''[[Polynemus]]''
* Genus ''[[Polynemus]]''
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=krisnawati&umemoto>{{cite journal|last1=Suryanata |first1=Krisnawati  |author-link1=<!--Krisnawati Suryanata-->|last2=Umemoto |first2=Karen N. |author-link2=<!--Karen N. Umemoto--> |title=Tension at the nexus of the global and local: culture, property, and marine aquaculture in Hawai'i |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=35 |issue=2 |year=2005 |pages=199, 206<!--199–213--> |doi=10.1068/a35116|citeseerx=10.1.1.456.680 |s2cid=143928957 }}</ref>
<ref name=krisnawati&umemoto>{{cite journal|last1=Suryanata |first1=Krisnawati  |author-link1=<!--Krisnawati Suryanata-->|last2=Umemoto |first2=Karen N. |author-link2=<!--Karen N. Umemoto--> |title=Tension at the nexus of the global and local: culture, property, and marine aquaculture in Hawaiʻi |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=35 |issue=2 |year=2005 |pages=199, 206<!--199–213--> |doi=10.1068/a35116|citeseerx=10.1.1.456.680 |s2cid=143928957 }}</ref>
}}
}}
{{more footnotes|date=November 2008}}
{{more footnotes|date=November 2008}}
* {{FishBase family | family = Polynemidae | month = January | year = 2006}}
* {{FishBase family | family = Polynemidae | month = January | year = 2006}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sepkoski |first=Jack |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |year=2002 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |access-date=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220223520/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |archive-date=2009-02-20 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Sepkoski |first=Jack |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |year=2002 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |access-date=2011-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220223520/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |archive-date=2009-02-20 }}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 19:03, 3 October 2025

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Threadfins are silvery grey fish of the family Polynemidae, taxonomically considered a type of flatfish. Found in tropical to subtropical waters throughout the world, the threadfin family contains nine genera and about 40 species.[1] An unrelated species sometimes known by the name threadfin, Alectis indicus, is properly the Indian threadfish (family Carangidae).

Ranging in length from Script error: No such module "convert". in the dwarf threadfin (Parapolynemus verekeri) to Script error: No such module "convert". in fourfinger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) and giant African threadfin (Polydactylus quadrifilis), threadfins are both important to commercial fisheries as a food fish, and popular among anglers. Their habit of forming large schools makes the threadfins a reliable and economic catch.

Description

Their bodies are elongated and fusiform, with spinous and soft dorsal fins widely separated. Their tail fins are large and deeply forked, indicating speed and agility. The mouth is large and inferior; a blunt snout projects far ahead. The jaws and palate possess bands of villiform (fibrous) teeth. Their most distinguishing feature is their pectoral fins: they are composed of two distinct sections, the lower of which consists of three to seven long, thread-like independent rays. Polynemus species may have up to 15 of these modified rays.

File:Sixfinger threadfin school.jpg
Polydactylus sexfilis or moi (sixfinger threadfins),[2] were reserved for Hawaiian royalty or the aliʻi.[3]

In some species, such as the royal threadfin (Pentanemus quinquarius), the thread-like rays may extend well past the tail fin. This feature explains both the common name threadfin and the family name Polynemidae, from the Greek poly meaning "many" and nema meaning "filament." Similar species, such as the mullets (family Mugilidae) and milkfish (family Chanidae), can be easily distinguished from threadfins by their lack of filamentous pectoral rays.

Distribution and habitat

Threadfins frequent open, shallow water in areas with muddy, sandy, or silty bottoms; they are rarely seen at reefs. Their pectoral rays are thought to serve as tactile structures, helping to find prey within the sediments. Noted for being euryhaline, threadfins can tolerate a wide range of salinity levels. This attribute allows threadfins to enter estuaries and even rivers. They feed primarily on crustaceans and smaller fish.

Reproduction

Presumed to be pelagic spawners, threadfins probably release many tiny, buoyant eggs into the water column, which then become part of the plankton. The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching.

Cuisine

Threadfin has been used to create crab stick.

Mariculture

In Hawaii, sixfinger threadfins are the subject of commercial open-ocean cage mariculture.[4][5]

Genera and species

File:Eleutheronema tetradactylum(Shaw, 1804).jpg
Fourfinger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum)
File:Filimanus heptadactyla.png
Sevenfinger threadfin (Filimanus heptadactyla)
File:Elegant paradiseus fish Polynemus multifilis.jpg
Elegant paradise fish (Polynemus multifilis)

The family includes 43 species in nine[6] genera:

Timeline of genera

<timeline> ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px

Period = from:-65.5 till:10 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify

Colors = 

#legends
 id:CAR	  value:claret
 id:ANK 	 value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
 id:HER	  value:teal
 id:HAD	  value:green
 id:OMN	  value:blue
 id:black        value:black
 id:white        value:white
 id:cenozoic     value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
 id:paleogene     value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) 
 id:paleocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) 
 id:eocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) 
 id:oligocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) 
 id:neogene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) 
 id:miocene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) 
 id:pliocene     value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)  
 id:quaternary   value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
 id:pleistocene   value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)
 id:holocene   value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)

BarData= 

bar:eratop
bar:space
bar:periodtop
bar:space
bar:NAM1
bar:NAM2

bar:space
bar:period
bar:space
bar:era

PlotData= 

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 
shift:(7,-4)
 
bar:periodtop
from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:Paleocene
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eocene 
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:Oligocene            
from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:Miocene
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Plio.
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:Pleist.
from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:H.

bar:eratop
from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:Paleogene         
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:Neogene
from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:Q.

PlotData= 

align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

color:miocene bar:NAM1  from:	-23.03	till:	0	text:	Pentanemus
color:miocene bar:NAM2  from:	-11.608	till:	0	text:	Polydactylus

PlotData= 

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

bar:period
from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:Paleocene
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eocene 
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:Oligocene            
from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:Miocene
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Plio.
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:Pleist.
from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:H.

bar:era
from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:Paleogene         
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:Neogene
from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:Q.

</timeline>

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:More footnotes

  • Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Taxonbar

id:Senangin

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