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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1486}}
{{Year dab|1486}}
[[File:Elizabeth and Henry.jpg|thumb|250px|[[January 18]]: The marriage of King Henry VIII of the House of Lancaster and Elizabeth of York brings an official end to the [[Wars of the Roses]].]]
{{refimprove|date=September 2018}}
{{Year nav|1486}}
{{Year nav|1486}}
{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1486''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDLXXXVI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]].
{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1486''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDLXXXVI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]].
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=== January&ndash;December ===
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 18]] &ndash; King [[Henry VII of England]] and [[Elizabeth of York]] are married, uniting the [[House of Lancaster]] and the [[House of York]], after the [[Wars of the Roses]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Iain Fenlon|title=Early Music History: Volume 19: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cvm8DVwnPYgC&pg=PA267|date=19 April 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79073-4|pages=267}}</ref>
* [[January 13]] &ndash; In Austria, the [[siege of Wiener Neustadt]] by the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] begins and will last for more than a year and a half before the city is surrendered to Hungary and is renamed Biencújhely. As part of the terms of peace, Austria cedes much of the territory of [[Lower Austria]] to the Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus.<ref>{{cite book |author= Antonio Bonfini  |author-link= Antonio Bonfini |title= Rerum Hungaricum Decades |trans-title= Ten Volumes of Hungarian Matters |publisher= Balassi Kiadó|location=[[Budapest]] |url= http://tortenelmunk.multiply.com/journal?&page_start=120|accessdate= 30 June 2011 |language= Hungarian|orig-year= 1568 |chapter= Negyedik tized – hatodik-nyolcadik könyv |trans-chapter = Fourth decade – sixth-eighth book |year= 1995|isbn= 963-506-040-8 |url-status= dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326104931/http://tortenelmunk.multiply.com/journal?&page_start=120 |archivedate= 26 March 2012}}</ref>
* [[February 16]] &ndash; Archduke [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I of Habsburg]] is elected [[King of the Romans]] at [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] (crowned [[April 9]] at [[Aachen]]).
* [[January 18]] &ndash; King [[Henry VII of England]] and [[Elizabeth of York]] are married, uniting the [[House of Lancaster]] and the [[House of York]], and cermonially ending the [[Wars of the Roses]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Iain Fenlon|title=Early Music History: Volume 19: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cvm8DVwnPYgC&pg=PA267|date=19 April 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79073-4|pages=267}}</ref>
* [[February 18]] &ndash; Lord [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] is born in the town of Nadia, West Bengal, India, just after sunset.  He is regarded as an incarnation, or avatar, of Lord Krsna, and later comes to inaugurate the sankirtana movement, or the chanting of the Holy Names of the Lord.  This chanting, or mantra meditation, is first brought to the [[United States]] in [[1965]], by [[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]].<ref>"Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu: His Life and Precepts" by Srila Bhaktivinode Thakura August 20, 1896</ref>
* [[February 16]] &ndash; Archduke [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I of Habsburg]] is elected [[King of the Romans]] at [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]].
* [[February 18]] &ndash;  
**Lord [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] is born in the town of Nadia, West Bengal, India, just after sunset.  He is regarded as an incarnation, or avatar, of Lord Krsna, and later comes to inaugurate the sankirtana movement, or the chanting of the Holy Names of the Lord.  This chanting, or mantra meditation, is first brought to the [[United States]] in [[1965]], by [[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]].<ref>"Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu: His Life and Precepts" by Srila Bhaktivinode Thakura August 20, 1896</ref>
**At a meeting of six electors of the Holy Roman Empire at [[Frankfurt-am-Main]], the [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Maximilian of Austria]], is elected as the [[King of the Romans]] and ruler of the Germans, as the son of [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref>Elisabeth Rothmund, ''Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672)''. "Der Reichstitel bis 1806" ("The Imperial Title until 1806", by H. Weisertin in ''[[Archiv für Diplomatik]]'' (1994), p. 449</ref>
* [[March 1]] &ndash; King [[James III of Scotland]] gives [[royal assent]] to [[List of acts of the Parliament of Scotland from 1486|acts passed]] by the [[Scottish Parliament]], inculding the Tallow Act, the Hides Act and the Currency Act.
* [[March 4]] &ndash; The first English Parliament of King Henry VII is dissolved after more than four months.
* [[March 6]] &ndash; [[John Morton (cardinal)|John Morton]] is appointed by King Henry VII as the Lord Chancellor of England and chief justice of the Court of Chancery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite ODNB |last=Harper-Bill |first=Christopher |title=Morton, John (d. 1500), administrator and archbishop of Canterbury |date=2004-09-23 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-19363 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/19363 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>
* [[March 10]] &ndash; The government of the Free Imperial City of [[Köln]] (Cologne), now part of [[Germany]], begins the removal of all prostitutes from the city.<ref>Carl Dietmar: ''Die Chronik Kölns'', Chronik Verlag, Dortmund 1991, {{ISBN|3-611-00193-7}}</ref>
* [[March 11]] &ndash; In [[Berlin]], [[John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg|Johann von Hohenzollern]] becomes the new [[List of margraves and electors of Brandenburg|Elector of Brandenburg]], the independent Electorate within the Holy Roman Empire, upon the death of his father, the Elector [[Albrecht III Achilles]].<ref>Herbert Eulenberg, ''The Hohenzollerns'', translated by M.M. Bozman (New York: The Century Company, 1929.</ref>
* [[March 23]] &ndash; After getting into a war with the Kingdom of Naples by siding with rebels in the Barons' Conspiracy, [[Pope Innocent VIII]] sends the Papal Legate, [[Pope Julius II|Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere]] (who will become later become Pope Julius II), as an envoy to the Kingdom of France to seek assistance from [[Charles VIII of France|King Charles VIII]].<ref name=Gregorovius>{{cite book |last=Gregorovius |first=Ferdinand |author-link=Ferdinand Gregorovius |date=1900 |editor-last=Hamilton |editor-first=Annie |title=History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages |volume=VII |location=London |publisher=G. Bell & Sons|page=293}}</ref> King Charles sends a delegation to Rome two months later, with no resolution made.
 
=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 9]] &ndash; The coronation of Maximilian the First as "King of the Romans" takes place at [[Aachen]], in that the Holy Roman Imperial capital of [[Vienna]] was captured by Hungary.<ref>Joseph Baader, "Bericht des Ritters Ludwig von Eyb über des Römischen Königs Maximilian Krönung zu Aachen im Jahre 1486" ("Report of the knight Ludwig von Eyb on the coronation of the Roman King Maximilian in Aachen in the year 1486"), in ''Annalen des historischen Vereins für den Niederrhein, insbesondere die alte Erzdiöcese Köln'' (''Annals of the Historical Society for the Lower Rhine''), Volume 15 (Köln: 1864) pp.1–18</ref>
* [[April 21]] &ndash; The adoption of the ''Sentència Arbitral de Guadalupe'' ends the [[War of the Remences]], in the [[Principality of Catalonia]].
* [[April 21]] &ndash; The adoption of the ''Sentència Arbitral de Guadalupe'' ends the [[War of the Remences]], in the [[Principality of Catalonia]].
* [[April 23]] &ndash; The [[Stafford and Lovell rebellion]] is started against King Henry VII of England by three [[House of York]] supporters, Sir Humphrey Stafford, Thomas Stafford and [[Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell]], who had hoped to restore the Yorkist monarchy led by the late King Richard III.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title = Lovell, Francis, Viscount Lovell (b. c.1457, d. in or after 1488)|last = Horrox|first = Rosemary|url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17058|access-date = 21 December 2012|year = 2004|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/17058}}</ref>
* [[May 1]] &ndash; After being rejected twice by Portugal's King Joao II, Italian-born explorer [[Christopher Columbus]] (Cristoforo Colombo) is granted an audience by Queen Isabella I of Castile and presents to her his proposal to sail westward to find an alternate route to Asia. The Queen refers the matter to a committee of experts, who conclude (as the Portuguese advisers did in 1484) that Columbus has underestimated the distance to Asia. However, she and King Ferdiand of Aragon elect to keep Columbus from taking his plans elsewhere, and grant him an allowance of 14,000 [[maravedi]]s per year, and an expense account for food and lodging while in Spain.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dyson |first=John |title=Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory |url=https://archive.org/details/columbusforgoldg00dyso_0/ |publisher=Madison Press |page=84 |isbn=978-0-670-83725-0 |year=1991}}</ref>
* [[May 13]] &ndash; Humphrey Stafford and his brother Thomas Stafford, who had been given [[sanctuary]] by the church at [[Culham]], [[Oxfordshire]], are forcibly removed by [[John Savage (soldier)|Sir John Savage]] and 60 armed men on charges of treason.<ref>{{Citation |isbn = 0-520-02266-1 |publication-place = Berkeley |title = Henry VII |url = https://archive.org/details/henryvii00chri |author = Stanley Bertram Chrimes |year = 1972 |page=71 |id = 0520022661}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title = The Rebellion of Humphrey Stafford in 1486 |last = Williams |first = C.H. |journal = English Historical Review |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |volume = 43 |issue = 170 |date=April 1928 |pages = 181–9 |jstor = 552001 |doi=10.1093/ehr/xliii.clxx.181}}</ref> Protests are made to Pope Innocent VIII against the breaking of the right of sanctuary in the Roman Catholic Church, and while Thomas is pardoned by King Henry, Humphrey is executed for treason on July 8.
* [[May 31]] &ndash; The French delegation from King Charles arrives in Rome to discuss the assistance request from Pope Innocent, but negotiations fail because of Cardinal Borgia's support of the Spanish King of Naples.<ref name=Gregorovius/>
* [[June 7]] &ndash; Pope Innocent VIII responds to complaints made in a letter to him from King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and Austria, and declares that the Holy See does not resent Hungary for its war against the Holy Roman Empire, and promises to examine the Hungarian King's concerns.<ref>Liviu Pilat and Ovidiu Cristea, ''The Ottoman Threat and Crusading on the Eastern Border of Christendom During the 15th Century'' (Brill, 2017) p.228</ref>
* [[June 13]] &ndash; King Henry VII of England issues a proclamation confirming that Pope Innocent VIII had issued a papal bull recognizing Henry's title as the rightful King. In the same proclamation, King Henry asserts that opposition to his title will be punishable by [[excommunication]] under the papal bull, and declares that the marriage to Elizabeth of York ended "the variances, dissensions and debates that had been in the realm of England between the houses of the Dukes of Lancaster on the one part and the house of the Duchy of York on the other."<ref>Michael Hicks, ''The Wars of the Roses'' (Yale University Press, 2010) {{ISBN|9780300170092}}</ref> King Henry uses the new technology of the printing press as his means of mass communiction throughout England, and hires printer Walter de Machlinea mass produce the declaration for distribution.<ref>David Loades, ''The Tudors: History of a Dyansty'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012) p.173 {{ISBN|9781441193780}}</ref>
=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 12]] &ndash; [[Pope Innocent VIII]] issues the [[papal bull]] ''[[Catholice fidei defensionem]]'', granting plenary indulgences to people who took part in the war of [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]] against the Ottoman Empire.<ref>Liviu Pilat, "The 1487 Crusade: a turning point in the Moldavian-Polish relations", in ''Medieval and Early Modern Studies for Central and Eastern Europe, part II'', ed. by Liviu Pilat and Bogdan-Petru Maleon (Iași: Alexandru Ioa Cruza University Press, 2010) p. 129.</ref>
* [[August 10]] &ndash; The Papal States, led by Pope Innocent VIII, sign a treaty with King Ferrante of Naples to avoid an invasion.<ref>{{cite book |last=Creighton |first=Mandell |author-link=Mandell Creighton |date=1903 |title=A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome |edition=new |volume=IV – The Italian Princes (1464–1518) |location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co.|pages=140–145}}</ref>
* [[August 14]] &ndash; [[Marco Barbarigo]], [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Venice]], dies after only nine months in office, and his brother [[Agostino Barbarigo]] is elected to replace him.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=John Julius Norwich |first=John J. |last=Norwich |title=A History of Venice |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1983|page=363|isbn=0140066233 }}</ref>
* [[September 11]] &ndash; The [[Conspiracy of the Barons]], a revolt by the Neapolitan nobility, begins in the [[Kingdom of Naples]] with the rebels taking an oath at the [[Chiesa di Sant'Antonio Abate]] in [[Campania]] against the rule of [[Ferdinand I of Naples|King Ferrante]], the Spanish prince made King of Naples after the kingdom's conquest by the [[Crown of Aragon]].<ref>[https://www.irpinia.info/sito/towns/lacedonia/storia.htm History of Lacedonia], Irpinia.info</ref>
* [[September 20]] &ndash; An heir is born to [[Elizabeth of York]] and [[King Henry VII of England]], being invested as [[Arthur, Prince of Wales]] in 1490. Unfortunately, Arthur will die from an illness at age 15, seven years before the death of King Henry.<ref>{{cite ODNB | url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/705 | title=Arthur, prince of Wales (1486–1502) | year=2004 | access-date=7 October 2013 | author=Horrox, Rosemary | doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/705 }} {{subscription required}}</ref>
=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 6]] &ndash; [[John Morton (cardinal)|Cardinal John Morton]] becomes the new Roman Catholic [[List of archbishops of Canterbury|Archbishop of Canterbury]], Primate of All England.<ref name=":0"/>
* [[October 10]] &ndash;
**[[John II of Portugal|King João II]] of [[Portugal]] appoints [[Bartolomeu Dias]] to lead an expedition to sail around what will be called the [[Cape of Good Hope]], the southern tip of Africa, in the hope of finding a trade route to India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/may20/da-gama-discovers-sea-route-india/|title=Da Gama Discovers a Sea Route to India|date=2014-04-29|work=National Geographic Society|access-date=2018-03-04|language=en}}</ref>
**The [[Siege of Retz]] in [[Austria]] comes to an end after four days when the inhabitants surrender to the [[Black Army of Hungary]] and King [[Matthias Corvinus]].<ref>{{cite book|author = Antonio Bonfini|title = Rerum Hungaricum Decades|trans-title = Ten Volumes of Hungarian Matters|publisher = Balassi Kiadó (reprint)|location = [[Budapest]], Hungary|url = http://tortenelmunk.multiply.com/journal?&page_start=120|accessdate = 30 June 2011|language = Hungarian|orig-date = 1568|chapter = Negyedik tized – hatodik-nyolcadik könyv|trans-chapter = Fourth decade – sixth-eighth book|year = 1995|isbn = 963-506-040-8|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120326104931/http://tortenelmunk.multiply.com/journal?&page_start=120|archivedate = 26 March 2012}}</ref>
* [[October 14]] &ndash; At [[Srinagar]] (now in India), [[Fateh Shah Miri]] becomes the new Sultan of Kashmir after defeating the Sultan [[Muhammad Shah Mir]].<ref>
{{citation |last=Sharma |first=R. S. |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |title=A Comprehensive History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucQKAQAAIAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Orient Longmans |isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |page=628}}</ref>
* [[November 5]] &ndash; At [[Enniskillen]], capital of the [[Fermanagh|Kingdom of Fermanagh]] in what is now [[County Fermanagh]] on the Republic of Ireland's border with Northern Ireland, [[Maguire family#Kings of Fermanagh|King Éamonn mac Thomáis Óig]] abdicates and is succeeded briefly by his brother Thomáis Óg mac Thomáis Óig, who is deposed by Seánn mac Pilib meic Thomáis Mhóir before the end of the year.<ref>[http://www.libraryireland.com/articles/MaguiresDuffysHibernian2-10/index.php The Maguires of Fermanagh]</ref><ref>[[Mícheál Ó Cléirigh|O'Cleary M.]] (2003.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ggAIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Colla+da+Chrich%22&pg=PA3 ''The Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters: Translated into English by Owen Connellan''], Irish Books & Media. {{ISBN|0940134772}}</ref>
* [[December 18]] &ndash; The [[Conspiracy of the Barons]] ends as comes to an end when the Aragon troops and King Ferrante recapture the city of [[Venosa]].<ref>[[Camillo Porzio]], ''Della congiura dei baroni del Regno di Napoli contra il re Ferdinando I'' (''On the conspiracy of the barons of the Kingdom of Naples against King Ferdinand I''), Napoli, 1859</ref>


=== Date unknown ===
=== Date unknown ===
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* Sigismund, Archduke of [[German Tyrol|Tyrol]], issues [[Europe]]'s first large silver coin, the [[guldengroschen]], which will later become the [[thaler]].
* Sigismund, Archduke of [[German Tyrol|Tyrol]], issues [[Europe]]'s first large silver coin, the [[guldengroschen]], which will later become the [[thaler]].
* [[Giovanni Pico della Mirandola]] returns to [[Florence]], and writes ''[[Oration on the Dignity of Man]]''.
* [[Giovanni Pico della Mirandola]] returns to [[Florence]], and writes ''[[Oration on the Dignity of Man]]''.
* The [[Medici giraffe]] arrives in Florence.
* [[Johann Reuchlin]] begins studying the [[Hebrew language]].
* [[Johann Reuchlin]] begins studying the [[Hebrew language]].
* The first written use of the word [[Football (word)|football]] to describe the ball.
* The first written use of the word [[Football (word)|football]] is made to describe the ball itself.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commonscatinline}}
{{Commons category-inline}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:1486}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1486}}
[[Category:1486| ]]
[[Category:1486| ]]

Latest revision as of 10:21, 9 November 2025

Template:About year

File:Elizabeth and Henry.jpg
January 18: The marriage of King Henry VIII of the House of Lancaster and Elizabeth of York brings an official end to the Wars of the Roses.

Template:Year nav Script error: No such module "Sidebar". Script error: No such module "Year in various calendars".Year 1486 (MCDLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday.

Events

January–March

April–June

  • April 9 – The coronation of Maximilian the First as "King of the Romans" takes place at Aachen, in that the Holy Roman Imperial capital of Vienna was captured by Hungary.[9]
  • April 21 – The adoption of the Sentència Arbitral de Guadalupe ends the War of the Remences, in the Principality of Catalonia.
  • April 23 – The Stafford and Lovell rebellion is started against King Henry VII of England by three House of York supporters, Sir Humphrey Stafford, Thomas Stafford and Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell, who had hoped to restore the Yorkist monarchy led by the late King Richard III.[10]
  • May 1 – After being rejected twice by Portugal's King Joao II, Italian-born explorer Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo) is granted an audience by Queen Isabella I of Castile and presents to her his proposal to sail westward to find an alternate route to Asia. The Queen refers the matter to a committee of experts, who conclude (as the Portuguese advisers did in 1484) that Columbus has underestimated the distance to Asia. However, she and King Ferdiand of Aragon elect to keep Columbus from taking his plans elsewhere, and grant him an allowance of 14,000 maravedis per year, and an expense account for food and lodging while in Spain.[11]
  • May 13 – Humphrey Stafford and his brother Thomas Stafford, who had been given sanctuary by the church at Culham, Oxfordshire, are forcibly removed by Sir John Savage and 60 armed men on charges of treason.[12][13] Protests are made to Pope Innocent VIII against the breaking of the right of sanctuary in the Roman Catholic Church, and while Thomas is pardoned by King Henry, Humphrey is executed for treason on July 8.
  • May 31 – The French delegation from King Charles arrives in Rome to discuss the assistance request from Pope Innocent, but negotiations fail because of Cardinal Borgia's support of the Spanish King of Naples.[8]
  • June 7 – Pope Innocent VIII responds to complaints made in a letter to him from King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and Austria, and declares that the Holy See does not resent Hungary for its war against the Holy Roman Empire, and promises to examine the Hungarian King's concerns.[14]
  • June 13 – King Henry VII of England issues a proclamation confirming that Pope Innocent VIII had issued a papal bull recognizing Henry's title as the rightful King. In the same proclamation, King Henry asserts that opposition to his title will be punishable by excommunication under the papal bull, and declares that the marriage to Elizabeth of York ended "the variances, dissensions and debates that had been in the realm of England between the houses of the Dukes of Lancaster on the one part and the house of the Duchy of York on the other."[15] King Henry uses the new technology of the printing press as his means of mass communiction throughout England, and hires printer Walter de Machlinea mass produce the declaration for distribution.[16]

July–September

October–December

Date unknown


Births

Deaths

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Commons category-inline

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ "Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu: His Life and Precepts" by Srila Bhaktivinode Thakura August 20, 1896
  4. ↑ Elisabeth Rothmund, Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672). "Der Reichstitel bis 1806" ("The Imperial Title until 1806", by H. Weisertin in Archiv für Diplomatik (1994), p. 449
  5. ↑ a b Template:Cite ODNB
  6. ↑ Carl Dietmar: Die Chronik Kölns, Chronik Verlag, Dortmund 1991, Template:ISBN
  7. ↑ Herbert Eulenberg, The Hohenzollerns, translated by M.M. Bozman (New York: The Century Company, 1929.
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Joseph Baader, "Bericht des Ritters Ludwig von Eyb über des Römischen Königs Maximilian Krönung zu Aachen im Jahre 1486" ("Report of the knight Ludwig von Eyb on the coronation of the Roman King Maximilian in Aachen in the year 1486"), in Annalen des historischen Vereins für den Niederrhein, insbesondere die alte Erzdiöcese Köln (Annals of the Historical Society for the Lower Rhine), Volume 15 (Köln: 1864) pp.1–18
  10. ↑ Template:Cite ODNB
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Liviu Pilat and Ovidiu Cristea, The Ottoman Threat and Crusading on the Eastern Border of Christendom During the 15th Century (Brill, 2017) p.228
  15. ↑ Michael Hicks, The Wars of the Roses (Yale University Press, 2010) Template:ISBN
  16. ↑ David Loades, The Tudors: History of a Dyansty (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012) p.173 Template:ISBN
  17. ↑ Liviu Pilat, "The 1487 Crusade: a turning point in the Moldavian-Polish relations", in Medieval and Early Modern Studies for Central and Eastern Europe, part II, ed. by Liviu Pilat and Bogdan-Petru Maleon (Iași: Alexandru Ioa Cruza University Press, 2010) p. 129.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ History of Lacedonia, Irpinia.info
  21. ↑ Template:Cite ODNB Template:Subscription required
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ The Maguires of Fermanagh
  26. ↑ O'Cleary M. (2003.) The Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters: Translated into English by Owen Connellan, Irish Books & Media. Template:ISBN
  27. ↑ Camillo Porzio, Della congiura dei baroni del Regno di Napoli contra il re Ferdinando I (On the conspiracy of the barons of the Kingdom of Naples against King Ferdinand I), Napoli, 1859
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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