Criminal code: Difference between revisions
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{{About|law enforcement procedures|the 1931 film|The Criminal Code|the Italian criminal code of honor|Omertà}} | {{About|law enforcement procedures|the 1931 film|The Criminal Code|the Italian criminal code of honor|Omertà}} | ||
{{redirect|Penal code|the 1932 film|The Penal Code}} | {{redirect|Penal code|the 1932 film|The Penal Code}} | ||
{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}} | {{Refimprove|date=December 2009}} | ||
A '''criminal code''' or '''penal code''' is a document that compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction's [[criminal law]]. Typically a criminal code will contain [[Crime|offences]] that are recognised in the jurisdiction, penalties that might be imposed for these offences, and some general provisions (such as definitions and prohibitions on [[Ex post facto law|retroactive prosecution]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=French Penal Code (ToC)|url=http://195.83.177.9/upl/pdf/table_33.pdf|publisher=LegiFrance (Eng translation)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704025812/http://195.83.177.9/upl/pdf/table_33.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-04}}</ref> | A '''criminal code''' or '''penal code''' is a document that compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction's [[criminal law]]. Typically a criminal code will contain [[Crime|offences]] that are recognised in the jurisdiction, penalties that might be imposed for these offences, and some general provisions (such as definitions and prohibitions on [[Ex post facto law|retroactive prosecution]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=French Penal Code (ToC)|url=http://195.83.177.9/upl/pdf/table_33.pdf|publisher=LegiFrance (Eng translation)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704025812/http://195.83.177.9/upl/pdf/table_33.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-04}}</ref> | ||
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*{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Penal Code of Argentina]] | *{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Penal Code of Argentina]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Criminal law of Australia|Australian criminal codes]] | *{{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Criminal law of Australia|Australian criminal codes]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Austria}} | *{{Flagicon|Austria}} {{ill|Criminal Code of Austria|de|Strafgesetzbuch (Österreich)}} | ||
*{{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Criminal Code of Belarus]] | *{{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Criminal Code of Belarus]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Penal Code of Brazil]] | *{{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Penal Code of Brazil]] | ||
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*{{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Criminal Code of Finland]] | *{{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Criminal Code of Finland]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|France}} [[French criminal code]] | *{{Flagicon|France}} [[French criminal code]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Criminal Code of Georgia]]<ref name="CriminalCodeGeorgia_202109">{{cite Q|Q136445985|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
*{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Strafgesetzbuch|German Criminal Code]] | *{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Strafgesetzbuch|German Criminal Code]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Hungary}} [https://www.scribd.com/doc/29048832/Criminal-Code-of-the-Republic-of-Hungary Hungarian Penal Code in English], ''status of 18 August 2005'' ;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111221062330/http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=97800004.TV '' Operative Hungarian Penal Code''] | *{{Flagicon|Hungary}} [https://www.scribd.com/doc/29048832/Criminal-Code-of-the-Republic-of-Hungary Hungarian Penal Code in English], ''status of 18 August 2005'' ;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111221062330/http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=97800004.TV '' Operative Hungarian Penal Code''] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Iceland}} [[General Penal Code (Iceland)]] | *{{Flagicon|Iceland}} [[General Penal Code (Iceland)]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|India}} [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]] (Indian Justice Code)<ref>{{Cite web |last= | *{{Flagicon|India}} [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]] (Indian Justice Code)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Shemin|title=Bills to replace criminal codes enacted into law as President Murmu gives nod |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bills-to-replace-criminal-codes-enacted-into-law-as-president-murmu-gives-nod-2824616 |access-date=2024-01-16|website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> | ||
*{{Flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesian | *{{Flagicon|Indonesia}} [[2023 Indonesian Penal Code|Indonesian Penal Code]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Israel}} | *{{Flagicon|Israel}} {{ill|Israeli Penal Law|he|חוק העונשין}} | ||
*{{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Judicial system of Iran|Iranian Criminal Code]] | *{{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Judicial system of Iran|Iranian Criminal Code]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraqi Penal Code]] | *{{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraqi Penal Code]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Italy}} | *{{Flagicon|Italy}} {{ill|Italian Penal Code|it|Codice penale italiano}} | ||
*{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Penal Code of Japan]] | *{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Penal Code of Japan]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kenya Penal Code]] | |||
*{{Flagicon|Macau}} [[Penal Code of Macau]] | *{{Flagicon|Macau}} [[Penal Code of Macau]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Penal Code (Malaysia)]], enacted in 1936. | *{{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Penal Code (Malaysia)]], enacted in 1936. | ||
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*{{Flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Myanmar Penal Code]], enacted on 1 May 1861 | *{{Flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Myanmar Penal Code]], enacted on 1 May 1861 | ||
*{{Flagicon|Nepal}} [[General Code of Nepal]] | *{{Flagicon|Nepal}} [[General Code of Nepal]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} Penal Code of the Netherlands | *{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} {{ill|Penal Code of the Netherlands|nl|Wetboek van Strafrecht (Nederland)}} | ||
*{{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Crimes Act 1961|New Zealand Crimes Act 1961]] | *{{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Crimes Act 1961|New Zealand Crimes Act 1961]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigerian Criminal Code]] | *{{Flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigerian Criminal Code]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Norway}} | *{{Flagicon|Norway}} {{ill|Norwegian Criminal Code|no|Norsk strafferett}} | ||
*{{Flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan Penal Code]] | *{{Flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan Penal Code]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Philippines}} [[Revised Penal Code of the Philippines]] | *{{Flagicon|Philippines}} [[Revised Penal Code of the Philippines]] | ||
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*{{Flagicon|Singapore}} [[Penal Code (Singapore)|Penal Code of Singapore]] | *{{Flagicon|Singapore}} [[Penal Code (Singapore)|Penal Code of Singapore]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spanish Criminal Code]], enacted for the first time in 1822. Current version dates back to 1995. | *{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spanish Criminal Code]], enacted for the first time in 1822. Current version dates back to 1995. | ||
*{{Flagicon|Sweden}} {{ill|Swedish Criminal Code|sv|Brottsbalken}} | |||
*{{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Swiss Criminal Code]] | *{{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Swiss Criminal Code]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Syria}} [[Syrian Penal Code]] | *{{Flagicon|Syria}} [[Syrian Penal Code]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Thailand}} [[Criminal Code of Thailand]] | *{{Flagicon|Thailand}} [[Criminal Code of Thailand]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[ | *{{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish Penal Code]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Criminal Code of Ukraine]] | *{{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Criminal Code of Ukraine]] | ||
*{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Title 18 of the United States Code]] | *{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Title 18 of the United States Code]] | ||
Latest revision as of 09:09, 2 December 2025
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A criminal code or penal code is a document that compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction's criminal law. Typically a criminal code will contain offences that are recognised in the jurisdiction, penalties that might be imposed for these offences, and some general provisions (such as definitions and prohibitions on retroactive prosecution).[1]
Criminal codes are relatively common in civil law jurisdictions, which tend to build legal systems around codes and principles which are relatively abstract and apply them on a case-by-case basis. Conversely they are not as common in common law jurisdictions. Where a jurisdiction is a federation, the subnational units of such jurisdiction may or may not use separate penal codes. For example, in India, the entire country (the federal government, states, and union territories) all operate under one criminal code, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, and in Canada the process is roughly the same, with the entire country being subject to a single criminal code. However, in Australia, the federal government and the states operate under different criminal codes (for instance, New South Wales would not necessarily use the federal criminal code, but rather, its own criminal code.)
The proposed introduction of a criminal code in England and Wales was a significant project of the Law Commission from 1968 to 2008. Due to the strong tradition of legal precedent in the jurisdiction and consequently the large number of binding legal judgements and ambiguous 'common law offences', as well as the often inconsistent nature of English law,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". the creation of a satisfactory code became very difficult. The project was officially abandoned in 2008 although as of 2009 it has been revived.[2]
A statutory Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee for Irish criminal law met from 2007 to 2010 and its Draft Criminal Code and Commentary was published in 2011.[3][4]
In the United States, a Model Penal Code exists which is not itself law but which provides the basis for the criminal law of many states. Individual states often choose to make use of criminal codes which are often based, to a varying extent, on the model code.[5] Title 18 of the United States Code is the criminal code for federal crimes.[6] However, Title 18 does not contain many of the general provisions concerning criminal law that are found in the criminal codes of many so-called "civil law" countries.
Criminal codes are generally supported for their introduction of consistency to legal systems and for making the criminal law more accessible to laypeople.[7] A code may help avoid a chilling effect where legislation and case law appears to be either inaccessible or beyond comprehension to non-lawyers. Alternatively critics have argued that codes are too rigid and that they fail to provide enough flexibility for the law to be effective.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Jurisdictions of many countries, such as Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States, use different penal codes.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
By country
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- Template:Flagicon Criminal Code of Algeria
- Template:Flagicon Penal Code of Argentina
- Template:Flagicon Australian criminal codes
- Template:Flagicon Template:Ill
- Template:Flagicon Criminal Code of Belarus
- Template:Flagicon Penal Code of Brazil
- Template:Flagicon British Virgin Islands Criminal Code
- Template:Flagicon Criminal Code (Canada)
- Template:Flagicon Criminal Code of Chile
- Template:Flagicon Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (zh)
- Template:Flagicon Criminal Code of the Czech Republic (2009)
- Template:Flagicon Danish Penal Code (Denmark)
- Template:Flagicon Egyptian Penal Code
- Template:Flagicon English Criminal Code, a draft has existed since 1989 but, though debated since 1818, has never been enactedScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Template:Flagicon Criminal Code of Finland
- Template:Flagicon French criminal code
- Template:Flagicon Criminal Code of Georgia[8]
- Template:Flagicon German Criminal Code
- Template:Flagicon Hungarian Penal Code in English, status of 18 August 2005 ; Operative Hungarian Penal Code
- Template:Flagicon General Penal Code (Iceland)
- Template:Flagicon Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (Indian Justice Code)[9]
- Template:Flagicon Indonesian Penal Code
- Template:Flagicon Template:Ill
- Template:Flagicon Iranian Criminal Code
- Template:Flagicon Iraqi Penal Code
- Template:Flagicon Template:Ill
- Template:Flagicon Penal Code of Japan
- Template:Flagicon Kenya Penal Code
- Template:Flagicon Penal Code of Macau
- Template:Flagicon Penal Code (Malaysia), enacted in 1936.
- Template:Flagicon Maldives Penal Code, enacted in 1968. Revised on 16 July 2015.
- Template:Flagicon Criminal Code of Malta, enacted in 1854.
- Template:Flagicon Mexican Penal Code, enacted on August 14, 1931.
- Template:Flagicon Myanmar Penal Code, enacted on 1 May 1861
- Template:Flagicon General Code of Nepal
- Template:Flagicon Template:Ill
- Template:Flagicon New Zealand Crimes Act 1961
- Template:Flagicon Nigerian Criminal Code
- Template:Flagicon Template:Ill
- Template:Flagicon Pakistan Penal Code
- Template:Flagicon Revised Penal Code of the Philippines
- Template:Flagicon Polish Penal Code
- Template:Flagicon Penal Code of Portugal
- Template:Flagicon Penal Code of Romania
- Template:Flagicon Criminal Code of Russia
- Template:Flagicon Criminal Code of Saudi Arabia
- Template:Flagicon Penal Code of South Korea
- Template:Flagicon Penal Code of Sri Lanka
- Template:Flagicon Penal Code of Singapore
- Template:Flagicon Spanish Criminal Code, enacted for the first time in 1822. Current version dates back to 1995.
- Template:Flagicon Template:Ill
- Template:Flagicon Swiss Criminal Code
- Template:Flagicon Syrian Penal Code
- Template:Flagicon Criminal Code of Thailand
- Template:Flagicon Turkish Penal Code
- Template:Flagicon Criminal Code of Ukraine
- Template:Flagicon Title 18 of the United States Code
- Template:Flagicon Model Penal Code by the American Law Institute
- Template:Flagicon List of U.S. state statutory codes
- Template:Flagicon Vietnamese Penal Code, first enacted in 1985[10]
See also
References
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