Seta: Difference between revisions
imported>Yuio Qaz m Moved an image, updated the name of the species Fuscoporia gilva, added a link |
imported>Xzkdeng m →Fungal setae: fix citation error |
||
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) | |||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
===Protostomes=== | ===Protostomes=== | ||
[[File:Isonychia Foreleg.jpg|thumb|Setae on the foreleg of a [[mayfly]]]] | [[File:Isonychia Foreleg.jpg|thumb|Setae on the foreleg of a [[mayfly]]]] | ||
Depending partly on their form and function, protostome setae may be called '''macrotrichia''', '''[[chaeta]]e''', '''[[Scale (insect anatomy)|scales]]''', or [[Common name|informally]], hairs. The setal membrane is not [[Cuticle|cuticularized]], so movement is possible. | |||
[[Annelid]] setae are stiff bristles present on the body. They | [[Annelid]] setae are stiff bristles present on the body. They allow [[earthworm]]s and their relatives to attach to the surface and prevent backsliding during [[peristaltic]] motion. These hairs make it difficult to pull a worm straight from the ground. Setae in [[oligochaetes]] (the group including earthworms) are largely composed of [[chitin]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hyman | first1 = H.L. | year = 1966 | title = Further Notes on the Occurrence of Chitin in Invertebrates | url = http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/130/1/94.pdf | journal = Biological Bulletin | volume = 130 | issue = 1| pages = 1–149 | doi = 10.2307/1539955 | jstor = 1539955 }}</ref> They are classified according to the limb to which they are attached; for instance, notosetae are attached to [[notopodia]]; neurosetae to [[neuropodia]].<ref>{{Cite journal| last1 = Butterfield | first1 = N. J.| title = A reassessment of the enigmatic Burgess Shale fossil ''Wiwaxia corrugata'' (Matthew) and its relationship to the polychaete ''Canadia spinosa'' Walcott| jstor = 2400789| journal = Paleobiology| volume = 16| issue = 3| pages = 287–303| year = 1990| doi=10.1017/s0094837300010009| bibcode = 1990Pbio...16..287B| s2cid = 88100863}}</ref> The setae on [[polychaete worm]]s are referred to as chaeta due to their differing morphology. | ||
[[ | |||
[[Crustacean]]s have mechano- and [[chemosensory]] setae.<ref name="isopods.nhm.org">{{cite journal | last1 = Garm | first1 = A | year = 2004 | title = Revising the definition of the crustacean seta and setal classification systems based on examinations of the mouthpart setae of seven species of decapods | url = http://isopods.nhm.org/pdfs/12763/12763.pdf | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 142 | issue = 2| pages = 233–252 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00132.x| doi-access = free }}</ref> Setae are especially present on the mouthparts of crustaceans<ref name="isopods.nhm.org"/> and can also be found on grooming limbs.<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{cite journal | last1 = Keiler | first1 = J. | last2 = Richter | first2 = S. | year = 2011 | title = Morphological diversity of setae on the grooming legs in Anomala (Decapoda: Reptantia) revealed by scanning electron microscopy | journal = Zoologischer Anzeiger | volume = 250 | issue = 4| pages = 343–366 | doi=10.1016/j.jcz.2011.04.004| bibcode = 2011ZooAn.250..343K }}</ref> In some cases, setae are modified into scale like structures.<ref name="sciencedirect.com"/> Setae on the legs of [[krill]] and other small crustaceans help them to gather [[phytoplankton]]. It captures them and allows them to be eaten. | [[Crustacean]]s have mechano- and [[chemosensory]] setae.<ref name="isopods.nhm.org">{{cite journal | last1 = Garm | first1 = A | year = 2004 | title = Revising the definition of the crustacean seta and setal classification systems based on examinations of the mouthpart setae of seven species of decapods | url = http://isopods.nhm.org/pdfs/12763/12763.pdf | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 142 | issue = 2| pages = 233–252 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00132.x| doi-access = free }}</ref> Setae are especially present on the mouthparts of crustaceans<ref name="isopods.nhm.org"/> and can also be found on grooming limbs.<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{cite journal | last1 = Keiler | first1 = J. | last2 = Richter | first2 = S. | year = 2011 | title = Morphological diversity of setae on the grooming legs in Anomala (Decapoda: Reptantia) revealed by scanning electron microscopy | journal = Zoologischer Anzeiger | volume = 250 | issue = 4| pages = 343–366 | doi=10.1016/j.jcz.2011.04.004| bibcode = 2011ZooAn.250..343K }}</ref> In some cases, setae are modified into scale like structures.<ref name="sciencedirect.com"/> Setae on the legs of [[krill]] and other small crustaceans help them to gather [[phytoplankton]]. It captures them and allows them to be eaten. | ||
Setae on the [[integument]] of insects are unicellular, meaning that each is formed from a single epidermal cell of a type called a trichogen, literally meaning "bristle generator". They are at first hollow and in most forms remain hollow after they have hardened. They grow through and project through a secondary or accessory cell of a type called a tormogen, which generates the special flexible membrane that connects the base of the seta to the surrounding [[integument]] | Setae on the [[integument]] of insects are unicellular, meaning that each is formed from a single epidermal cell of a type called a trichogen, literally meaning "bristle generator". They are at first hollow and in most forms remain hollow after they have hardened. They grow through and project through a secondary or accessory cell of a type called a tormogen, which generates the special flexible membrane that connects the base of the seta to the surrounding [[integument]]. Some insects, such as ''[[Eriogaster lanestris]]'' larvae, use setae as a defense mechanism, as they can cause dermatitis when they come into contact with skin.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Caterpillar Dermatitis | pmc=1841743 | pmid=6023131|volume=2|issue = 5548|year=1967|journal=Br Med J|pages=346–8 | last1 = Hellier | first1 = FF | last2 = Warin | first2 = RP | doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5548.346}}</ref> [[Fly|Diptera]] setae are [[Bristle sensilla|bristles]] present throughout the body and function as [[Mechanoreceptor|mechanoreceptors]]. | ||
===Deuterostomes=== | ===Deuterostomes=== | ||
Latest revision as of 04:54, 14 December 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Sister project
In biology, setae (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Singular seta Template:IPAc-en; Template:Etymology) are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms.
Animal setae
Protostomes
Depending partly on their form and function, protostome setae may be called macrotrichia, chaetae, scales, or informally, hairs. The setal membrane is not cuticularized, so movement is possible.
Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. They allow earthworms and their relatives to attach to the surface and prevent backsliding during peristaltic motion. These hairs make it difficult to pull a worm straight from the ground. Setae in oligochaetes (the group including earthworms) are largely composed of chitin.[1] They are classified according to the limb to which they are attached; for instance, notosetae are attached to notopodia; neurosetae to neuropodia.[2] The setae on polychaete worms are referred to as chaeta due to their differing morphology.
Crustaceans have mechano- and chemosensory setae.[3] Setae are especially present on the mouthparts of crustaceans[3] and can also be found on grooming limbs.[4] In some cases, setae are modified into scale like structures.[4] Setae on the legs of krill and other small crustaceans help them to gather phytoplankton. It captures them and allows them to be eaten.
Setae on the integument of insects are unicellular, meaning that each is formed from a single epidermal cell of a type called a trichogen, literally meaning "bristle generator". They are at first hollow and in most forms remain hollow after they have hardened. They grow through and project through a secondary or accessory cell of a type called a tormogen, which generates the special flexible membrane that connects the base of the seta to the surrounding integument. Some insects, such as Eriogaster lanestris larvae, use setae as a defense mechanism, as they can cause dermatitis when they come into contact with skin.[5] Diptera setae are bristles present throughout the body and function as mechanoreceptors.
Deuterostomes
Vertebrates
The pads on a gecko's feet are small hair-like processes that play a role in the animal's ability to cling to vertical surfaces. The micrometer-scale setae branch into nanometer-scale projections called spatulae.[6] A Tokay gecko's two front feet can sustain 20.1 N of force parallel to the surface using approximately 14,400 setae per mm2. This equates to ~ 6.2 pN per seta, but does not sufficiently account for the overall stickiness behavior shown by the foot pads.[7]
Classification uncertain
In 2017, a description of a new species of basal deuterostome called Saccorhytus was published. This animal appears to have seta in the pores along the side of its body.[8] However, in 2022, Saccorhytus is considered to be an early ecdysozoan, and was described as having "lacked setae".[9]
Fungal setae
In mycology, "setae" refer to dark-brown, thick-walled, thornlike cystidia found in corticioid and poroid fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae.[10] Though mainly microscopic, the setae of some species may be sufficiently prominent to be visible with a hand lens.
Plant setae
In botany, "seta" refers to the stalk supporting the capsule of a moss or liverwort (both closely related in a clade called "Setaphyta"), and supplying it with nutrients. The seta is part of the sporophyte and has a short foot embedded in the gametophyte on which it is parasitic. Setae are not present in all mosses, but in some species they may reach 15 to 20 centimeters in height.[11]
Chaetoceros setae
In the diatom family Chaetocerotaceae, "seta" refers to the hairlike outgrowths of the valve, i.e. of the face of the cells.[12] These setae have a different structure than the valve. Such setae may prevent rapid sinking and also protect the cells from grazing.
Synthetic setae
Synthetic setae are a class of synthetic adhesives that detach at will, sometimes called resettable adhesives, yet display substantial stickiness. The development of such synthetic materials is a matter of current research.[6][13][14]
See also
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Raven, Peter H.; Evert, R.F. & Eichhorn, S.E. (2005): Biology of Plants (7th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.
- ↑ Tomas, C. R., Hasle G. R., Syvertsen, E. E., Steidinger, K. A., Tangen, K., Throndsen, J., Heimdal, B. R., (1997). Identifying Marine Phytoplankton, Academic Press.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Setae Research Template:Webarchive
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".