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|country = England
|country = England
|official_name= Abbess Roding   
|official_name= Abbess Roding   
|static_image_name = Abbess Roding - St Edmund's Church - Essex England - church from southeast.jpg
|static_image_name = Abbess Roding village sign - geograph.org.uk - 3536650.jpg
|static_image_caption = St Edmund's Church, Abbess Roding
|static_image_caption = Abbess Roding village sign
|coordinates = {{coord|51.7788|0.2759|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{coord|51.7788|0.2759|display=inline,title}}
|population =  
|population =  
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|os_grid_reference= TL571113
|os_grid_reference= TL571113
}}
}}
'''Abbess Roding''' is a village and former [[civil parish]], now in the parish of [[Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding]] and the [[Epping Forest District]] of [[Essex]], England. The village is included in the eight [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]] and [[villages]] called [[The Rodings]]. It is in west Essex, {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} north from [[Chipping Ongar]], and {{convert|9|mi|km|0}} west from the [[county town]] of [[Chelmsford]]. In 1931 the parish had a population of 169.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10245837/cube/TOT_POP|title=Population statistics Abbess Roding CP/AP through time|publisher=[[A Vision of Britain through Time]]|accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref>
'''Abbess Roding''' is a village and former [[civil parish]] that is located in the west of the county of [[Essex]], {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} north from [[Chipping Ongar]], and {{convert|9|mi|km|0}} west from the [[county town]] of [[Chelmsford]]. The village is one of the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]] and [[villages]] called [[The Rodings]]. In 1891 the parish had a population of 240, but by 1931 it had decreased to 169.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10245837/cube/TOT_POP|title=Population statistics Abbess Roding CP/AP through time|publisher=[[A Vision of Britain through Time]]|accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nmw_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA106&dq=%22abbess+roding%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiTvvPmlIeOAxVxU0EAHQGKC2Q4HhDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=%22abbess%22&f=false|title=Census of England and Wales: Administrative and ancient counties. 2. Registration areas and sanitary districts|publisher=Great Britain. Census Office|date=1893|page=102}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
According to ''A Dictionary of British Place Names'', Roding derives from "Rodinges", as is listed in the ''[[Domesday Book]]'' and recorded earlier as such at c.1050, with the later variation 'Roinges Abbatisse' recorded in 1237. The 'Abbess' refers to the manorial possession by a man called 'Aitrop' held under the ownership of the Abbess of [[Barking Abbey]].<ref>Mills, Anthony David (2003); ''A Dictionary of British Place Names'', [[Oxford University Press]], revised edition (2011), p.392. {{ISBN|019960908X}}</ref><ref>[http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/Council_Services/planning/conservation/ABBESSRODING.asp Abbess Roding] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123150744/http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/Council_Services/planning/conservation/ABBESSRODING.asp |date=23 November 2007 }}</ref>
According to ''A Dictionary of British Place Names'', Roding derives from "Rodinges", as is listed in the ''[[Domesday Book]]'' and recorded earlier as such at c.1050, with the later variation 'Roinges Abbatisse' recorded in 1237. The 'Abbess' refers to the manorial possession by a man called 'Aitrop' held under the ownership of the Abbess of [[Barking Abbey]].<ref>Mills, Anthony David (2003); ''A Dictionary of British Place Names'', [[Oxford University Press]], revised edition (2011), p.392. {{ISBN|019960908X}}</ref><ref>[http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/Council_Services/planning/conservation/ABBESSRODING.asp Abbess Roding] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123150744/http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/Council_Services/planning/conservation/ABBESSRODING.asp |date=23 November 2007 }}</ref>


In the ''Domesday'' account Abbess Roding is listed as in the [[Hundred of Ongar]]. The manor held 18 households, seven [[Serfdom#Villeins|villagers]], two [[Smallholding#Smallholdings in Britain|smallholders]], five slaves, and one [[Serfdom#Freemen|freeman]], with 2 lord's plough teams, 3.5 men's plough teams, {{convert|20|acre|km2|2}} of meadow, and a woodland with 20 pigs. In 1066 there were 10 cattle, 40 pigs, 100 sheep and a [[Cob (horse)|cob]]. In 1086 there were 14 cattle, 60 pigs, 131 sheep, and three cobs. Before the [[Norman conquest of England|Conquest]], [[Lord of the Manor|lordship]] was held by  Wulfmer of Eaton Socon; after given to [[Eudo Dapifer]] who was also [[Tenant-in-chief]] to [[William the Conqueror]].<ref>[http://opendomesday.org/place/TL5711/abbess-roding/  "Abbess Roding"], ''Open Domesday'', [[University of Hull]]. Retrieved 9 February 2018</ref> A further source, the ''Domesday Book: A Complete Translation'', gives a ''Domesday'' record of Abbess Roding being held by Geoffrey Martel as part of the land of [[Geoffrey de Mandeville (11th century)|Geoffrey de Mandeville]].<ref>{{cite book| last =Williams | first =Ann |author2=G H Martin | title =Domesday Book: A Complete Translation | date =24 September 2004 | publisher = Penguin| location =London | pages =1012; 1303 | isbn =978-0-14-143994-5 }}</ref>
In the ''Domesday'' account Abbess Roding is listed as in the [[Hundred of Ongar]]. The manor held 18 households, seven [[Serfdom#Villeins|villagers]], two [[Smallholding#Smallholdings in Britain|smallholders]], five slaves, and one [[Serfdom#Freemen|freeman]], with 2 lord's plough teams, 3.5 men's plough teams, {{convert|20|acre|ha|0}} of meadow, and a woodland with 20 pigs.<ref name=open/> In 1066 there were 10 cattle, 40 pigs, 100 sheep and a [[Cob (horse)|cob]]. In 1086 there were 14 cattle, 60 pigs, 131 sheep, and three cobs. Before the [[Norman conquest of England|Conquest]], [[Lord of the Manor|lordship]] was held by  Wulfmer of Eaton Socon; after given to [[Eudo Dapifer]] who was also [[Tenant-in-chief]] to [[William the Conqueror]].<ref name=open>[http://opendomesday.org/place/TL5711/abbess-roding/  "Abbess Roding"], ''Open Domesday'', [[University of Hull]]. Retrieved 9 February 2018</ref> A further source, the ''Domesday Book: A Complete Translation'', gives a ''Domesday'' record of Abbess Roding being held by Geoffrey Martel as part of the land of [[Geoffrey de Mandeville (11th century)|Geoffrey de Mandeville]].<ref>{{cite book| last =Williams | first =Ann |author2=G H Martin | title =Domesday Book: A Complete Translation | date =24 September 2004 | publisher = Penguin| location =London | pages =1012; 1303 | isbn =978-0-14-143994-5 }}</ref> Other traditional names for the village and its previous parish were 'Abbott's Roothing' or 'Abbots Roding'. It was in the Hundred of Ongar. At the [[Suppression of the Monasteries|Dissolution]], [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] sold the Barking Abbey's estate to Robert Chertsey.<ref name=Kellys1882/>
[[File:Abbots Roding OS First edition 1805.jpg|thumb|left|Ordnance Survey map 1805 showing 'Abbots Roding']]
[[File:Abbots Roding OS First edition 1805.jpg|thumb|left|Ordnance Survey map 1805 showing 'Abbots Roding']]
Other traditional names for the village and its previous parish were 'Abbott's Roothing' or 'Abbots Roding'. It was in the Hundred of Ongar. At the [[Suppression of the Monasteries|Dissolution]], [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] sold the Barking Abbey's estate to Robert Chertsey. In 1882 Abbess Roding was in the Ongar [[Workhouse#Early Victorian workhouses|Union]]&mdash;[[poor relief]] provision set up under the [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834]] &mdash;and part of the [[Rural Dean]]ery of Ongar.  The registers of the church of St Edmund date to 1560. The church, restored in 1867, had attached an 1882 [[Benefice#Church of England|benefice]] of a [[Rector (ecclesiastical)#Anglican churches|rectory]] with [[Clergy house|residence]], in the gift of and [[Incumbent (ecclesiastical)|held]] by Rev. Lawrence Capel Cure of [[Balliol College, Oxford]]. There also existed a [[Congregational church|Congregational]] chapel. [[Henry Selwin-Ibbetson, 1st Baron Rookwood|Sir Henry Selwin-Ibbetson, Bt]] was [[Lord of the Manor]] and principal landowner. There was {{convert|1393|acre|km2|1}} of parish land supporting a population of 237. Crops grown at the time were chiefly wheat, barley and beans, on a heavy soil with a clay subsoil. Parish occupations included seven farmers, a beer retailer, and the [[Licensed victualler|licensee]] of The Anchor public house.<ref name=Kellys1882>''[[Kelly's Directory]] of Essex'' 1882 pp.245-247</ref>
The parish is recorded as having two windmills during its history. The first was a sunk post mill, and was located in the manor of Barwick Bernes, but in the farming records of 1382 the mill was reported to have been broken.<ref name=white/> A second later windmill, a [[Post mill]] was built upon top of a small mound, quarter of a mile north of the church.<ref name=white/> In 1578, [[Elizabeth I]] visited Rookwood Hall as a guest of the then owner Wistan Browne.<ref name=white/> A [[nonconformist]] congregation started in a barn at Rookwood Hall during 1698, and a permanent chapel was built in 1730.<ref name=EAHN>{{cite periodical|url=https://www.esah1852.org.uk/library/files/N1131134.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwip9snk9oeOAxW5WkEAHdZKPNQQFnoECEgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2AD2rKDyZJD2oSsV0GQkA_|title=ROOKWOOD HALL BARNS AT ABBESS RODING-AN UNRECORDED MALTING?|periodical=Essex Archaeological and History News|date=Autumn 2000|issue=113|page=5-6}}</ref>


On 1 April 1946 the parish was abolished to form "Abbess Beauchamp and Berners Roding".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10245837|title=Relationships and changes Abbess Roding CP/AP through time|publisher=A Vision of Britain through Time|accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110408112044/http://www.essexinfo.net/abbessbeauchampbernersrodingpc/ "Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding"]}}, Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding Parish Council. Retrieved 10 February 2018</ref>
In 1845, authorisation from parliament was sought to build the Dunstable, London and Birmingham railway, which would have run from [[Leighton Buzzard]] to [[Maldon]] running through the Rodings, but authorisation was only granted to connect [[Dunstable]] to the line at Leighton Buzzard ([[8 & 9 Vict.]] c. xxxvii).<ref>{{cite periodical|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qu9MAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA41-PP8&dq=%22abbess+roding%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBtPqplIeOAxUOQkEAHdr1K5U4FBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q=%22abbess%20roding%22&f=false|title=The Dunstable, London and Birmingham railway|periodical=The London Gazette|page=3521-3522|date=1 July 1845|author=H.M. Stationery Office}}</ref> In 1882 Abbess Roding was in the Ongar [[Workhouse#Early Victorian workhouses|Union]]&mdash;[[poor relief]] provision set up under the [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834]] &mdash;and part of the [[Rural Dean]]ery of Ongar. The registers of the church of St Edmund date to 1560. The church, restored in 1867, had attached an 1882 [[Benefice#Church of England|benefice]] of a [[Rector (ecclesiastical)#Anglican churches|rectory]] with [[Clergy house|residence]], in the gift of and [[Incumbent (ecclesiastical)|held]] by Rev. Lawrence Capel Cure of [[Balliol College, Oxford]]. [[Henry Selwin-Ibbetson, 1st Baron Rookwood|Sir Henry Selwin-Ibbetson, Bt]] was [[Lord of the Manor]] and principal landowner. There was {{convert|1393|acre|km2|1}} of parish land supporting a population of 237. Crops grown at the time were chiefly wheat, barley and beans, on a heavy soil with a clay subsoil. Parish occupations included seven farmers, a beer retailer, and the [[Licensed victualler|licensee]] of The Anchor public house.<ref name=Kellys1882>''[[Kelly's Directory]] of Essex''1882 pp.245-247</ref>
 
During [[World War I]], non-conformists were sent to an interment camp as conscientious objectors. The camp had been set up at the Old Rectory, and was linked to the Chipping Ongar Agricultural Depot.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7wy4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT98&dq=%22abbess+roding%22+directory&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwij35KfmoeOAxW5VEEAHTeNInU4FBDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q=%22abbess%20roding%22%20directory&f=false|title=Prisoners of the British.Internees and Prisoners of War during the First World War|author=Michael Foley|date=2017|publisher=Fonthill Media|isbn=9781781554791}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NW_slvRfGG0C&q=%22abbess+roding%22+first+world+war&dq=%22abbess+roding%22+first+world+war&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjC38Sgm4eOAxUTUUEAHW-yFmoQ6AF6BAgFEAM#%22The%20Congregational%20church%20at%20Abbess%20Roding%20,%20once%20an%20important%20nonconformist%22|title=The Victoria History of the County of Essex|date=1956|publisher=Constable|page=195}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a2LNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT171&dq=%22abbess+roding%22+first+world+war&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiuOSYnIeOAxVdVkEAHc2iKJQQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=%22abbess%20roding%22%20first%20world%20war&f=false|title=Tracing Your Prisoner of War Ancestors. The First World War|author=Sarah Paterson|date=2013|isbn=9781783376582|publisher=Pen & Sword Books|page=Appendix 8}}</ref> During [[World War II]], the lane leading from Abbess Roding to the [[Matching]] to Peartree Green road was closed to allow for the construction of [[RAF Matching]] within the parish boundary.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B5ttBplpUcMC&q=%22abbess+roding%22+second+world+war&dq=%22abbess+roding%22+second+world+war&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjokv2PnYeOAxWMUkEAHYeYDWUQ6AF6BAgEEAM#%22abbess%20roding%22%20second%20world%20war|title=The Victoria History of the County of Essex|date=1983|publisher=Constable|page=197}}</ref>
 
[[File:Ratheon_Radar_Test_Facility_-_geograph.org.uk_-_260834.jpg|thumb|Former control tower at RAF Matching]]
 
On 1 April 1946 the parish was abolished to form the new parish of  "Abbess Beauchamp and Berners Roding".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10245837|title=Relationships and changes Abbess Roding CP/AP through time|publisher=A Vision of Britain through Time|accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110408112044/http://www.essexinfo.net/abbessbeauchampbernersrodingpc/ "Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding"]}}, Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding Parish Council. Retrieved 10 February 2018</ref>
 
==Geology==
The soil is made up Glacial Sand and Gravel, Head Gravel and Alluvium on the London Clay formation, which bore holes opposite St. Edmunds church recorded the depth at 37.5m.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/534860/1/B02584_52_Hatfield_Essex.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8Nv_8IeOAxVbV0EAHbMpJDcQFnoECEQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0_vJZnoPBh7PpEDZjgqyc0|title=The sand and gravel resources of the country between Hatfield Heath and Great Waltham, Essex|publisher=INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES/Natural Environment Research Council|date=1980|page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/events/london-clay-geology-and-geotechnics-by-eggs-hncrg/#:~:text=London%20Clay%20Formation%20underlies%20an,Dorset%2DHampshire%2DSussex%20basin.|title=London Clay: Geology and Geotechnics by EGGS & HNCRG|website=The Geology Society|access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tttWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22abbess+roding%22+geology&dq=%22abbess+roding%22+geology&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir5Z3n8oeOAxWnVkEAHVNvD0IQ6AF6BAgEEAM#%22abbess%20roding%22%20geology|title=Geology of the Country Around Epping|author=D. Millward|publisher=British Geological Survey|isbn=9780118844000|date=1987|page=15}}</ref> Further studies have shown that a fragment of the former floor of the Thames Estuary was found 145 feet below the village.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3DssAAAAMAAJ&q=%22abbess+roding%22+geology&dq=%22abbess+roding%22+geology&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDjqGJ9IeOAxXKWEEAHaBOLFQ4ChDoAXoECAkQAw#%22abbess%20roding%22%20geology|title=Transactions and Papers - Institute of British Geographers Issues 20-22|publisher=Institute of British Geographers|date=1954|page=26}}</ref> The Rodings area is regarded as the second best ploughing country, second only to the [[Holderness]] in Yorkshire.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gFaP5PCO-UC&pg=PA22&dq=%22abbess+roding%22+ploughing&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjqsJLl9IeOAxVNa0EAHZBgMWYQ6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=%22abbess%20roding%22%20ploughing&f=false|title=The Essex foxhounds|author=R.F. Ball, T. Gilbey|date=1896|isbn=9785871334348|page=22}}</ref>


==Governance==
==Governance==
The village is in the parliamentary constituency of [[Brentwood and Ongar (UK Parliament constituency)|Brentwood & Ongar]]. The village is locally served by Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding [[Parish councils in England|Parish Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/local_democracy/democratic_services/default.asp?modgovlink=http%3A%2F%2Frds.eppingforestdc.gov.uk%2FmgParishCouncilDetails.asp%3FID%3D321 |title=Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding Parish Council - Key Contacts |access-date=2007-01-21 |work=www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605233923/http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/local_democracy/democratic_services/default.asp?modgovlink=http:%2F%2Frds.eppingforestdc.gov.uk%2FmgParishCouncilDetails.asp%3FID=321 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status = dead|df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Parliamentary seat===
The village is in the parliamentary constituency of [[Brentwood and Ongar (UK Parliament constituency)|Brentwood & Ongar]], with [[Alex Burghart]] serving as the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] since 2017.
===Local government===
Abbess Roding sits within the [[non-metropolitan county]] of [[Essex]], governed by [[Essex County Council]]; and the [[Non-metropolitan district|non-Metropolitan]] [[Epping Forest District|district of Epping Forest]], which is governed by [[Epping Forest District#Governance|Epping Forest District Council]]. The village is within the ward of Rural East.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lgbce.org.uk/sites/default/files/2023-07/si_2023-819_-_epping_forest_electoral_changes_order_map.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiji63jhoeOAxX1UkEAHQlGMjwQFnoECEsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2qb9mFPSt-bhiT4YM56xNc|title=Map referred to in the Epping Forest (Electoral Changes) Order 2023|publisher=The Local Government Boundary Commission for England|access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref> The village is locally served by [[Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding]] [[Parish councils in England|Parish Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/local_democracy/democratic_services/default.asp?modgovlink=http%3A%2F%2Frds.eppingforestdc.gov.uk%2FmgParishCouncilDetails.asp%3FID%3D321 |title=Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding Parish Council - Key Contacts |access-date=2007-01-21 |work=www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605233923/http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/local_democracy/democratic_services/default.asp?modgovlink=http:%2F%2Frds.eppingforestdc.gov.uk%2FmgParishCouncilDetails.asp%3FID=321 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status = dead|df=dmy-all }}</ref>
 
==Demographics==
===Population===
The population of the parish was recorded from the first census in the United Kingdom in 1801, until the final census in 1951, which was after the parish was dissolved.<ref name=white>{{cite book|url=https://www.whiterodingpc.org.uk/council/whiteroding/newsletter/History-of-white-roothing-abbess-roothing.pdf|title=History of White Roothing and Abbess Roothing|publisher=White Roothing Women's Institute|date=1957}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Census
!Population
|-
|1801
|205
|-
|1811
|215
|-
|1821
|236
|-
|1831
|234
|-
|1841
|254
|-
|1851
|216
|-
|1861
|220
|-
|1871
|259
|-
|1881
|231
|-
|1891
|240
|-
|1901
|213
|-
|1911
|206
|-
|1921
|175
|-
|1931
|169
|-
|1951
|228
|}
 
===Occupations===
Over the censuses between 1841 and 1951, the records show the parish residents working in the following occupations:<ref name=white/>
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col1left" style="text-align:right;"
!Occupation
!1841
!1901
!1951
|-
|Professions
|1
|4
|7
|-
|Farmers
|5
|7
|8
|-
|Agricultural workers
|51
|34
|30
|-
|Private domestic servants
|16
|14
|4
|-
|Carpenters / Carpenter's Journeymen
| -
| -
| 2
|-
|Cooper
|1
| -
| -
|-
|Grocer
|1
| -
| -
|-
|Shoemaker and assistants
|1
| -
| -
|-
|Bricklayers and assistants
| -
| -
|1
|-
|Baker
| -
|1
| -
|}
 
==Hamlets==
===Abbess End===
Abbess End is a hamlet close to the southern end of Abbess Roding, and north of the former site of the moated country house Rookwood Hall,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1016879 |desc=Rookwood hall moated site|accessdate=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Powell |editor1-first=W.R. |title=A History of the County of Essex: Volume 4, Ongar Hundred |date=1956 |publisher=Victoria County History |location=London |pages=190–193 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol4/pp190-193 |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> in the county of [[Essex]], England.<ref>{{cite book |title=Geographers' A-Z Map Co Ltd |date=20 August 2002 |location=UK |isbn=978-0850399370 |edition=Revised}}</ref>
 
[[File:Horsecroft, Abbess End geograph-5604834-by-David-Howard.jpg|thumb|Horsecroft at Abbess End]]
 
===Berwick Bernes===
Berwick Bernes, also known as Barwick Bernes, was a hamlet in the parish of Abbess Roding.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://leicester.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p16445coll4/id/61067/download&ved=2ahUKEwjf9M_k3YqOAxVQQUEAHb4pIToQFnoECFsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0xWd7Px4MDk6pDDYbM_65D|title=Kelly's Directory of Essex 1915|publisher=Kelly's Directories|page=477}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://epns.nottingham.ac.uk/browse/Essex/Abbess+Roding/532858b5b47fc40a98000003-Berwick+Berners+Hall%2C+Berwick+Fm|title=Berwick Berners Hall, Berwick Fm|website=University of Nottingham|access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref> It was formerly one of the manors of the parish, along with Rockwood Hall, and owned by the Berners family who also owned the manor at Berners Roding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/berners-sir-james-1361-88|title=BERNERS, Sir James (1361-88), of Berners Hall, Essex and West Horsley, Surr.|website=History of Parliament|access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=white/> It is now regarded as part of the village of Abbess Roding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themovemarket.com/tools/propertyprices/berwick-berners-hall-berwick-lane-abbess-roding-ongar-cm5-0js|title=Berwick Berners Hall, Berwick Lane, Abbess Roding, Ongar, Epping Forest, Essex, CM5 0JS|website=The Move Market|date=3 June 2025}}</ref>
 
[[File:Pond, Berwick Berners Hall near Abbess Roding - geograph.org.uk - 382312.jpg|thumb|Pond at Berwick Bernes Hall, which may have been part of a moat]]
 
===Nether Street===
The hamlet of Nether Street probably gained its name as being the home of Sir Walter de Netherstrete.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fFkKAQAAMAAJ&q=%22nether+street%22+abbess+roding&dq=%22nether+street%22+abbess+roding&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6honO5IqOAxWqZkEAHXd5PB44ChDoAXoECAgQAw#%22nether%20street%22|title=English Place-Name Society|volume=12|date=1935|publisher=The University Press|page=75}}</ref> The hamlet is now regarded as part of the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.streetcheck.co.uk/postcode/cm50jt|title=Area Information for Nether Street, Abbess Roding, Ongar, CM5 0JT|website=Street Check|access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>
 
==Buildings, structures and attractions==
[[File:Abbess Roding - St Edmund's Church - Essex England - church from southwest 3.jpg|thumb|St. Edmund's Church]]
The village has several properties that are listed on the [[National Heritage List for England]]. An area around St. Edmund church is a local designated conservation area.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/app/uploads/2019/01/Abbess-Roding-Conservation-area.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj23Jz01IeOAxU8WUEAHdD4CQkQFnoECBgQAQ&sqi=2&usg=AOvVaw25w6S0I1WEBpV1t41YC4kV|title=ABBESS RODING CONSERVATION AREA|publisher=Epping Forest District Council|date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/planning-and-building/built-heritage/conservation-areas/|title=Conservation Areas|website=Epping Forest District Council|access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref>
 
The [[Three Forests Way]] footpath runs through the village.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!List entry number
!Date first listed
!Grade Listing
!Description
!National Grid reference
!Reference
|-
|Abbess Roding Hall, including Pump and Garden
|1337213
|29 June 1984
|II
|16th century, possibly earlier, timber framed and plastered 'U' shaped house
|TL 57212 11582
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1337213?section=official-list-entry|title=ABBESS RODING HALL INCLUDING PUMP AND GARDEN WALL|website=Historic England|access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Granary to north of Abbess Roding Hall
|1111332
|29 June 1984
|II
|16th century, possibly earlier, timber framed, 3 bay building
|TL 57222 11606
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1111332?section=official-list-entry|title=GRANARY TO NORTH OF ABBESS RODING HALL|website=Historic England|access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Barn to South West of Abbess Roding Hall
|1337214
|29 June 1984
|II
|16th century 7 bay timber barn
|TL 57194 11512
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1337214?section=official-list-entry|title=BARN TO SOUTH WEST OF ABBESS RODING HALL|website=Historic England|access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Church of St Edmund
|1111331
|20 February 1967
|II
|14th, 15th and 19th century parish church.
|TL 57178 11438
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1111331?section=official-list-entry|title=Church of St Edmund|website=Historic England|access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Clare House
|1111339
|29 June 1984
|II
|Circa. 1600 timber framed and plastered house
|TL 57127 11244
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1111339?section=official-list-entry|title=CLARE HOUSE|website=Historic England|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Fairlands including attached garden wall and pump
|1165784
|29 August 1984
|II*
|15th and 16th century timber framed and plastered house, with red brick garden wall, a cast iron pump and the remains of a moat.
|TL 55794 11455
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1165784?section=official-list-entry|title=FAIRLANDS INCLUDING ATTACHED GARDEN WALL AND PUMP|website=Historic England|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Falkners
|1337219
|29 June 1984
|II
|16th century, possibly earlier, timber framed and plastered house
|TL 56578 10843
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1337219?section=official-list-entry|title=FALKNERS|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Granary, Barn and Outbuilding west of Green Hill and pump
|1165801
|29 June 1984
|II
|18th and 19th century weatherboarded granary
|TL 57195 11954
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1165801?section=official-list-entry|title=GRANARY, BARN AND OUTBUILDING WEST OF GREENHILL AND PUMP 10 METRES TO THE NORTH OF GREEN HILL|website=Historic England|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Longbarns Farmhouse
|1337220
|27 August 1957
|II
|17th and 15th century, possibly earlier, timber framed and plastered farmhouse.
|TL 57825 10878
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1337220?section=official-list-entry|title=LONGBARNS FARMHOUSE (NOW 2 RESIDENTIAL UNITS) INCLUDING OUTHOUSE RANGE AND GARDEN WALL|website=Historic England|access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|The Old Post Office
|1111333
|29 June 1984
|II
|17th century, possibly earlier, timber framed and plastered former Georgian post office.
|TL 57207 11316
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1111333?section=official-list-entry|title=THE OLD POST OFFICE|website=Historic England|access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Pump, 3m to the west of the Old Post Office
|1337215
|29 June 1984
|II
|19th century cast iron pump
|TL 57195 11310
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1337215?section=official-list-entry |title=PUMP 3 METERS TO WEST AND IN FRONT GARDEN OF THE OLD POST OFFICE|website=Historic England|access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Post Cottages
|1111334
|29 June 1984
|II
|17th century, possibly earlier, timber framed and plastered cottages
|TL 57207 11309
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1111334?section=official-list-entry|title=POST COTTAGES|website=Historic England|access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Barn north east of Rookwood Hall
|1111340
|20 February 1967
|II*
|15th century timber framed and weatherboarded barn that was originally a dwelling.
|TL 56084 11006
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1111340?section=official-list-entry|title=BARN NORTH EAST OF ROOKWOOD HALL|website=Historic England|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Barn North East of Rookwood Hall and South East of Item 2/4
|1251306
|20 February 1967
|I
|15th century 8 bay timber framed barn, part weatherboard, part plastered. Moated site
|TL 56092 10987
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1251306?section=official-list-entry|title=BARN NORTH EAST OF ROOKWOOD HALL AND SOUTH EAST OF ITEM 2/4|website=Historic England|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Sparrows
|1165528
|29 June 1984
|II
|14th century, possibly earlier, timber framed and plastered house
|TL 56767 10867
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1165528?section=official-list-entry|title=SPARROWS|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}


== Notable people ==
== Notable people ==


* Sir [[Gamaliel Capell]] - Member of Parliament, owned Rookwood Hall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/capell-sir-gamaliel-1561-1613|title=CAPELL, Sir Gamaliel (1561-1613), of Rookwood Hall, Abbess Roding, Essex|website=History of Parliament Online|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>
* Sir [[Gamaliel Capell]] (1561–1613), Member of Parliament, owned Rookwood Hall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/capell-sir-gamaliel-1561-1613|title=CAPELL, Sir Gamaliel (1561–1613), of Rookwood Hall, Abbess Roding, Essex|website=History of Parliament Online|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>
* [[John Thurloe]] - secretary to the council of state in Protectorate England and spymaster for Oliver Cromwell, was born here.<ref>{{Cite odnb |title=Thurloe, John |last=Venning |first=Timothy |date=3 January 2008 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/27405}}</ref>
* [[John Thurloe]] (1616–1668), secretary to the council of state in [[The Protectorate|Protectorate England]] and spymaster for [[Oliver Cromwell]], was born here.<ref>{{Cite odnb |title=Thurloe, John |last=Venning |first=Timothy |date=3 January 2008 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/27405}}</ref>
{{clear left}}
*[[Anthony Browne (judge)|Sir Anthony Browne]] (1509–1567), Judge, [[Chief Justice of the Common Pleas]] and founder of [[Brentwood School, Essex]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_daeDoWdQ0cC&pg=PA98&dq=%22abbess+roding%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwik1Mr7joeOAxUhZkEAHU1aDuwQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=%22abbess%20roding%22&f=false|title=The Correspondence of Reginald Pole|volume=4|author=Reginald Pole, Thomas Frederick Mayer, Courtney B. Walters|date=2002|isbn=9780754603290|publisher=Ashgate|page=98}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 45: Line 322:


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category|Abbess End}}
* [http://www.essexchurches.info/church.asp?p=Abbess+Roding&ty=e Abbess Roding Church on Essex Churches website]
* [http://www.essexchurches.info/church.asp?p=Abbess+Roding&ty=e Abbess Roding Church on Essex Churches website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605235738/http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/Library/files/planning/Conservation/Abbess%20Roding.pdf Map of Abbess Roding conservation Area]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605235738/http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/Library/files/planning/Conservation/Abbess%20Roding.pdf Map of Abbess Roding conservation Area]
Line 58: Line 336:
[[Category:Former civil parishes in Essex]]
[[Category:Former civil parishes in Essex]]
[[Category:Epping Forest District]]
[[Category:Epping Forest District]]
[[Category:Conservation areas in England]]

Latest revision as of 20:12, 30 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox UK place Abbess Roding is a village and former civil parish that is located in the west of the county of Essex, Template:Convert north from Chipping Ongar, and Template:Convert west from the county town of Chelmsford. The village is one of the hamlets and villages called The Rodings. In 1891 the parish had a population of 240, but by 1931 it had decreased to 169.[1][2]

History

According to A Dictionary of British Place Names, Roding derives from "Rodinges", as is listed in the Domesday Book and recorded earlier as such at c.1050, with the later variation 'Roinges Abbatisse' recorded in 1237. The 'Abbess' refers to the manorial possession by a man called 'Aitrop' held under the ownership of the Abbess of Barking Abbey.[3][4]

In the Domesday account Abbess Roding is listed as in the Hundred of Ongar. The manor held 18 households, seven villagers, two smallholders, five slaves, and one freeman, with 2 lord's plough teams, 3.5 men's plough teams, Template:Convert of meadow, and a woodland with 20 pigs.[5] In 1066 there were 10 cattle, 40 pigs, 100 sheep and a cob. In 1086 there were 14 cattle, 60 pigs, 131 sheep, and three cobs. Before the Conquest, lordship was held by Wulfmer of Eaton Socon; after given to Eudo Dapifer who was also Tenant-in-chief to William the Conqueror.[5] A further source, the Domesday Book: A Complete Translation, gives a Domesday record of Abbess Roding being held by Geoffrey Martel as part of the land of Geoffrey de Mandeville.[6] Other traditional names for the village and its previous parish were 'Abbott's Roothing' or 'Abbots Roding'. It was in the Hundred of Ongar. At the Dissolution, Henry VIII sold the Barking Abbey's estate to Robert Chertsey.[7]

File:Abbots Roding OS First edition 1805.jpg
Ordnance Survey map 1805 showing 'Abbots Roding'

The parish is recorded as having two windmills during its history. The first was a sunk post mill, and was located in the manor of Barwick Bernes, but in the farming records of 1382 the mill was reported to have been broken.[8] A second later windmill, a Post mill was built upon top of a small mound, quarter of a mile north of the church.[8] In 1578, Elizabeth I visited Rookwood Hall as a guest of the then owner Wistan Browne.[8] A nonconformist congregation started in a barn at Rookwood Hall during 1698, and a permanent chapel was built in 1730.[9]

In 1845, authorisation from parliament was sought to build the Dunstable, London and Birmingham railway, which would have run from Leighton Buzzard to Maldon running through the Rodings, but authorisation was only granted to connect Dunstable to the line at Leighton Buzzard (8 & 9 Vict. c. xxxvii).[10] In 1882 Abbess Roding was in the Ongar Union—poor relief provision set up under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 —and part of the Rural Deanery of Ongar. The registers of the church of St Edmund date to 1560. The church, restored in 1867, had attached an 1882 benefice of a rectory with residence, in the gift of and held by Rev. Lawrence Capel Cure of Balliol College, Oxford. Sir Henry Selwin-Ibbetson, Bt was Lord of the Manor and principal landowner. There was Template:Convert of parish land supporting a population of 237. Crops grown at the time were chiefly wheat, barley and beans, on a heavy soil with a clay subsoil. Parish occupations included seven farmers, a beer retailer, and the licensee of The Anchor public house.[7]

During World War I, non-conformists were sent to an interment camp as conscientious objectors. The camp had been set up at the Old Rectory, and was linked to the Chipping Ongar Agricultural Depot.[11][12][13] During World War II, the lane leading from Abbess Roding to the Matching to Peartree Green road was closed to allow for the construction of RAF Matching within the parish boundary.[14]

File:Ratheon Radar Test Facility - geograph.org.uk - 260834.jpg
Former control tower at RAF Matching

On 1 April 1946 the parish was abolished to form the new parish of "Abbess Beauchamp and Berners Roding".[15][16]

Geology

The soil is made up Glacial Sand and Gravel, Head Gravel and Alluvium on the London Clay formation, which bore holes opposite St. Edmunds church recorded the depth at 37.5m.[17][18][19] Further studies have shown that a fragment of the former floor of the Thames Estuary was found 145 feet below the village.[20] The Rodings area is regarded as the second best ploughing country, second only to the Holderness in Yorkshire.[21]

Governance

Parliamentary seat

The village is in the parliamentary constituency of Brentwood & Ongar, with Alex Burghart serving as the MP since 2017.

Local government

Abbess Roding sits within the non-metropolitan county of Essex, governed by Essex County Council; and the non-Metropolitan district of Epping Forest, which is governed by Epping Forest District Council. The village is within the ward of Rural East.[22] The village is locally served by Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding Parish Council.[23]

Demographics

Population

The population of the parish was recorded from the first census in the United Kingdom in 1801, until the final census in 1951, which was after the parish was dissolved.[8]

Census Population
1801 205
1811 215
1821 236
1831 234
1841 254
1851 216
1861 220
1871 259
1881 231
1891 240
1901 213
1911 206
1921 175
1931 169
1951 228

Occupations

Over the censuses between 1841 and 1951, the records show the parish residents working in the following occupations:[8] Template:Table alignment

Occupation 1841 1901 1951
Professions 1 4 7
Farmers 5 7 8
Agricultural workers 51 34 30
Private domestic servants 16 14 4
Carpenters / Carpenter's Journeymen - - 2
Cooper 1 - -
Grocer 1 - -
Shoemaker and assistants 1 - -
Bricklayers and assistants - - 1
Baker - 1 -

Hamlets

Abbess End

Abbess End is a hamlet close to the southern end of Abbess Roding, and north of the former site of the moated country house Rookwood Hall,[24][25] in the county of Essex, England.[26]

File:Horsecroft, Abbess End geograph-5604834-by-David-Howard.jpg
Horsecroft at Abbess End

Berwick Bernes

Berwick Bernes, also known as Barwick Bernes, was a hamlet in the parish of Abbess Roding.[27][28] It was formerly one of the manors of the parish, along with Rockwood Hall, and owned by the Berners family who also owned the manor at Berners Roding.[29][8] It is now regarded as part of the village of Abbess Roding.[30]

File:Pond, Berwick Berners Hall near Abbess Roding - geograph.org.uk - 382312.jpg
Pond at Berwick Bernes Hall, which may have been part of a moat

Nether Street

The hamlet of Nether Street probably gained its name as being the home of Sir Walter de Netherstrete.[31] The hamlet is now regarded as part of the village.[32]

Buildings, structures and attractions

File:Abbess Roding - St Edmund's Church - Essex England - church from southwest 3.jpg
St. Edmund's Church

The village has several properties that are listed on the National Heritage List for England. An area around St. Edmund church is a local designated conservation area.[33][34]

The Three Forests Way footpath runs through the village.

Title List entry number Date first listed Grade Listing Description National Grid reference Reference
Abbess Roding Hall, including Pump and Garden 1337213 29 June 1984 II 16th century, possibly earlier, timber framed and plastered 'U' shaped house TL 57212 11582 [35]
Granary to north of Abbess Roding Hall 1111332 29 June 1984 II 16th century, possibly earlier, timber framed, 3 bay building TL 57222 11606 [36]
Barn to South West of Abbess Roding Hall 1337214 29 June 1984 II 16th century 7 bay timber barn TL 57194 11512 [37]
Church of St Edmund 1111331 20 February 1967 II 14th, 15th and 19th century parish church. TL 57178 11438 [38]
Clare House 1111339 29 June 1984 II Circa. 1600 timber framed and plastered house TL 57127 11244 [39]
Fairlands including attached garden wall and pump 1165784 29 August 1984 II* 15th and 16th century timber framed and plastered house, with red brick garden wall, a cast iron pump and the remains of a moat. TL 55794 11455 [40]
Falkners 1337219 29 June 1984 II 16th century, possibly earlier, timber framed and plastered house TL 56578 10843 [41]
Granary, Barn and Outbuilding west of Green Hill and pump 1165801 29 June 1984 II 18th and 19th century weatherboarded granary TL 57195 11954 [42]
Longbarns Farmhouse 1337220 27 August 1957 II 17th and 15th century, possibly earlier, timber framed and plastered farmhouse. TL 57825 10878 [43]
The Old Post Office 1111333 29 June 1984 II 17th century, possibly earlier, timber framed and plastered former Georgian post office. TL 57207 11316 [44]
Pump, 3m to the west of the Old Post Office 1337215 29 June 1984 II 19th century cast iron pump TL 57195 11310 [45]
Post Cottages 1111334 29 June 1984 II 17th century, possibly earlier, timber framed and plastered cottages TL 57207 11309 [46]
Barn north east of Rookwood Hall 1111340 20 February 1967 II* 15th century timber framed and weatherboarded barn that was originally a dwelling. TL 56084 11006 [47]
Barn North East of Rookwood Hall and South East of Item 2/4 1251306 20 February 1967 I 15th century 8 bay timber framed barn, part weatherboard, part plastered. Moated site TL 56092 10987 [48]
Sparrows 1165528 29 June 1984 II 14th century, possibly earlier, timber framed and plastered house TL 56767 10867 [49]

Notable people

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

Template:Portal bar Template:Essex

Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Mills, Anthony David (2003); A Dictionary of British Place Names, Oxford University Press, revised edition (2011), p.392. Template:ISBN
  4. ↑ Abbess Roding Template:Webarchive
  5. ↑ a b "Abbess Roding", Open Domesday, University of Hull. Retrieved 9 February 2018
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Kelly's Directory of Essex1882 pp.245-247
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Template:Cite periodical
  10. ↑ Template:Cite periodical
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Template:Usurped, Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding Parish Council. Retrieved 10 February 2018
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Template:Cite odnb
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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